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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 






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Ripens with Concord. ^' ' ^' "^ " P^'""'' '""^''y "<""*• Quality the best. 



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in the oTtif/c <>l tlie I>il)i:n i:tn nf Con^res;? at \Va-?liinj^toii, D. C 



PRHFACB 



TO THIRD REVISED EDITION, 1883. 



The BusHHEiic ('ATAr.ocUK has become a i-ade mecum 
of .Vnieriean Gi"aiK'-fj:rowers; it lias also been transhited 
into French* and Italian,! an honor probably never 
before bestowed on any Nurserymen's Fruit Catalogue. 
Its reprint has long been demanded, but we could not 
■conseut thereto until we had leisure to thoroughly re- 
vise it. The gi-eat favor with M'hich it was received, 
made us the more feel our duty to pei-fect it as far as was 
in our power. The experience and researches of these 
eight years, since the issue of the second edition, enable 
us to rectif}' some of its defects, to speak more definitely 
of the merits and demerits of uiany varieties, then new 
and untried, and to add a very large number of new 
GRAPES which have since been i^roduced or introduced. 

The AJiKificAN Grave has also become of greater and 
more comprehensive importance by virtue of its now 
well established Phj'lloxera-resisting qualities, and. 
though grown in Eurojie chiefly as a grafting stock for 
their favorite kinds, every variety has been tested 
there; — some few, as the Lenoir (Jacques), Herbemont, 
etc., are largely planted for direct production,— thus 
enabling us to add to our own opinion that of the best 
foreign connoisseui's. Xor have we neglected to consult 
the views of other grape-growers, aud to avail our- 
selves of the many valuable essays on the grape, written 
by eminent Horticultural authors, and scattei'cd in 
books, newspai)ers and reports. 

Dr. Geokue EX(;elmaxn, the celebrated Botanist has 
■enhanced the value of our Catalogue by revising for it 
his Classification op the True GR-vpe-vines ok the 
United States. He has, in fact, entirely re-written it, 
and many illustrations, expressly made for this valuable 
treatise, liave been added thereto. He has also favored 
us with a short essay on The Diseases of the Grai'e— 
Mildew aud Jiot, which were but briefly and deficiently 
treated in the previous edition, and which now occupy 

*I.ES VioNES .VmekH'AINES, Catalogue illustre et de- 
scriptive par MM. Bush et fils et Meissner; ouvrage 
tradviit de I'anglais i)ar Louis Bazille. Revu et annote 
par J.-E. PlanchoUt Montpellier, C. Coulet. Paris, A'. -A. 
DcUihaye et Cie. 

t Le ViTi AMERR'AXE.Catalogo illustrato edescrittivo 
per Bush & Son i* Meissner, Opera tradofta dallinglese 
-ila Farina e eomp. Viticoltori in Castellanza, 1881. 



several pages, entirely devoted to this sad but most im- 
portant subject. We are well aware that this chapter is 
still very detective, nor can the subject be satisfaetoiily 
treated until scientific researches and experiments may 
have found some practical means of curing or jirotect- 
ing our vineyards from these pests, not less destructive 
to our vineyards than tlie Phylloxera to those of Europe. 

In this revised edition will also be found a far more 
exhaustive article on Grafting than was presented in 
the former, wherein we i)romised to publish the results 
of our experiments which were then but just com- 
menced. Our experience in this now so important 
operation, and the excellent work of .\I.ME Cha.mi'IN, on 
the same subject, enable us to furnish a chapter which 
to many may be both valuable and interesting. 

-Vssisted by Prof. C. V. Uilev, Chief V. S. Entomologi- 
cal Commission, we have been enabled to amplify the 
chapter on Insects by a brief account of the beneficial 
species, useful to the gi-ape-gi'ower. 

At the repeated request of a large number of grape- 
growers, we have added a few hints on the subject of 
WiNE-.M.vKiNCi, which may not be quite useless to begin- 
ners, though we have not changed o>ir opinion (ex- 
pressed in former edition) as to the impossibility of 
furnishing a valuable guide in a few images, or as to the 
necessity of practical knowledge and experience, in 
order to succeed. 

But far more than the Grai'E J[ani:al has the De- 
SCHII'TIVE part of this Catalogue been augmented. 
Many new varieties and good illustrations of the same 
have been added, and every line of the Descriptive^ por- 
tion of the former publication has been carefully re- 
vised. 

The favorable and highly comi)li]iientary oi>inions 
voluntarily expressed by our most inominent Horti- 
culturists, with regard to the pi-c\ious editii>n (l.s7.'>), 
pei-mit us to hope that this new one will meet with a 
still more favorable reception. 

That it may be useful to our grape-growers and en- 
hance their love of the noblest fi-uit and its culture, is 

the wish of 

BUSH i>i S(»X & MEISSXEB. 

Busliberg, Mn., October, 18S:!. 



[FROM FIRST EDITION, 1869.] 



Our .■iuc-eess ill Ki'iiiie growin;;, and in the propagation 
of gi-ape vines, has been highly satisfactoiT, in faet, far 
heyond our expectations. In view of the very gi-eat 
oompetition of even large, well-known and long-estab- 
lished nurseries, this success is highly flattering, and 
has encouraged us to increase our efforts so as to pro- 
duce, for next season, a large stoclc, not excelled in 
(lUftlity by any other establishment in the eountiy, and 
embracing almost evei-y valuable variety-. 

We do not pretend to fnrnish "better and cheaiier vines 
than can be afforded by any other establishment." We 
do not pretend that "money-making is secondary with 
us," we leave this to others; all we do claim is, that we 
hope to merit a reasonable share of patronage, the con- 
tinued conndenee of our customers, and a fair proiit. 

In this connection, we cannot refi-ain ti-om referring 
with a certain pride tt) the voluntaiT assurances of sat- 
isfaction we have received. Desiring to return our 
thanks to our customers in an appropriate and tangible 
form, and to respond to a desire often expressed by our 
concspondents, we concluded to present them with a 
fine Illustrated and DescrijMre Catalogue, wherein the 
characteristic and relative merits of our different varie- 
ties are clearly stated. 

We leave it to others to judge of its merits. We tried 
to produce something better than a mere price list, 
something that will be interesting and useful to pro- 
gi-essive gi-ape culturists, and have not spared time, 
laljor or money in preparing it. 

It has become customary to jirefix to a Descriptive 



Catalogue of fruits and flowers some brief directions for 
their cultivation, and we have been urged to do the same. 
We are aware, however, that some short and vei-y 
incomplete directions, " a few hints," do more harm 
than good. They generally serve only to confuse the 
tyi-o or misrepresent grape growing as a very easy mat- 
ter, requiring no larger outlay of capital, nor anymore 
knowledge, skill, and labor than is necessary to produce 
a crop of corn. This we do not wish to do. But on the 
other hand we are also aware that the excellent but 
somewhat costly liof)ks on gi-ape culture, by Fuller, Hus- 
mann, Strong, and others, are not purchased by every 
grape gi-ower, and that many of these are somewhat 
afraid of reading whole books. Moreover, considerable 
progress has beeu made in gi-ape culture since these 
books were written; their very authors, indefatigable 
horticulturists as they are, have by study and experi- 
ence, modified their views on some points, but have not 
had time or encouragement enough from their publish- 
ers to rewrite their works for new editions. Thus we 
came to the comlusion that a short manual, containing 
plain but full directions in regard to the planting, 
culture, and training of gr.ape-vines, and offered for less 
than its cost, would be welcome. We have availed our- 
selves of the writings of our friend and teacher, Hus- 
mann, and of the works of Downing, Fuller, and many 
others, to whom due credit is given in the proper places ; 
and while we lay little claim to origiuality, we hope that 
this Catalogue may afford pleasure and profit to some 
of those at least into whose hands it may come. 



INTRODUCTION TO SECOND EDITION, 1875.] 



six years, embracing the most disastrous and the 
most favorable seasons to grape culture, have elapsed 
since the first edition of this Catalogue. (5ur exijerieuce 
has been enriched, observations have been made on old, 
and on then untried \-arieties, and some very promising 
neir varieties have since liecn added to our list, but above 
all, one circumstance, the discovery of the Grape Root- 
louse, the Phylloxera, has led to a new, liAiiirAi, study 
of the American Grape A'ines. 

Our l)usiness as grape gi-owers and propagators 
assumed such large dimensions that we discarded the 
culture and propagation of small fruits, etc., and de- 
voted all the space of our grounds, all our means, cares 
and attention to Gkai'e Culture onlv and exclus- 
ively, for which we have unusual facilities, and a mo.st 
favorable soil and location. This enables us to raise a 
superior stock, and to make it more advantageous to 
the iniblic, and even to the leading nurseries of other 
branches of Horticulture, to deal with us, whose gi-ape- 
nursei-y business is now admitted to be the first and 
most extensive of its kind in the United States of 
America. 

We owe our reputation to our determination to give 
complete sati.sfaetion, and to deserve the entire con- 
fidence of our customers, furnishing none but good, 
healthy, genuine plants, unmixed, and true to name, 
packed in the best manner, at as low prices as possible. 
We have no seedlings of our own, and impartially 
recommend such varieties only, new or old, as have 
real superior merit, and while the demand compels us 



to disseminate simie inferior varieties (Hartford Prolijic 
for instance) and untried novelties, over-praised, per- 
haps, hy their originators, our Descriptive Catalogue 
shall save the reader from some of the bitter disappoint- 
ments which giape growers have so often experienced. 
For the sake of completeness, and in the interest of 
science, we have added (in smaller type) the description 
of nearly all the old discarded varieties, and of many 
new ones not yet tested and not propagated by us; thus 
adding, we think, to the value of this Catalogue (thougli 
also lo its cost). 

We have carefully endeavored to avoid all undue 
praise, and to mention the shortcomings of even our 
best varieties; we especially desire to warn again :,t 
the enor of considering AXV variety fit for universal 
cultivation. To this end a study of the classifkation 
of our gi-apes in tiie ilamial, is earnestly recommended. 
■ Many failures will thus be avoided which have blasted 
the hopes, so prevalent ten years ago throughout the 
country, with regard to grape culture; and its success, 
now aided bv a higher tariff on imported wines, by in- 
creased demand tor the fruit and its products, by less 
sanguine expectations, and, above all, by better knowl- 
edge as to the selection of varieties, l^ations and 
proper mode of culture, will be comparatively certain. 
Finally wo beg to state that we have no agents to 
solicit orders for our Grape \ines. Persons who desire 
to obtain plants from us will kindly favor us with then- 
orders by mail, direct, or througli reliahle Nurseries or 
dealers wiio get tliciu trnni us. 



TESTIMONIALS, 



We could mi a book with voluntary testimonials of prominent Horticulturists, ^;'-«i'^-«"-«'J:"* 
and Nurserymen, who favored us rvith their commands, and to whnm we may conjldnni, >ej , , 
tiut we flatter ourselves that our name is so widely known 
that testimonials are unnecessary. 



, and our reputation so ivell established. 



GEAPE MANUAL. 



CLIMATE, SOIL AND ASPECTS. 

Whether the Grape-viue is a native of Asia, 
aud has followed the footsteps of man from the 
shores of the Caspian Sea, and "intertwined its 
tendrils with civilization aud refinement in 
every age," or whether the hundreds of varie- 
ties that now exist spring from different pri- 
mordial fijrms or species, certain it is that, al- 
though the Grape-vine may he found in Europe 
from the Tropic of Cancer to tUe Baltic Sea, and 
ill America from the Gulf to the Lakes, the vine 
is nevertheless peculiarly the growth of defi- 
nite climatic conditions ; s ) much so that even 
in its most adapted climate there are often 
seasons if not of actual failure, at least of an 
imperfect development of its fruit. From long 
aud careful observations of temperature and 
moisture, in years of success and failure, we 
have finally arrived at some definite conclu- 
sions respecting the meteorological influences 
affecting the grape.* 

1st. No matter how excellent the soil, if 
there is a less average than fifty-five degrees 
of temperature for tlie growing months of April, 
May and June, and a less average than sixty- 
five degrees for the nuitarmg months of July, 
August and September, there can he no hope 
of success ; and where the temperature aver- 
ages sixty-five degrees for the former months 
and seventy-five for the latter, other conditions j 
being equal, fruit of the greatest excellence | 
can be raised, and wine of the greatest body 
and finest quality can be produced. 

2d. When there is an average rainfall of six 
inches for the months of April, May and June, 
aud an average of 5 inches for the months of 
July, Augustand September, though other con- 
ditions were favorable, we cannot succeed in 
raising grapes. When the average rainfall for 
the first months is not more than four inches, 
and the average for the latter is not more than 
three inches, other conditions favorable, the 
hardy varieties can be cultivated with suc- 
cess. But where there is less average rainfall 

* James S. I^ippincott : Climjitologj' of American 
Grapes. — Id, Geu^rapliv of Plants — U. S. Agr. Reports, 
\m-l and 1863— Dr. J. Stayman; TUe MeteorologicaJ Inlln- 
enees affecting the Grape. 



than five inches for April, May and June, and 
a less average than two inches in July, August 
and Sei^tember, all other conditions being fav- 
orable, fruit of the best quality can be raised, 
and wine of the greatest body and excellence 
can be made. The humidity of the atmosphere 
in some countries, the dryness of the air in 
others, will, of course, materially change the 
proportion of rainfall required for, or injurious 
to the grape. Here, a clear sky and dry at- 
mosphere, high temperature and very little 
rainfall for the latter three months, and a 
less cliange of temperature than 50 degrees 
in twenty-four hours, any time of the year, are 
favorable conditions for success. 

With regard to the necessity of attention to 
the most advantageous climatic conditions, 
says Mr. William 'Saunders (the eminent su- 
perintendent of the Experimental Gardens of 
the U. S. Department of Agriculture), " It is 
enough to remark, that where these are favor- 
able, good crops of fruit are the rule, and that 
too, even in the absence of experience in culti- 
vation ; but in unfavorable locations the ap- 
plication of the highest attainments in the art 
and science of grape culture, so far as relates to 
pruning manipulations or culture and manage- 
ment of soil, will not insure success. Grape 
culture has now reached a point from which 
but little further progress can be made without 
a close recognition of the requirements of the 
plant, in connection with local climatic 
conditions, the most important being that of 
freedom from heavj' dews (freedom from those 
oryptogamic diseases — mildew and rot). The 
topographical configuration of a locality is of 
far more importance than its geographical 
formation. Where the atmospheric conditions 
are favorable, satisfactory results may be ob- 
tained, even from poor soils, but in ungenial 
climates the very best soils will not guarantee 
success." 

Moreover, with our present and increasing 
facilities of transportation, grape culture on a 
large scale cannot be remunerative, except in 
favorable localities which will produce the 
best quality abuost every year with certainty. 
Where the production is low in quality and 



T) Climate, Soil, etc. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Grape Localities. 



quantity, and often entirely fails, grape culture 
may exist on a small scale for home use and 
market, but on a large scale it will not reward 
the vintner's labor, and would Anally be aban- 
doned. As California in the West, so does 
Virginia in the East, and parts of Texas and 
Arkansas in the South, seem to possess the 
best localities for grape culture on a very large 
scale. 

Tliere are only a few countries where the 
grape will, in favorable seasons, grow to 
perfection, and there is no country in the 
world where a// kinds of grapes would suc- 
ceed. Species found in the lower latitudes 
will not flourish if removed further north ; the 
natives of higher altitudes will not endure the 
southern heat; the Scuppernong cannot ripen 
north of Virginia ; the Fox grape of the North 
will scarcely grow in the lower regions of Car- 
olina and Georgia; a vine which produces 
delicious grapes in Missouri m;iy become very 
inferior in the most favored localities of New 
Hampshire. 

Thus the climate, the mean temperature as 
well as the extremes, the length of the growing 
season, the relative amount of rain, the ameli- 
orating influence of lakes and large rivers, the 
altitude as well as the soil, have an almost 
incredible influence on various varieties of 
grapes; and a judicious choice of locations 
adapted to the grape, and of varieties adapted 
to our location, its climate and soil, is there- 
fore of the first importance. 

" No one grape is suited to all localities ; nei- 
ther is there any one locality which is suited 
to all grapes." — O. ]V. Campbell. 

Notwitlistanding tliat over 1500 varieties are 
cultivated in Europe, yet the number of Itiuds 
especially adapted to the diflferent localities is 
very Umited for each of them, and we sel- 
dom find more than three or four varieties 
to form the main bulk of the vineyards of the 
different sections; each province, county or 
township even, having its own special favor- 
ites. This question of adaptability to soil and 
local climate is one of the greatest importance, 
and should be closely studied by the intelligent 
grape grower if he would make its culture a 
success. No existing variety, and probably 
none that will ever be produced, is well adapt- 
ed to general cultivation in more than a limited 
portion of this vast country. This limitation 
is not determined by isothermal lines. Success 
or failure of a variety depends not only on 
degrees of heat and cold ; not only on earliness 
or lateness of seasons, however important fac- 
tors these may also be, but on numerou.s 
causes, some of which we cannot, .eo far, suffi- 
ciently understand and explain, We need but 



remember that the grapes we cultivate in the 
United States have originated from one or the 
other of several distinct species, or from crosses 
between some of their varieties, and that each 
of those native species is found growing wild 
in certain limited portions of our country, and 
not at all in others. Thus the ivilil Labrusca 
is a stranger to the lower Mississippi Valley 
and westward. By observing what species 
grows in a locality, we may safely assume that 
cultivated varieties of the same spacies will 
thrive best in that locality or its vicinity uuder 
otherwise proper conditions. Where the na- 
tive species does not exist, its cultivated varie- 
ties may for a time promise excellent success ; 
but in many localities this promise will prob- 
ably, sooner or later, end in disappointment. 
'J his has been our sad experience even with 
the Concord, which is generally considered 
the most reliable, liealthy and hardy Ameri- 
can grape. 

On the other liand this proposition seems to 
conflict with the fact that American vines of 
different species have been successfully trans- 
planted even to Europe. But it would be a 
great mistake to believe that they would suc- 
ceed in all parts of that continent. It was 
found, on the contrary, ^lat there also some of 
our varieties which succeed well in one portion 
of France, for instance, entirely failed in oth- 
ers ; and this only proves that we may find in 
far-off foreign lauds localities which exactly 
correspond in soil, climate, etc., with certain 
localities in our own country, and where this 
is the case, well and good ; but where these are 
different the results are unsatisfactory. In 
evidence we quote from the report of the com- 
mission, composed of some of the best French 
authorities, to the International Phylloxera 
Congress, in Bordeaux (Oct., 1882). After giv- 
ing a detailed report of their observations in the 
principal vineyards of France M'here American 
vines have been planted, they say, " But they 
(these resisting American vines) do by no means 
succeed equally well in all locations. The na- 
ture of the terrain and the climate must be 
taken into serious consideration. But was it 
not one of the great ditticulties with the French 
vines to know which variety suited such or 
such soil or aspect? How many failures were 
the cousecjuence of bad selection ! It is, of 
course, the same with American vines, coming 
from widely difterent conditions of tempera- 
ture, humidity and altitude.' 

Unfortunately, this has been and is even now 
but insulficiently understood. 

Indigenous wild grapes were found at the 
discovery of this new world ; the legend tells 
us that when the Norsemen flrst discovered 



JTie Muropean Grape. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



lis Failure. 



this country " Hleif Erickson " called the land 
Vineland. As early as 1564 wine was made by 
the first colonists in Florida from tlie native 
grape. Tlie Pilgrim fathers saw vines in 
abundance at Plymouth. "Here are grapes, 
white and red, and very sweet and strong 
also," wrote Jos. Edward Wiuslow in 1621. 
Rev. Fr. Higginson, writing in 1629 from the 
Massachusetts Colony says " Excellent vines 
are here, up and down in the woodes. Our 
governor has already planted a vineyard, with 
great hope of increase." Thus, during the 
previous centuries grapes were cultivated, and 
wine has occasionally been made in America 
from native grapes ; (the French settlers near 
Kaskaskia, Ills., made, in 1760, one hundred 
and ten hogsheads of strong wine from wild 
grapes) — " but neither the quality of the wine 
nor the price obtained for it offered sufficient 
inducement to persevere." — Buchanan. 

The European grape, Vitis Vinifera, was, 
therefore, considered the only true wine grape. 

In 1630, a London company sent French 
vignerons into the Virginia Colony to plant 
grapevines which they had imported for the 
purpose; the poor vignerons were blamed for 
their failure. In 1633 Wm. Penn vainly tried 
to introduce and cultivate European varie- 
ties in Pennsylvania. In 1690 a Swiss Colo- 
ny, grape growers from Lake Geneva, tried 
to raise grapes and make wine in Jessamine 
County, Kentucky, but tlieir hopes were soon 
frustrated ; their labor and fund — S10,000, a 
large amount in those days — were lost ; and 
only when they commenced to cultivate an 
indigenous grape, which, however, they sup- 
posed to be from the Cape (see description of 
Alexander), thej' had somewhat better success. 
The attempts with German, French and Span- 
ish vines, made again and again, proved 
failures. Hundreds of thousands (comprising 
many different sorts) of the best European 
vines were imported, but they all perished 
" from the vicissitudes of the climate." Thous- 
ands of failures are recorded ; not one of dura- 
ble success; and Downing was fully justified 
in saying (Horticultarist, Jan., 1851), "The 
introduction of the foreign grape into this 
country for open vineyard culture is impossible. 
Thousands of individuals have tried it — the 
result in every case has been the same — a sea- 
son or two of promise, then utter failure."* 

* Always* excepting Ciiliforiiia. which was then almost 
jmkiiown.but which is now thegreatest wine-producing 
•^tato of this country. There, from the counties border- 
ing the Hay of San Francisco down to Colorado river, 
several hundred varieties ol' the best European grapes 
iire successt'nlly cultivated; and even since the appear- 
ance of the I'hylioxora, evidently introduced from 
Kurope on imported vines, American 'grapes are not in 
<lemand there, except for the purpose of grafting there- 
on Eurojiean vai'ieties. t^uite recently th!' SoniJaii grape, 
a \'ine discovered (*n the banks of flic Xigt-'i-, in Africa, 



While this fact could not be denied, the 
cause remained a mystery. All pronounced 
the European grape as " unsuited to our soil 
and climate ; " all attributed its failure to that 
cause. But we, and doubtless many others 
with us, could not help thinking that "soil 
and climate" cannot be the sole causes; for 
tills vast country of ours possesses a great 
many locations where soil and climate are 
quite simWar to those of some parts of Europe 
where the Vinifera flourishes. Is it reasona- 
ble to suppose then, that none of tlie many 
varieties which are grown in Europe under 
such varied climatic conditions, from Mainz 
to Naples, from the Danube to the Rhone, 
should find a congenial spot in these United 
States, embracing almost every climate of 
the temperate zone? If soil and climate were 
so unsuited, how is it that the young, ten- 
der European vines grow so well, so prom- 
ising of success, for a few seasons ; in large 
cities sometimes even for several years ? How 
explain the fact that the finest European va- 
rieties of other fruits, tlie pear for instance, are 
successfully grown here in some localities, and 
that, but for the curculio, the Reine Claude 
and German Prunes would flourish here as 
well as there? Slight differences of soil and 
climate might well produce marked differences 
in the constitution of the vine, perhaps also 
somewhat change the flavor and quality of 
the grapes, but could not sufficiently account 
for their absolute failure. Nevertheless our 
learned horticulturists looked for no other 
cause ; they even went so far as to teach that 
"if we really wished to acclimate the foreign 
grape here, we must go to the seeds, and raise 
two or three new generations in the American 
soil and climate." In obedience to these teach- 
ings, numerous fruitless attempts have been 
made here to raise seedlings of the European 
grape that will endure our climate. Like their 
parents they seemed successful for a timef — 
to be soon discarded and forgotten. But, in 

has been introduced into California; a few plants are 
now growing from seed received by C. A. Wetmore, and 
may also succeed there, in Los .Vngeles and San Beraar- 
dinVj counties. This peculiar vine is an anniiat, but has a 
tuberous perennial root. The seeds are mu<-li like those 
of other grapes; the leaves resemble some liotundifolia 
varietes of the S. A. S. 

All our remarks on grape culture refer only to the 
States east of the Rocky Mountains, unless otherwise 
expressly stated. 

t Among the seedlings of foreign grapes raised in the 
r. tj., which obtained a name and fame, are: Brinkie ami 
Emily, raised by Peter Raabe of Philadelphia; Brandij 
wine, originated near Wilmington, Del. ; Kalarka and 
Montgomery, or Merritt's Seedling, raised by I)r. W. A. 
Royce, of Newburg, N. York. To these belong also 
CTara and Weekairken (see description). X.Grein,of Her- 
mann. Mo., introduced, about ten years ago, some very 
good new grapes, which he claimed (and honestly be- 
lieved) to have raised from seed of the German Riesling, 
Tney proved to be »io( seedlings of the European Riesling 
at all, but of the American Taylor grape, and are now 
known as Missouri Riesling, Grein's Golden, &c, {.-ee 
these varieties.) George Haskell, a most perseveiing 



8 



Thf, rhriUoxern. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Am. Species. 



absence of any satisfactory reason for these 
failures, it is quite natural that renewed at- 
tempts were and are continually made.* In 
the spring of 1867, we ourselves imported from 
Austria about 300 rooted vines (Veltliner, 
Blue Baden, Riesling, Tokay, Uva Pana, 
&c.), not with expectations of success in open 
air culture, but with a view to discover, by 
careful observation, the real cause of failure, 
and knowing the true cause, to be then, per- 
haps, able to obviate it. The vines grew 
splendidly, but during the summer of 1869, 
though bearing some beautiful fruit, their fol- 
iage began to wear a yellow, sickly appear- 
ance. In 1870 many were dying and we almost 
despaired o.' discovering the cause, whsn Prof. 
C. V. Riley, then out State Entomologist, in- 
formed us that the discovery had just been 
made in France, by Planchon and Lichten- 
steiu, that the serious grape disease which had 
attacked their noble vineyards was caused by 
a root-louse (Phylloxera), which bears a close 
resemblance to our American grapeleaf gall- 
louse, an insect long known here. In 1871 and 
since. Prof. Riley often visited our vineyards, 
as we gave him full permission and cheerfully 
. assisted him to unearth both diseased and 
healthy vines, native and foreign, of every 
kind, in order to examine their roots and to 
study the question. By his observations and 
those of Prof. Planchon, m ide by both in this 
country as well as in France, and afterwards 
confirmed and verified by all prominent nat- 
uralists, the identity of the American insect 
with the one discovered in France, and of the 
two types, the gall and the root-lice, has besn 
substantiated. Thus, the principal cause of 
the alisolute failure of European vines in this 
country lias been discovered, but no satisfac- 
tory remedy has been found. So far, it seems 
impossible to destroy or to guard against this 
insect enemy ; while the vigorous roots of our 

experimenter, says " I raised many hundred vines from 
seeds of different foreign gi-apes. Tliese seeds were 
planted under glass, and the vines remained in the 
house two years, when they were removed to the open 
air. None of them proved healthy » » » ,. they all died 
in a tew years, though well eovered in winter." 

*Thos. Rush, a (ierman, planted (in ISCO) varieties of 
the Vinitera on Kelley's Island; they seemed to succeed 
the first three years remarkably well, then they died 
and were replaced by Catawba vineyards. 

As late a> ls?J. JI. .1. Labians. at Itiil^'wav, Xnrt'h Car- 
olina, nndi-itiMiU to iilani \ inevuids with t'ii.iiOH cuttings 
fprineipally Araiii.uis], impurtc-d from southern France. 
In the same vicinity, Kug. Morel, a pupil of Dr. Jules 
Guyot (the best autlK.rity on French grape culture), and 
others, were also <-ultivating several thousands of Euro- 
pean vines — without success 

The only satisfactory method of obtaining the fine 
foreign grapes in this country is under glass, by the use 
of the grapei-5'. This, however, so far, is done on a very 
limited scale only, as a luxury for the table; and eveii 
there the mots ol the vines in the outside border are ex- 
posed to tlie daiiijcr of being infested bvthe Phylloxera; 
so that vines ijiafted on American roots should' be used. 
Those VAlio desire and can afford to enjoy this luxuiT 
we refer for information to Peter Henderson's excellent 
cooks on gardening. 



American vines enjoy a relative immunity from 
its injuries, the pest thrives on the tender roots 
of the European vines, which readily succumb. 
The French Commission, in its report to the 
Viticultural Congress, held at Montpellier, Oct. 
1874, came to the conclusion tliat " In presence 
of the non-success obtained from all attempts 
made since 1868, with a view to preserve or 
cure our vines, and feeling that after six years 
of efforts in this direction, no process except 
submersion lias been found effective, many 
persons are quite discouraged, and sej in the 
American vines, whether justly so or not, the 
onlij plank of safety." Since that time, where- 
soever the most careful, practical grape-grow- 
ers and most scientific naturalists met and 
exchanged their views, as at the International 
Congress held at Lyons, France, and at Sara- 
gossa, Spain, in 1880 ; at Bordeaux in 1881, the 
leading principle established has been: "that 
the Phylloxera cannot be exterminated where 
it once infests the vineyards, nor can its intro- 
duction be prevented by any precautionary 
measures ; but that there are some means 
whereby, in spite of the insect, we may yet 
save our vineyards from destruction, and enjoy 
their richly paying returns ; and that the most 
practical, the simplest, cheapest and surest 
means is by planting the resisti'ig American 
grapes." Already millions of American grape- 
vines are growing in France, hundreds of 
thousands in Spain, Italy, Hungary, etc. 
How much more, then, must we look to spe- 
cies which we find indigenous here, and to 
their descendants, for success in grape culture. 
A knowledge of the distinctive permanent 
characters of our species, and a proper classifi- 
cation of our varieties, referable to them, is of 
far more importance than is generally suj)- 
posed.* And while many grape-growers may 
skip over the following pages as useless, we 
hope that some of them will thank us for em- 
bodying in thi.s catalogue the valuable treatise 
on this subject by the best living authority— 
Dr. G. Engelmann (who has also kindly re- 
vised — aye, almost entirely re-written it for this 
new edition). Twenty-five years ago Robert 
Buchanan wrote in his book on the culture of 
the grape: "The perfection of a definite ar- 
rangement of all our varieties must remain for 
future labors, but it is to be hoped an end so 
desirable will not be lost sight of." 



*Even A. S. Fuller, in his excellent Treatise on (irape 
Culture, written in ISfMi, said " Practically it is of little 
consequence what view is taken of these unusual 
forms (of distinct species, or marked varieties of the 
species), as the cultivator is interested in them only 
as varieties, and it is of no particular moment to him 
whether we have one hundred or only one iiati\'e spe- 
cies." W'e are satisfied that he considers it of tar mon; 
consequence nov,'. 



Dr. Engelmann. 



GBAPE MANUAL. 



Classification. 



9 



The True* Grape-vines of the United States. 

ItV DR. C. EN(iELMANN. 

The Grape-vines are among the most varia- 
ble plants, even in their wild state, in which 
•climate, soil, shade, humidity, and perhaps 
natural hybridization, have originated such a 
multiplicity and such an intermixture of forms, 
that it is often difficult to recognize the original 
types and to refer the different given forms to 
tlieir proper alliances. Only by carefully study- 
ing a large number of forms from all parts of 
the country, in their peculiar mode of growth 
and especially their fructiflcation, or rather 
their seeds, are we enabled to arrive at any 
tiling like a satisfactory disposition of these 

plants. (Tabic of Griipe Seeds ; flg. 1-33, page 13.) 

Before I proceed to the classification of our 
Grape-vines, I deem it necessary to make a 
few preliminary remarks : 

The grape-vines cultivated in that part of 
the United States lying east of the Rocky 
Mountains are all natives of the country, most 
of them picked up in the woods ; some, per- 
haps, improved by cultivation ; and a few the 
product of natural or artificial hybridization. 
In that part of the country the wine grapes of 
the Old World can only lie cultivated under 
glass ; but in New Mexico and California they 
have been successfully introduced by tlie Span- 
iards, and in the latter State a great many va- 
rieties are now extensively cultivated, and 
promise to make one of the great staples of 
that region ; but eastward and northward they 
have entirely failed, owing tj the destructive 
eflfects of that now so well known and dreaded 
insect, the Phylloxera, of whicli more, further on. 

All the true Grape-vines bear fertile tlowers 
on one stock, and st«rile Howers on another 
separate stock, and are, therefore, called poly- 
gamous, or, not quite correctly, direcious. The 
sterile plants do bear male flowers with abor- 
tive pistils, so that while they never produce 
fruit themselves, they may assist in fertilizing 
the others ; the fertile flowers however, are 
hermaphrodites, containing both organs — sta- 
mens and pistils — and are capable of ripening 
fruit without the assistance of the male plants. f 
Real female flowers, without any stamens, do 
not seem ever to have been observed Both 

*We treat here only ot the tru£ grape-vines, with edi- 
ble berries. In the flowers of these the small green pet- 
als do not expand, but cohere at tlie top, and separating 
fi-oui their liase, tall away together as a little five-lobed 
hood. The tlowers, and consequently the Iruit, are ar- 
ranged in the well -known clusters (thyrsus). Thus tliey 
are distinguished from the /a/sc grape -vines (botanieally 
kno^^^l as Ampelopsis and Cissus)> which often resemble 
tlie true grape-vines very much, but bear no edible ber- 
ries. Their flowers expand regularly, opening at top, 
and are arranged in broad, flat-topped clusters 
(eorjTnbs). 

t These fertile plants, however, are of two kinds ; some 
are per/eel hermaphrodites, with long and straight sta- 



forms, the male and hermaphrodite, or if pre- 
ferred, those with sterile and those with com- 
plete flowers, are found mixed in their native 
localities of the wild plants, but of course, 
only the fertile plants have been selected for 
cultivation, and thus it happens that to the 
cultivator only these are known ; and as the 
Grape-vine of the Old World has been in cul- 
tivation for thousands of years, it has resulted 
that this hermaphrodite character of its flow- 
ers has been mistaken for a botanical peculiar- 
ity, by which it was to be distinguished, not 
only from our American Grape-vines, but also 
from the wild grapes of the Old World. But 
plants raised from the seeds of this, as well as 
of any other true Grape-vine, generally furnish 
as many sterile as fertile specimens, while 
those propagated by layering or by cuttings, 
of course, only continue the individual charac- 
ter of the mother-plant or stock.* 

The peculiar disposition of the tendrils iu 
the Grape-vines furnishes an important cliar- 
acteristic for the distinction of one of our most 
commonly cultivated species, Vitis labrusca, 
its wild and its cultivated varieties, from all 
others. In this species — and it is the only true 
Vitis exhibiting it — the tendrils (or tlieir equiv- 
alent, an inflorescence), are found opposite each 
leaf, and this arrangement I designate as con- 
tinuous tendrils. All the other species known 
to me exhibit a regular alternation of two 
leaves, each having a tendril opposite it, with 
a third leaf without such a tendril, and this 
arrangement may be named intermittent ten' 
drils. Like all vegetable characters, this is 
not an absolute one ; to observe it well it is 
necessary to examine well-grown canes, and 
neither sprouts of extraordinary vigor, nor 

mens around the pistil ; the others bear smaller stamens, 
shorter than the pistil, which soon bend downward and 
curve under it; these may be called imperfect hermaphro- 
dites, approaching females, and they do not seem to be 
as fruitful as the perfect hermaphrodites, unless other- 
wise fertilized. 

It is proper here, to insist on the fact that nature has 
not produced the male plants without a definite object ; 
!ind this (ibjeci , without any doubt, is found in tlie more 
perfect fertilization of the hermaphrodite flowers, as it 
is a well estulilished fact that such cross fertilization 
produces niori' aliundant and healthier fruit. Viue 
growers might take a hint from these observations, and 
plant a few intde stocks iu their vineyards, say 1 to 40 or 
50 of their fertile stocks, and might expect from such a 
course healthier fruit, which would probably resist rot 
and other diseases better than fruit grown in the ordi- 
nary way. I would exjiect such beneticial influence es- 
pecially In all varieties that have short stamens, such as 
the Taylor. Male stocks can be easily obtained, either 
in the woods or from seeds. It is of course understood 
that the males ought to belong to the same species (or 
better, to the same variety) as the fertile plants to be 
benefitted by their pollen. European vine growers may 
also profit by this suggestion. 

* Some obseiwations (rather loose, to be sure) seem to 
point to the possibility ot the sexual characters of the 
grape-vines becoming ohanged under certain circum- 
stances ; and, though I have not seen a case of this kind 
myself, nor heard of an instance where fertile vines i_u 
cultivation began to bear sterile (male) flowers, there is 
no absolute impossibility in it, as we know that other 
plants (willows for example) occasionally sport in this 
manner. 



10 Dr. Engelmann. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Ciassijication. 



stunted autumnal branchlets. The few lowest 
leaves of a eane have no opposite tendrils, but 
after the second or third leaf the regularity in 
the arrangement of the tendrils, as above de- 
scribed, rarely fails to occur. In weak branches 
we sometimes find tendrils irregularly placed 
opposite leaves, or sometimes none at all. 

It is a remarkable fact, connected with this 
law of vegetation, that most Grape-vines bear 
only two inflorescences (consequently two 
bunches of grapes) upon the same cane, while 
in the forms belonging to Labrusea there are 
often three, and sometimes, in vigorous shoots, 
four or five, or rarely, even more in succession, 
each opposite a leaf. Whenever in other spe- 
cies, in rare cases, a third or fourth inflorescence 
occurs, there will always be found a barren 
leaf (without an opposite inflorescence) be- 
tween the second and third bunches. 

Another valuable character, discovered by 
Prof. Millardet, of Bordeaux, is found in the 
structure of the branches ("canes,'' as they are 
usually called). These contain a large pith, 
and this pith is transversely separated at each 
node (point where a leaf is or has been insert- 
ed), by what is called a diaphragm. These 
diaphragms consist of harder, solid pith, of the 
appearance of wood, and are examined best in 
canes 6 to IL' months old, when the pith has 
turned brown and the diaphragm is whitish ; 
A longitudinal section through the eane will 
best exhibit them. They are, in most species, 
1 to 2 lines thick ; but in the Riverbank grape, 
Vitis riparia, the diaphragm is not more than 
\ to \ line thick ; and in the Sand, or Rock 
grape, Vitis rupesfris, it is very little thicker. 
For us here, the distinction of these species is 
of no great practical importance ; but, as a con- 
siderable demand for them has sprung up in 
Europe, it is well to characterize them accur- 
ately ; and this character holds good in winter, 
when all others of foliage or fruit have disap- 
peared. There is only one American Grape- 
vine, also in other respects an aberrant form, 
the Southern Muscadine grape, Fi.tis vulpina, 
which is entirely destitute of such diaphragms. 

The cut represents the diaphragms of differ- 
ent species. Fig. 34, Vitis riparia, with the 
thinnest, and fig. 36, Vitis cordifolia, with a 
thick diaphragm ; Vitis cBsfivalis, is similar to 
this last, and Vitis lahrusca scarcely thinner ; 
but fig. 35, Vitis rupestris, has a diaphragm not 
much thicker than the first. Pig. 37 shows 
Vitis viijjilna without any partition. 

It is well known that some species of Vitis 
grow well from cuttings, while others are diffi- 
cult to propagate in this way. 

Easy to propagate are Lahrusca, Monticola 
Siparia. Rupestris and Palmata. Almost im- 



Fig. 34, 




Fig. 36. Fig. 37. 



V. riparia. V. rupestris. V. cordifolia. V. vulpiiia. 
possible to propagate by cuttings are Candi- 
cans, JEstivalis, Cinerea, Cordifolia, Vulpina, 
and probably Californica. Arizonica and Car- 
ibea I do not know in this respect. That the 
southern cultivated forms of ^'Estivalis grow 
more or less readily from cuttings is stated 
further on (page 10). 

The structure of the bark of the young canes 
shows also difTerences in the different species, 
but as the characters are to some extent of 
microscopical detail they are here omitted. 
The bark of the mature canes is ashy gray 
(V. cordifolia, V. Cinerea), to red or brownish 
1\ aestivalis); it peels off after the first season 
in large flakes, or in narrow strips or shreds ; 
only in the Muscadine grape the dark gray 
bark does not peel off at all, at least not for a 
number of years. 

Young seedlings of all the Grape-vines are 
glabrous or only very slightly hairy. The 
cobwebby or cottony down, so characteristic of 
some species, makes its appearance only in the 
more advanced plants ; in some of their varie- 
ties, and not rarely in the cultivated ones, it is 
mainly observed in the young growth of spring 
and is apt to disappear in the mature leaf; but 
even then such leaves are never shining as 
they are in the glabrous species, but have a 
dull or unpolished, or even wrinkled surface. 

The form of the leaves is extremely variable, 
and descriptions must necessarily remain 
vague. They are usually cordate at base, 
either with an acute and narrow sinus ( V, cor- 
data, and many other species), or with a broad 
and wide one ( V, riparia and T". rupestris). 
Leaves of seedling plants are all entire, i. e. 
not lobed ; young shoots from toe base of old 
stems, as a rule, have deeply and variously 
lobed leaves, even where the mature plant 
shows no such disposition. Some species {V, 
riparia), or some forms of other species (forms 
of T^ labrusea and V, cestivaiis), have all the 
leaves more or less lobed, while others exhibit, 
on the mature plant, always entire, or, I should 
rather say, not lobed leaves ; the leaves of T'. 



Dr. Engelmann. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



Classification. 11 



rupestris and V. vulpvna are never lobed. 
Only the leaves of flower-bearing canes ought 
to be considered as the normal ones. 

The surface of the leaves is glossy and shin- 
ing, and mostly bright green, or in rupestris 
pale green ; or it is dull above and more or less 
glaucous below. The glossy leaves are per- 
fectly glabrous, or they often bear, especially 
on the nerves of the lower side, a pubescence 
of short hair. The dull leaves are cottony or 
cobwebby, downy on both or only on the under 
side, and this down usually extends to the 
young branches and to the peduncles, but, as 
lias been stated above, often disappears later 
in the season. 

On both sides of the insertion of the petiole 
or leafstalk into the branchlet, we find on very 
young, just developing shoots, small acces- 
sory organs, which soon disappear ; they are 
the stipules. In most species they are thin, 
membranaceous, rounded, at the top somewhat 
oblique, smooth in some, downy or woolly in 
other species. They are most conspicuous and 
elongated in Vilis riparia, in which I tiud 
them 2J-3 lines long; in V. rupesti-is they are 
lj-2i lines in length; in V. eandicans and Cal- 
ifornica scarcely shorter, in V. labrusea lJ-2 
lines lou.g; in V.iTsliralis, cordifolia, and most 
others, they are only one line long or less ; in 
very vigorous young shoots they may some- 
times be larger, just as their leaves are also 
larger than the normal. 

Not much of a distinctive character can be 
made out of the flwwers. It is observed, how- 
ever, that in some forms the stamens are not 
longer than the pistil, and very soon bend 
under it, while in other forms they are much 
longer than the pistil, and remain straight till 
they fall off. It is possible that those with 
short stamens are less fertile than the others.* 

The time of flowering is quite characteristic 
of our native species, and it seems that the 
cultivated varieties retain herein the qualities 
of their native ancestors. The different forms 
of Kipariu flower first of all ; soon afterwards 
comes Rupestris, next Labrusca and its rela- 
tives, and later ^Estivalis comes 11 bloom. 
One of the last flowering species is Cordifolia, 
and still later, Cinerea. Vinifera seems to 
flower soon after Labrusca, but it is not culti- 
vated here, uor i.-5 Vulpina, which is probably 
the latest of all. V. eandicans apparently 
blooms about the same time that Labrusca 
does. 

Riparia begins to open its flowers about St. 
Louis three to five weeks earlier than the first 
blossoms of ^Estiimlis are seen in the same 

* Compare note on page 9. ' 



locality. In favorable situations and in early 
seasons they make their appearance in this 
vicinity as early as April 25th, at other seasons 
sometimes as late as May 15th, or even 20th, 
on the average about May lOth, and generally 
about the time when the Acacias (Black Lo- 
custs) bloom, both filling the atmosphere with 
the sweetest prefumes. Cordifolia, and, after 
this, Cinerea, on the contrary, bloom from the 
last days in May to (in late seasons) the mid- 
dle of June, when that weed among trees, the 
fetid Ailantus (misnamed the tree of Heaven), 
exhales its nauseous odors and the beautiful 
Catalpa expands its gorgeous hunches of flow- 
ers. V. palmata (Vahl), of which we do not 
yet know much, seems to be the latest flower- 
ing Grape-vine with us, flowering even after 
Cinerea. Thus we are not likely to have any 
Grape-vines in flower here before April 25th 
or after June 20th. 

One of the botanical characters of tlie Grape- 
vine is found in the seeds. The bunches may 
be larger or smaller, looser or more compact, 
branched (shouldered) or more simple, condi- 
tions which, to a great extent, depend on vari- 
ety, soil and exposure ; the berries may be- 
larger or smaller, of different color and consist- 
ency, and contain fewer or more seeds (never 
more than four), but the seeds, though to som& 
extent variable, especially on account of their 
number* and mutual pressure, where more 
than one is present, exhibit some reliable dif- 
ferences. The big top of the seed is convex or 
rounded,- or it is more or less deeply notched. 
The thin lower end of the seed, the beak, is 
short and abrupt, or it is more or less elon- 
gated. On the inner (ventral) side are two 
shallow, longitudinal irregular depressions. 
Between them is a ridge, slight where there 
are one or two seeds, or sharper where the 
seeds are in threes or fours ; along this ridge 
the raphe (the attached funiculus or cord) runs 
from the hilurn, at the beak, over the top of 
the seed, and ends on its back in an elongated, 
oval or circular well-marked spot, called by 
botanists ehalaza. This raphe is on that ridge 
represented by a slender thread, which on the 
top and back of the seed is entirely indistinct, 
or scarcely perceptible, or it is more or less 
prominent, like a thread or a cord. In our 
American sjiecies these characters seem pretty 
reliable, but in the varieties of the Old World 
Grape-vine ( Vinifera), several thousands of 
years removed from their native sources, the 
form of the seed has also undergone Important 

*A single seed is always tliiokei-, pluniper. more 
rounded; two seeds are flatli-n.-d c.ii the iiinei-, rounded 
on tlie outer side; three or four .■seeds are more slender 
and angular; these different variations mav often he 
found ill berries of the same bunch. 



12 Dr. Engelmnnn. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Classification. 



modifications, and can no longer be considered 
so safe a guide as in our species. 

But different as these seeds are among them- 
selves they have a character in common, which 
distinguishes them from all our American 
Grape seeds ; tlieir beak is narrower and usu- 
ally longer, and their large chalaza (tlie area 
on the haclt of the seed) occupies the upper 
half and not the centre of the seed ; in the 
American species the beak is shorter and more 
abrupt; the chalaza, usually smaller, and often 
not circular, but narrower, is placed in the 
centre of the back. Any one who wishes to 
satisfy himself of this need only compare a 
raisin seed with any of our grape seeds, if the 
following cuts are not plain enough. 

The size and weight of the seeds varies 
greatly in the different species, thus Labrusca 
and Candicans liave the largest, Clnerea and Ri- 
paria the smallest seeds, but even in the wild 
state we find variation, e. g., in ^stivalis, still 
more in Cordifolia, and most in Rvparia. In 
Vinifera, the European grape, however, the 
variations are much greater, greater even some 
times than our figures show. Some have laid 
stress on the color of the seeds, which varies 
between brown and yellowish, but that seems 
to me to go too far for our purposes. 

The cuts of 33 Grape seeds, here represented, 
illustrate the different characters which have 
been mentioned above. The figures are mag- 
nified four times (four diameters), accompa- 
nied by an outline of natural size. They all 
represent the back of the seed. 

Fig. 1 and 2, Vitis Labrusca, seeds of wild plants ; 
fig. 1 from the District of Columbia, and fig. 2 from 
tlie mountains of East Tennessee. The seeds of the 
cultivated varieties do not differ from these ; they are 
all large, notched on top ; chalaza generally depressed 
and no raphe is visible in the groove which e.xtends 
from the chalaza to the notch. 

Figs. ■! to .5 represant seeds of cultivated forms, 
which all show evident sign^ of hybridity and acknowl- 
edge the parentage o{ Labrusca by the form and size of 
the seed as well as by the irregular arrangement of 
the tendrils. Fig. 3 is the seed of the Taylor Grape, 
which stands near Rlparia. Fig. 4 is the seed of the 
Clinton, whicli has, perhaps, the same parents. Pig. 5, 
seed of the Delaware Grape, which possibly may be a 
hybrid of Labrusca with Vinifera. 

Kigs. to S, Vitis Candicans ; seed similar to those of 
Labrusca, but broader, generally with a shorter beak, 
and less distinctly notched. Figs, ti and 7 are fi-om 
Texas, the latter broader and with a broader beak; 
fig. 8 comes from South Florida, and is stiU broader 
and .shorter. 

Fig 9, Vitis Oaribxa, similar to the last, but smaller ; 
seeds short and thiclv, and deeply notched. 

Figs. 10 and 11, Vitis Californica, seeds often smaller, 
scarcely or not at all notched, raphe indistinct or quite 
invisible ; chalaza narrow and long. Fig. 10 represents 



a single seed (one only in a berry) from near San Fran- 
cisco ; fig. 11 is one of four seeds from San Bernardino, 
in Southern California. 

Fig. 12, Vitis Monticola; seed very similar to those of 
the last species, thick, notched, without a distinct 
raphe, and with a long and narrow chalaza. 

Figs. 13 and 14, Vitis Arizonica, from the Santa Rita 
Mountains ; seeds small, slightly notcheil, with a more 
or less distinct but flat raphe. 

Figs. 15 to 17, Vitis .Estivalis; seeds rather larger, 
cord-like raphe and more or less circular chalaza 
strongly developed ; all the seeds are from wild grapes 
gathered about St. Louis ; the seeds of the cultivated 
forms. Northern and Southern, are similar. Figs, la 
and 16 are from berries with only one or two seeds ; 
fig. 17 is narrower, and from a larger four-seeded berry. 
Pig. 18, Vitis Cinerea, a seed similar to the last, with 
the same strong raphe, but smaller in size, and often 
single. 

Figs. 19 and 2 >, Vitis CordijoUa ; seeds also similar to 
the two last, but raphe not quite so prominent, mostly 
single or in twos, rarely more in a berry ; fig. 19 comes 
from a larger berry, with more seeds, found near St. 
Louis; fig. 20 is a single seed, from the District of 
C olumbia. 

Pig. 21, Vitis Palmata; seed large, almost globose, 
with a very short beak, a narrow chalaza, no raphe 
visible, top slightly depressed. 

Figs. 22 to 25, Vitis Rlparia; seeds similar to the 
last, but smaller, though quite variable in size. The 
seeds all come from wild plants ; figs. 22 and 23, from 
Goat Island on the Niagara Falls; fig. 22 a single 
broad seed ; fig. 23 from a three-seeded berry ; fig. 24 
from a two-seeded berry from the shores of Lake 
Champlain, in Vermont ; fig. 25, seed of the June 
grape from the banks of the Mississippi below St. 
Louis. The seeds are obtuse, or very slightly de- 
pressed on top, chalaza rather flat, el ongated and 
gradually lost in a groove which encloses the scarcely 
prominent raphe. 

Figs. 26 and 27, Vitis Rupestris; fig. 26 from a two- 
seeded berry from Texas, and fig. 27 from a four- 
seeded one from Missouri. The top of the seed is 
obtuse, not notched, and the raphe very inconspicu- 
ous in the Texan seed, or invisible in that from Mis- 
souri. 

Figs. 23 to 32, Vitis Vinifera, from tiie Old World. 
Different forms are introduced here for comparison 
with thf American species, and to show how much 
they differ among themselves. Pig. 2S represents a 
seed out of a lot of grapes (or raisins) found with 
an Egyptian mummy, and probably now 3,0)0 years 
old, or older. The specimens are preserved in the 
Egyptian Museum of Berlin. The berry ol^ligingly 
donated to me was as large as the larger European 
cultivated grapes, and enclosed three seeds. It will be 
seen that it is the largest of the Viyiifera seeds figured 
here, showing perhaps a slight modification of the seed 
in the ages that intervened between its and our times. 
Pig. 29, Brusca, the native species of Tuscany 
(Northern Italy) , fig. 30, Riesling, cultivated on the 
banks of the Rhine ; fig. 31, Guledel {Chasselas), {vnui 
the same region; fig. 32, Black Hamburg, from a 
grapery near London. All these seeds are easily dis- 
tinguished from all American grape seeds, by the nar- 
rower and usually longer beak (or lower part), and 



TABLE OF GRAPE SEEDS. 



13 



V. LABra'sr.v. 

Fi". 1. Fill. 2. 



TAYLOK. CLINTON'. DELAWARE. V.CAXDICAXS. 

Fig. 3. Fig. 4. ■ Fig. 5. Fig. (5. 




V. CAXDICANS. 

Fig. 7. Fig. 8. 



Y. CARIBEA. Y.CALIFORNICA. Y.MOXTICOLA. Y. ARIZOXICA. 

Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 13. 





(T) UQ 



Y. ARIZOXICA. Y. iESTIYALIS. CINEREA. 

Fig. 14. Fig. 15. Fig. 16. Fig. 17. Fig. 18. 



V. CORDIFOLIA. 
Fig. 19. Fig. 20. 




V. PALM AT A. 
Fig. 21. 



V. RIPARIA. 
Fig. 22. Fig. 23. 



V. RIPARIA. 
Fig. 24. Fig. 25. 



Y. RrPESTRIS. 
Fig. 20. Fig. 27. 




V. YIXIFERA. YITIS YIXIFERA. V. YULPINA. 

Fig 2s ■\Iiimnn l.iapc. Fig. 29, Brusca. Fig 30 Rusliiig Fig. 31,Cliasselas Fig 32 Bl Hamb'g. Fig.33. 

f' 







14 Dr. EngHmann. 



BUSH BERG CATALOGUE. 



Classification. 



especially by the large circular, though not very prom- 
inent, chalaza, which occupies the upper, and not the 
raidille part of the seed. These Ave specimen seeds 
represent the principal forms, but not all European 
grape seeds entirely agree with them. 

Fig. 33, VUis Valpina (or Rdiindifolia), from the 
South Carolina Muscadine grape, diflferent from all 
other grape seeds, just as the plant differs from all the 
other Grape-vines ; seed very flat, with straight sides, 
very short beak, wrinkled, or rather folded, on both 
surfaces, notched on top, with very narrow chalaza 
and no visible raphe. 

The North American Grape-vines mxy be 
systematically arranged in the f jUowing order; 

I. True Grape-vines, with loose, shreddy bark, 
climbing by the aid of forked tendrils, or sometimes 
(in No. 12) almost without tendrils. 

A. Grape-vines wltti more or less continuous lendi-ils. 

1. ViTis L-VBRUSCA. isnn3«s, the northern Fox grape, 

the mother of a great many cultivated varie- 
ties and hybrids. 

B. Grapevines witli intermittent tendrils. 

a. Leaves pubescent or floccose, especially on the under 
side and when young, often becoming glabrous with 
age. 

* Raphe on seed indistinct. 

2. ViTis Candio.\ns, Engelmann. The Mustang grape 

of Texas. 

3. ViTis CARIB.EA, Be Candolle. The West India • 

grape ; rare in Florida. 

4. ViTis Califoknica, Bentham. The California 

grape. 

5. ViTis MoNTicoLA, Buckloj, The Mountain grape 

of West Texas. 

6. ViTis ARizoNroA, Engelmann. The Arizona grape. 

** Rjphe on back of seed very conspicuous. 

7. ViTis AESTIVALIS, Michaitx. Summer grape of the 

Middle and Southern States, with several va- 
rieties. 

8. ViTis CiNEEEA, Engelmann. The Downy grape of 

the Mississippi Valley. 

/'. Leaves glabrous, or sometimes short, hairy, especially 
the ribs beneath; mostly shining. 

* Raphe on b ick of seed conspicuous. 

9. ViTis CoRDiFOLiA, Michaut. Frost grape of the 

Middle and Southern States. 

*« Raphe indistinct. 

10. ViTis Palmata, Vahl. Red grape of the Missis- 

sippi Valley. 

11. ViTis RiPARiA, Michaux. Riverside grape of the 

United States and Canada. 

12. ViTis RuPESTRis, Scheele. Rock or Sand grape of 

the Western Mississippi Valley and Texas. 
VlTIS VrNtrEHA, Linn<ei:.'. The Wlue-grape of the Old World 
and California; would And its systematic place here 

II. Muscadine grape, with (on the younger branches) 
firmly adhering bark, which only in the older stems 
scales oflf; aerial roots from inclined trunks in damp 
localities ; tendrils intermittent, simple ; berries very 
large (7-10 lines thick), very few in a bunch, easily 
detaching themselves at maturity ; seeds with trans- 
verse wrinkles or shallow grooves on both sides. 

13. ViTis VuLpiNA, Linnxus (Rutundifolia, Mi- 

chaux). The Southern Fox grape or Muscadine. 



Raflnesque, Le Conte and others, have In 
times gone by attempted to distinguish and 
characterize a good many more species, while 
on the other hand, Director Regel, of the St. 
Petersburg botanical garden, has lately tried, 
rather unnaturally, to contract them and unite 
them with Old World spegies. mtis vinife.ra 
has resulted according to his views, from the 
hj'bridization of several of these species. 

I now propose to give a short botanical ac- 
count of the 13 species enumerated above, leav- 
ing to the author of this treatise the task to 
add the imi5ortant practical remarks which 
the subject calls for. 

1. ViTis Labbusca, Linnseus. Usually not 
large; climbing over bushes or smiU trees, 
occasionally reaching the tops of the highest 
trees ; distinguished from all the oiher 
species, as lias been stated above, by its con- 
tinuous tendrils and consequently by its con- 
tinuous (two to often four or six) clusters of 
flowers and fruit; stipules middle-sized, about 
two lines long, or less ; leaves large (four to 
six inches wide), thick, of firm texture, entire 
or in some forms deeply lobed, very slightly 
dentate, coated when young with a thick 
rusty, or sometimes whitish down, which 
in tlie wild plant persists on the under 
side, but almost disappears in the mature leaf 
of some cultivated varieties ; berries large in 
middle sized, or, in many cultivated forms, 
rather large bunches, bearing 2 or 3 or even 4 
seeds, large, notched, without visible raphe. 
(See table of seeds, page 13, figs. 1 and 2.) 

This species, usually known as the Fox 
grape, or Northern Fox grape, is a native of 
the Alleghany Mountains, and of their eastern 
slope to the sea-coast, from New England to 
South Carolina, where it prefers wet thickets 
or granitic soil. Here and there it descends 
along streams to the western slope of the 
mountains, but is a stranger to the Missis- 
sippi Valley proper. 

As the Labrti!<ca generally grows on granitic 
soil or granitic detrities, which may favor 
the vine, I would suggest to plant Catawba 
vineyards in the granitic regions of our Ozark 
Mountains, and would expect favorable results 
there. 

By far the largest number of varieties of 
Grape-vines now cultivated in our country are 
the oflfspriug of this species ; a few produced 
by nurserymen, but most of them picked up in 
the woods ; they are easily recognized by the 
characters above given, and most readily by 
the peculiar arrangements of the tendrils as 
above described. Large and downy-leaved 
varieties of V. w.<itivalis are, in the West and 
South-west, not rarely mistaken for Lahrusca, 



Dr EiKjflmann. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



Classification. !•> 



but the two may always be distinguished by 
the characters indicated. 

It is also the species which has most gen- 
erally been used as one of the parents (mostly 
the mother) in artificial hj'bridization, and as 
it is the most individualized or specialized of 
all our (perhaps of all known) Grape-vines, its 
characters unmistakably prevail in the hy- 
brids, and rarely leave a doubt as to where to 
refer the questionable form ; of which I shall 
have to add a few words below, under the 
head of Jli/brids. 

2. ViTis Candicans, Englemann. ( T'^ 
mustangcnsin, Buckley.) The Mustang grape 
of Texas ; a tall climber, with rather large, 
rounded, almost toothless leaves, white cot- 
tony on the under side, bearing large berries, 
which, like those of the wild Labrusca, show 
different colors, greenish, claret and bluish- 
black ; and which, in its native country, are 
made into wine. In young shoots and sprouts 
the leaves are usually deeply and elegantly 
many-lobed, which, with the contrast of the 
deeiJ green upper and pure white under sur- 
face, would make this species a most elegant 
vine for arbors, if it could be protected from 
severe frost. This may be done by laying it 
down and covering it with soil. In Texas it 
grows in the lower country, as well as on the 
calcareous hills, and extends even into the 
granitic region. It has also been touud in 
Florida, where many Texas plants are again 
met with. The Florida form, at one time takeii 
for Vitis carib;ea, but quite distinct from it, 
has shorter and comparatively thicker seeds. 
(Fig. 8.) 

3. Vitis Carib^ea, De Candolle, is a West 
Indian species which has lately found its 
way, with other tropical plants, into southern 
Florida. It has a downy, cordate leaf, not 
lobed, but characterized by the small but very 
sharp, distantteeth. Its black berries are small 
and mostly bear but one or two seeds. I And 
the Florida seeds (fig. 9) which were kindly 
sent to me by .Mr A. H. Curtiss, the discoverer, 
larger than those of the West Indian type. 

4. Vitis C.4.lifornica, Bentham. The 
only wild grape of our Pacific coast ; a low 
bush a foot or two high, in dry beds of streams 
in southern Oregon ; it becomes a tall climber 
in southern California, with a stem 3 inches or 
more in diameter ; ic is distinguished by its 
cordate, rounded, whitish, downy leaves and 
small black berries in large bunches ; the ob- 
tuse bu t scarealy notched seeds (figs. 10 and 11), 
without or with only a trace of a raphe, 
and with a narrow, long chalaza. No 
use is made of this species, but it has lately 
been recommended as a grafting stock for Eu- 



ropean vines in California vineyards which 
have bean attacked by the Phylloxera. For 
even this Grape-vine, which is a native of a 
country originally entirely free from the insect, 
is as proof against it as any of our Mississippi 
Valley vines. 

5. Vitis Monticola, Buckley. Usually a 
small bushy vine, rarely climbing over higher 
trees; branchlets angled; young stems, peti- 
oles and leaves cottony, downy, the down grad- 
ually disappearing, remaining only here and 
there in flocose bunches ; stipules very short 
(J line long); leaves deeply cordate, with a 
rounded sinus, very shortly three-lobed, edged 
with small but broad teeth, rather wrinkled 
on the upper surface, but the older ones very 
smooth and often conspicuously shining below 
(especiallj' in the dry specimens); usually 
small, not more than three inches across, only 
on vigorous shoots three or four inches wide ; 
tendrils intermittent, in the smaller, bushy 
forms, often withering away ; bunches of fruit 
compact, short ; berries 4, or rarely 5 lines in 
diameter ; S3eds obtuse or slightly notched, 
chalaza rather narrow, extendiug upward into 
a broad groove, but without a visible raphe. 

This is one of the smaller species and is pe- 
culiar to the hilly, cretaceous region of western 
Texas, not extending to the lower country nor 
to the granitic mountains ; common about San 
Antonio, New Braunfels, Austin, etc. ; also oc- 
casionally cultivated about San Antonio, when 
the bunches, as well as the berries, become 
larger. This plant has given rise to a great 
deal of speculation and controversy. About 
fifty years ago, the Swiss botanist, Berlandier, 
collected it in West Texas,* but it was not till 
twenty-five or thirty years later that Prof. 
Buckley named and published it. Unfortun- 
ately his description was so insufficient that 
no botanist could recognize the plant ; only the 
Texaus of those regions, who well knew " the 
little mountain grape," understood what he 
meant. Buckley's mention of a middle sized 
green, very palatable berry has misled French 
botanists to look for this plant among the 
numerous forms of Labrusca, and Prof. Plan- 
chon therefore changed the name to Vitis Bcr- 
laiulieri. In justification of Buckley's descrip- 
tion it is now said that there exists a form of 
this species, especially about Fredericksburg 
I and on the borders of the Llano Estacado, with 
som 5what larger, greeu berries, which I under- 
I stand Mr. J. Meusebach is trying to find out. 



* On his specimens I found the first PliyUoxei'a galls, 
which, thus accidentally prcsinvcd. pvuvc tlie existence 
ol tlie insect in America i doiil.rcd. iiowevrr, by no 
one now) lonj; before it became known to science here 
or in the Old Woi-ld, and al-o prove its existence as fai- 
south as Texas. 



10 Dr. Evgelmann. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Classification. 



and to introduce into cultivation. The species 
will readily grow from cuttings. 

6. ViTis Arizonica, Eugelmann, is closely 
related to the last, and has similar seeds, 
but the flat raphe, though rarely prominent, 
is broad and sometimes inconspicuous ; branch- 
lets angular; leaves cordate, with a rather 
open, rounded sinus, not lobed, or with two 
short latent lobes ; floccose, cottony when 
young ; glabrous, thick, very rigid, and (espe- 
cially on the upper surface) rough, when older ; 
berries small or middle sized, reported to be of 
luscious taste. 

7. ViTis .EsTivALis, Michaux. Climbing 
over bushes and small trees by the aid of 
forked, intermittent tendrils; branchlets 
rounded, bark of the mature ones mostly 
red, and scaUng oflF in large flakes; leaves 
large (4 -5 or 6 inches wide), offlrm texture, 
entire, or often more or less deeply and 
obtusely 3-5 lobed, with rounded sinus and 
with short and broad teeth; when young 
always very woolly or cottony, mostly bright 
red or rusty; at last smoothish but dull, pale 
or glaucous beneath, and never shining ; stip- 
ules very short and rounded, mostly rusty- 
downy ; berries middle-sized, black, 5-7 lines, 
in Southwestern forms even 8-9 lines in diame- 
ter, coated with a bloom, when well grown in 
compact, often cylindrical bunches; seeds 
rather large, mostly two or three in each 
berry, rounded on top, showing a very promi- 
nent, cord-like raphe, and more gradually at- 
tenuated into the beak than is common in our 
species. 

This is the well known summer grape, com- 
mon throughout the Middle and Southern 
States, usually found on uplands and in dry, 
open woods or thickets, maturing its fruits in 
September. It is one of the most variable of 
our Grape-vines, and hence has seduced many 
into the establishment of numerous nominal 
species, while others, and among them myself, 
have assumed too wide limits for the species, 
and have classed under it forms which now, 
since we know them better, have to be kept 
separate. Among the latter I mention T. mon- 
ticola and V. cinercea, which are described 
in their proper places. Among the former I 
must still retain with V. ccsilvalis the form 
that had been distinguished by Buckley as V. 
linceeiuai. This latter, often more bushy than 
climbing, has larger berries, leaves often deeply 
three-to-five lobed, and coated with a thick 
rusty down, or toineutum, which is often quite 
persistent. Forms wilh very large, woolly 
leaves have often been taken for Labrusca, 
and this species, abounding in the sandy post- 
oak (Quercus stellata) woods of Eastern Texas, 



and there known under the name of Post-oak 
grape or Sand grape, but extending also to 
Arkansas and Missouri, has thus been quoted 
for the Western and Southwestern States, to 
which the true Lahrusea is an entire stranger. 
This species is one of the most important 
ones for us, and in the West at least, has al- 
ready taken the place once accorded to the La- 
brusca forms in our cultures, not only for their 
greater, aye absolute, resistance to the Phyl- 
loxera, but also for their intrinsic vahie as 
wine (and even table) grapes, notwithstanding 
the superior size of the Labrusca berries. Un- 
fortunately the typical forms cannot be propa- 
gated by cuttings, and there are a number of 
varieties which, originating from a Southern 
home, are not quite hardy here, but, on the 
other hand, have the advantage of being 
readily propagattd by slips, in some favor- 
able localities. Their leaves are thinner than 
those of our type, and woolly only in the first 
youth ; the bunches are larger, more shoul- 
dered ; the berries, though small, are much 
sweeter and more juicy. They comprise 
among others the Cimnimjham, with less di- 
vided and the Herbemont and the Lenotr with 
deeply lobed leaves, the two former with 
lighter colored, the latter with deep black 
berries. Unfortunately no wild plant from 
which these varieties might have sprung is 
yet known, but must be looked for in the 
mountains or hills of the Carolinas and Geor- 
gia, and only when found in a wild state can 
we correctly judge of their botanical status. 
About their vitioultural relations, the body of 
this work has to be consulted. I will only 
state here that a slight suspicion exists of 
their being hybrids between V. wytlvdis and 
some form of viniferu, though the seeds are 
entirely those of the former, and also the re- 
sistance to Phylloxera. The variety Lenoir, 
often named Jaqucz, and in Texas Black Span- 
is/i, has been introduced by millions into 
Southern France, and is there found to furnish 
not only an excellent stock whereon to graft 
their own vines, but also to make a superior 
wine directly, and one very rich in the deep 
coloring matter so highly prized there. 

8. ViTis CiNEREA, Engelm., closely allied 
to .Estivalis, with which I had formerly united 
it .as a variety, of pretty much the same size, 
rarely taller. It is distinguished by its white- 
ish or grayish pubescence, which, especially 
on the branchlets, is quite persistent, even 
into winter; by the angular branchlets, the 
liair being especially developed on the angles ; 
the cordate often entire, or slightly three- 
lobed, more or less gray-downy leaves, which 



Dr. Engelmann. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



Classification. 



\'i 



often resemble a Lindenleaf, with a rounded 
but usually rather narrow sinus ; by the large 
loose iuflorespence, which opens its flowers 
rather later than any other of our species ; by 
the small black berries, about four lines in 
diameter, without a bloom, of a pleasantly 
acid taste, until frost sweetens them, and by 
the small, plump seed with a short beak. 

This sjiecies is found in rich soil in the Mis- 
sissippi Valley from Central Illinois to Louisi- 
ana and Texas, especially in bottom lands and 
along the banks of lakes, in situations where 
we scarcely ever meet with ^EsHvalis. It is 
<iuite abundant in such localities near St. 
Louis. 

9. ViTts CouniFOLiA, Miehaux. This is 
the tallest of our climbers at home in our deep 
liottom woods, but often also a low trailer over 
liushes and hedges, well known as the Win- 
ter, or Frost grape, flowering late and matur- 
ing late its strongly flavored, shining black 
berries. 

The plant is glabrous, or the branchlets and 
lower surface of leaves somewhat hairy ; 
branchlets Indistinctly angular (in this re- 
spect interiuediats between the last two 
species) ; diaphragm at the nodes of the 
branches thick, rarely, at the lower nodes, 
wanting ; leaves rather large, three to four 
inches wide, or more, not lobed at all, or slight- 
ly Ihree-lobed, cordate, with a deep narrow, or 
wider, but always sharp sinus, margined with 
conspicuous, rather large sharp-pointed teeth ; 
stipules short; flowers in large, usually loose 
clusters, blosming rather late; berries small 
(three to four lines through), black and shin- 
ing, with a peculiarly disagreable and strong 
flavor ; edible only after frost ; seed, with slight 
or strong raphe. 

A common plant from the Middle States 
southward to Texas ; not known, I believe, in 
northern New York or New England, but not 
rare in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and 
found also near the city of New York ; very 
common in the deep soil of the western river 
valleys, where it takes its fullest development. 
There the trunk sometimes reaches thirty to 
thirty-eight inches in circumference (southern 
Missouri, along the Iron Mountain Railroad) ; 
whether the trunk found by Mr. Ravenel at 
IDarien, Georgia, measuring forty-four inches 
around, belongs to this species, I cannot tell, 
but his supposition that it was ^-Eiiivalis is 
quite improbable; the statement of newspa- 
pers that a Grape-vine in Gulf Hammock, in 
Florida, had a circumference of sixty-nine 
inches, is considered a " fish story " by Florida 
botanists. 
The acute, m-tstly narrow sinus of the leaves. 



the small stipules, the broad diaphragms, the 
character of the seeds, the circumstance that it 
don't grow from cuttings, and the late flower- 
ing time, abundantly distinguish this species 
from ^'itis rijiaria, with which it has been 
thrown together so long and so obstinately. 

10. ViTis Palmata, Vahl, has been culti- 
vated in the Jardin des Plantes in Paris for 
perhaps one hundred years or more, and has 
thence found its way into other European 
gardens, without, however, as it seems, having 
attracted the attention of botanists, since its 
first publication, in 179-1. 

Vahl's description is accurate enough, with 
the exception of its native country, which he 
gives as "Virginia," a negligence or igno- 
rance which we must not criticise too severely 
in botanists of a century ago The seed was 
originally brought to Paris probably by French 
missionaries, who, as is well known, roamed 
about in the Mississippi Valley one and two 
hundred years ago. Soon after the publica- 
tion of Vahl's description of this grape, above 
mentioned, Miehaux discovered this interest- 
ing species " growing abundantly on the banks 
of the streams in Illinois," and named it V. 
rubra. He don't seem to have recognized the 
vine which he might have seen growing under 
his eyes in Paris, and eventually he merged 
his specimens of this Vitis in his herbarium 
under V. riparia. 

Last fall Mr. H. Eggert, of St. Louis, re-dis. 
covered this long neglected plant on the banks 
of the Mississippi, opposite Alton, and collected 
it there again this summer, when it proved to 
be the latest blooming of all our species (far 
from blooming j'et to-day, June 10th). There 
can be no doubt of the identity of this plant 
with Vahl's T'. palmata and Michaux's Eubra, 
nor of its entire distinctness from Riparia. It 
is found, with this last one, covering willow 
thickets and other bushes in low grounds, 
overflowed during high water. Its bright 
red branches, from which the bark sejia- 
rates in large flakes, conspicuous between the 
smooth but dull, darkish foliage (much darker 
than Riparia), show at once how appropriate 
Michaux's name is. The diaphragms are 
thick. The leaves have a broad sinus, and 
are shallow or often deeply three, rarely five, 
lobed, the lobes usually drawn out. into long 
and slender points ; the under side is often 
somewhat hairy along the nerves ; stipules 
middle sized, 1 J to 2 lines long ; flower bunches 
large and loose, on long stems ; berries rather 
small (4-5 lines through), black, without 
bloom ; seeds one or two, very large and 
plump, rounded, with very short beak, 
notched on top, without a visible raphe. 



18 Dr. EngeUnann. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Classification. 



Our plant is readily distinguisiied from 
Riparia by tiie tliiclv diaphragm, the red 
branches, its late flowering and its bloomless, 
late ripeoing berries ; from Cordifoii'i the 
form of tlie leaves and of the seeds, and its 
ready growth from cuttings, easily separate it. 

11. ViTis Reparia, Michaux, the Grape-vine 
of the river banks, has lately acquii-ed a great 
deal of importance, as it has now become the 
principal Grape-vine relied on in France for 
the renovation of their failing vineyards for 
which its vigorous growth, adapted to almo^t 
all climates, its perfect resistance to the insect, 
its easy growth from euttiags, and its ready 
taking of grafts, seem to peculiarly fit it. 

This species climbs over bushes and small 
trees, or trails over the rocks on our river 
banks. It is also found inland, always near 
water, on larger trees, where its trunk may 
become six inches thick. The branohleta are 
rounded, not angled ; the diaphragms very 
thin (J to i line thick) ; the stipules large (2-3 
lines long) and very thin, and persist longer 
than in )U3st other species ; leaves of a light 
green, shining, glabrous or often h liry below, 
with a wide, rounded, or even truncate sinus ; 
they are more or less tri-lobed, margined with 
large, sharp-pointed teath. The bunches are 
mostly small and compact ; berries small (four 
or rarely five lines in diameter), black, with a 
bloom, sweet and very juicy, scarcely pulpy; 
seeds f figs. 22 to 2 5) obtuse or slightly notched, 
with a narrow ehalaza, raphe indistinct or very 
thin.* 

It has the widest geographical distribution 
of any of our Grape-vines, and is the hardiest 
of them all. It extends northward to Lake St. 
Jean, ninety miles north ©f Quebec, and to the 
banks of the Upper Mississippi in Minnesota, 
and the shores of Lake Superior ; in the South 
it is common on the banks of the Ohio and in 
Kentucky, Ulitiois, Missouri and Arkansas,! 

* The French now distinguish several types of Ripa- 
ria, differins somewhat in their minor characteristics. 
See our \iticultural Remarks. 

t A peculiar form of Riparia is a plant which I found 
tittei^n years a^o in the botanic garden of Berlin, under 
the njiTue of Vitis Solonis, and ahout the history of which 
ni:>liody seems to have knoMni any thinpr- Lately this 
lilant has been taken up inFraiicc with that zeal so' char- 
acteristic to that nation, as something jiossiblyof par- 
ticular interest for their viticultiiral pursuits. It is 
<listinf]ruished frotn the ordinary form by the long and 
narrow, almost incised, crowded teeth of the scarcely 
thrfc-lobed leaves. The name is undoubtedly a con-up'- 
tion of'' Long's, "' and the plant comes from'the Upper 
.Vi'kausas river, where Major Long, on his return from 
ills e.xiieclition to the Rocky Mountains, found, as he re- 
ports, such excellent grapes. Seeds may have been 
brought home and the plant raised as "Long's." \ 
manuscript of the viticulturist Bronner. preserved in the 
carlsruhe library, speaks of a certain grape-vine as 
•■ Lon(fs,from Arkansas" A\i(X it is rejjorted that Long's is 
still growing in the late Mr. Bronner's garden at Wisloch, 
near Heidelberg, and that it is iilentical with Solonis. As 
an examjile of curious sjieoulative iiiterpretation it may 
be stated that some viticulturist had read Solonis for 
Xaitiii (an (u-iental grape), and .Arkansas for Caucasus. 



\ and in the Indian Territory. I have not seen 
it from Louisiana or Texas, but a form of it is 
found in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and 
New Mexico, and perhaps in southern Utah. 
It is the earliest flowering species about St. 
Louis, according to season, between April 2.5th 
and May 1.5th, and matures earlier than any 
other. In St. Louis it used to be brought 
to market, before we had cultivated grapes, 
sometimes as early as July 1st, from the rocky, 
sun-exposed banks of the river below town, 
and was, indeed, known as the " June Grape." 
From that time on ripe fruit is found, ac- 
cording to locality, through August and Sep- 
tember. It is singular that our vintners, as 
far as I can learn, have never made wine from 
this species, nor tried to cultivate and improve 
it. The berries probably seem too small, and 
they may have expected better results from 
the larger fruits oi ^Eafivalis \ but the experi- 
ment might yet be made, and our woods might 
be examined for larger-fruited varieties, which 
really do occur, e. g., along the Lakes and on 
Niagara, near Detroit, etc. 

As has been stated above, this species has 
been confounded with T7</.s cordifoii'i, to which 
indeed, it bears a certain resemblance; but the 
characters enumerated, especially those of the 
diaphragms, the stipules, the form of the le if 
and its base, its flowering tim<8, and above all 
the seeds, distinguish them as well as anj' two 
species can be distinguished, even if the diffi- 
culty of one and the readiness of the other to 
grow from cuttings be not taken into account. 

12. Vitis Rupestbis, Scheele, mostly a 
low, bushy plant, often without any, or with 
weak, deciduous tendrils, and not cliuabing, 
under favorable circumstances becoming 
stouter and climbing pretty high ; branchlets 
rounded, diaphragm thicker than in Riparia, 
but thinner than in other species ; leaves 
rather small (about three inches wide), broadly 
cordate, rarely very slightly lobed, mostly 
broader than long, usually somewhat folded 
together, with broad, coarse teeth, and com- 
monly with an abruptly elongated point, gla- 
brous, shining, of a very pale green color ; 
stipules almost as large as in last species, 2-2J 
lines long, thin ; berries small or middle- 
sized, sweet, and in very small bunches ; seeds 
obtuse, with a slender or almost invisible 
raphe. 

This Grape-vine, of very peculiar aspect, is 
a native of the hilly country west of the Mis- 
sissippi river, from the banks of the Missouri 
to Texas, nnd is also found on the Cumberland 
river near Nashville ; its favorable localities 
are gravelly banks or bars of mountain streams, 
overflowed in spring, more rarely (in Texas i 



Dr. Engelmann. 



G^APE MANUAL. 



Bybridity. 19 



ou rocky plains. lu Missouri it is called Sand 
grape, in Te.\as often, on account of its lus- 
cious fruit, Sugar grape ; witli us it tiowers 
soon after Raparia and ripens in August, and 
is said to make a good wine. In France tlie 
I". Hiipcstris is used, like the last species, as a 
grafting stock for French vines ; it grows 
easily from cuttings, and is said to make vig- 
orous plants, perfectly resistant to the insect. 

ViTis ViNiFERA, I^inna3us. Here would be the 
place to introduce tlie Grape-vine of the Old World, as 
it is most nearly allied to the last enumerated species, 
especially to I", riparia. Though many of its culti- 
vated varieties bear berries as large, or even larger, 
than those of any of our American Grape-vines, otlier 
cultivated forms, and especiall.y the true wine-grapes, 
those from which the best wines are obtained, and 
also the wild or naturalized ones, liave fruit not much 
larger than that of the above named native species. 

This plant, together with the wheat, belongs to 
those earliest acquisitions of cultivation, the history of 
which reaches beyond the most ancient written rec- 
ords. Not only have the sepulchres of the mummies 
"f ancient Egypt preserved its its fruit (large sized 
berries) and seed, liut its seeds have even been discov- 
ered in the lacustrian habitations of Northern Italy. 
It is a mooted cpiestioii where to look for the native 
lountry of this plant, and whether or not we owe the 
dilferent varieties of our present Vinifera to one or to 
several countries, and to one or to several original 
wild species, which, by cultivation through uncounted 
ages, and by accidental and repeated hybridization, 
nia.v have produced the numberless forms now known. 
These remind us forcibly of the numerous forms of 
our dog, which we cannot trace, either, but which can 
scarcely be derived from a single (supposed) original 
wild siiecies. Director Kegel, of St. Petersburg, as- 
cribes them to the interminghng of a few species, well 
known in their wild state at this day. Tlie late Prof 
Braun, of Berlin, suggested that they arc the offspring 
(■f distinct species yet found wild in many parts of 
Southern Europe and Asia, which thus he consid- 
ered not the accidental offspring of the cultivated 
plants, as is generally believed, but the original parent 
-stoi-k. I may add, from my own investigations, that 
the Grape-vine which inhabits the native forestsof th 
low banks of the Danube, " bottom-woods," as we 
would call them, from Vienna down into Hungary, 
well represents our V. cordlfoh'a, with its stems three, 
sLx and nine inches thick, and climbing on the highest 
trees, its smooth and .shining, scarcely lobed leaves, 
and its small, black berries. On the other hand, the 
wild grape uf tiie thickets of the hilly countries of 
Tuscany and Rome, with its lower growth, somewhat 
cottony leaves, and larger and more palatable fruit, 
which " don't make a bad wine," as an Italian botan- 
ist e.\pres.sed himself to me, reminds us, notwithstand- 
ing the smaller size of the leaves, of the downy forms 
i>f Ripaiia. or perliaps of some .Estieali'. It was 
kiiciwn til the ancients as Labrusca, a name improp- 
erly apjilicd by science tn an American species, and is 
called by the natives to this day Brusca. The Grape- 
vines of the countries south of the Caucasus Moun- 
tains, (he ancient Colchis, the reputed original home 



of these plants, greatly resemble the Italian plant just 
described. 

The European Grape-vine is characterized by 
smoothish, and, when young, shining, more or less 
deeply, five or even seven-lobed leaves ; lobes pointed 
and sharply toothed; seeds mostly notched .at the 
upper end ; beak elongated ; raphe indistinct ; chalaza 
broad, high up the seed. In some varieties the leaves 
and branclilets are hairy and even downy wlien young ; 
the seeds vary considerably in thickness and length, 
less so in the shape of the raphe. It is well known 
that the plant grows readily from cuttings, and that 
it easily and almost invariably succumbs to the attacks 
of the Phylloxera, which, accidentally introduced into 
France, probably with American vines, has done such 
immense damage in that country and in the rest of 
Europe, probably since 1803 (though only discovered 
as the virulent enemy in tSfiS), and is spreading more 
and more. In California, where thus far the Vinifera 
has been successfully cultivated, the insect also begins 
to make its appearance in some localities. That it 
was tbe cause of the complete failure in all the efforts 
to plant the European vine cast of the Rocky Mount- 
.ains, is now well known. 

13. ViTLS VuLPlNA, Linuceus (known also 
as I', rotundifolia, Michaux), the Southern Fox 
grape, Bullaoe or Bullit grape, or Muscadine 
of the Southern States, is entirely diflferent 
from all our other Grape-vines, and is men- 
tioned here only to complete the list of our 
species. It is too tender for our climate, and 
never flowers or fruits here. It is found in 
damp thickets or on mountain slopes, so'ue 
times a low bush, and again climbing very 
high, with entire, never forked, tendrils; 
branclilets without any diaphragm (see flg. 37); 
leaves small (two, or at most, three inches 
wide), rounded, heart-shaped, firm and glossy, 
dark green, smooth, or rarely slightly hairy 
lieueath, with coarse and large or broad and 
bluntish teeth. The bunches are very small, 
of few very large berries, which fall off singly, 
like plums. The peculiar seed has been fig- 
ured and described above (page 13, 6g. 33). In 
the South some of the varieties are highly 
esteemed, especially the White Souppernong. 

HYBRIDITY. 

Plants, which are so intimately related 
among themselves, are apt lo hybridize, and 
their offspring is usually fertile, not like many 
hybrid animals (the mule) or plants incapable 
to propagate. We have a number of artificial 
hybrids among Grape-vines, whose history is 
well known, and which bear as well as the 
true species, and their seeds are fertile. But 
we also find other vines in the woods or in 
vineyards, which, from their characters, we 
must conclude to be spontaneous hybrids. 
There is, of course, a good deal of experience 
and judgment necessary to decide what may be 



20 Dr. Engelmann. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Hyhridity. 



justly claimed to be a hybrid, and what only a 
variety within the limits of some variable spe- 
cies, and the opinions of different persons may 
honestly vary on these points. But whosver 
has studied the great variability of many 
plants will hesitate long before he calls to his 
aid the often fanciful help of hyhridity in the 
explanation of doubtful forms. Where species 
are so well marked as e. g. Lahrusca is, it is 
not difficult to recognize some of its characters 
in a hybrid off-spring, though the general 
looks of the questionable plant otherwise may 
not conform to our idea of Lahrusea at all ; but 
in other cases, where species already stand 
near one another, the matter becomes much 
more difficult. But there is another way, 
unfortunately a very tedious one, to assist 
in such investigations, viz: to sow the seeds 
of hybrids and study their offspring ; for it is 
a fact that seedlings of hybrids are apt to 
revert to, or at least to approach to, one or the 
other of the parents. One of the most striking 
examples of both positions here taken is fur- 
nished by the well-known Taylor or Bulllt 
grape. The vigorous growth of this form, its 
thin diaphragms, its glossy, glabrous fol- 
iage, its small clusters of rather small berries 
entirely destitute of foxy taste, all seem to 
point to it as a cultivated variety of Riparia ; 
but when we come to examine the tendrils we 
fiud that they are irregular ; sometimes inter- 
mittent, sometimes more or less coutiauous 
(I have seen six in succession, which can only 
point to Labrusca), and just so the seeds differ 
from Riparia seeds Ijy their great size and their 
form (see page 13, flg. 3). Now it so happens 
that Taylor seeds have baen planted by the 
million in Europe, in order to raise resistant 



stock for grafting, and the general experience is 
that one cannot iiad two seedlings in a hund- 
red alike, and similar to the mother-plant ; 
some approach the Riparia type, and others 
show the Labrusca parentage distinctly. 
Thus, to give only one example, one of such 
seedlings— the now frequently cultivated El- 
vira — is a Taylor seedling with a close approach 
to Labrusca. 

It would further the study of our Grape- 
vines coQ-sidera bly if some of those that have 
the zeal, the leisure and the opportunity, 
would institute such experiments with doubt- 
ful forms. 

Pursuing this interesting subject further, I 
may add that where nearly allied species grow 
near together, and bloom about the same time, 
they are mjre likely to hybridize than such 
species that are separated by wide space or 
different period of flowering. With all these 
considerations we must not forget that with 
the innumerable opportunities given every 
where for hybridization we find comparatively 
so few spontaneous hybrids in the vegetable 
world. Hybridization is an abnormal, I may 
say, an unnatural process, which is usually 
prevented by countless obstacles. If it were 
not so, we would meet with more hybrids in 
our woods and prairies than with genuine spe- 
cies ; but how rare ai-e they, and what a find 
it is for a. botanist to discover one! And this 
is the more to be wondered at, because the 
genital organs of the plants, though mostly 
united in one flower, are usually so organized 
that self-fertilization is made difficult, or is 
excluded, and that cross-fertilization is the 
rule. We may put it down as a law that 
honest nature abhors hybridization. 




BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



21 




VITICULTURAL REMARKS 

ox nri! VMKinCAN species, with USTS IIF THKIli 
(lI.rnATEI) VARIETIES. 

The varieties which we cultivate in tliis country, 
east of tlic RoclsV Mountains, and over in Europe, un- 
<Icr the name o{ American Grapes, all beloiif; to either 
one or other of the following four species : 

(I) VlTIS LARRUSCA, (7) V. .ESTIVALIS, 

(II) V. RiPAEiA, (12) y. Uui'EsTUls, and 

(13) V. VULPINA or RoTUNDirOLIA, 

or are Hybrids (crosses between these or with Vitis 
vinifera) . 

While a study of the preceding treatise, by Dr. G. 
Engelmann, is sufficient to enable every careful ob- 
server, and especially the botanist, to distinguish them, 
the following ''viticultural remarks," with lists of varie- 
ties for each species, and containing observations of 
practical grape-culturists, may assist in that important 
study and may prove of some value. 

V. Labrusca, the species of which the largest num- 
ber of our cultivated varieties and those most exten- 
sively cultivated in our country are the offspring, is 
still the most limited local species, its home being con- 
tined to the region between .the Atlantic Ocean and 
the Alleghany Mountains. 

Dr. Engelmann desires local botanists to assist in 
more accuratel.y detining the geographical limits of our 
species of Vitis ; but there is no doubt about the wild 
Labrusca being unknown in the Mississippi Valley. 
"Whatever has been called so there, or in Louisiana or 
Texas, is a large and downy-leaved form of ^Entivalis, 
always readily distin.guished by its ' intermittent ' ten- 
drils, while Labrusca has more or less 'continuous' ten- 
drils." (Compare Figs. 39 and 42.) 

"For(aWeusc, this species, in its improved varieties, 
will probably always occupy a prominent position in 
a large iiortion of the Eastern and Xorthern States as 
well as in the northern sections of the Western States; 
and in those regions where the climate will not favor 
the maturity of the best varieties of this class, the in. 
ferior kinds will occupy their place." 



X 



"As a wine grape the 1'. Labrusca has 
been over-estiniated ; the tough, musky 
pulp of even the best varieties requires a 
long and favorable season of growth to re- 
duce the acid center so as to produce a 
proper i-atio of the ingredients necessary for a pas- 
sable quality of wine." 

Full.v endorsing the above cjuoted views of William 
Saunders, Superintendent of the Experimental Gardens 
at Washington, we do not wish to be understood as ad- 
vocating the discontinuance of planting and using La- 
brusca grapes for wine-making ; we are well aware that 
the Catawba and Concord still furnish the bulk of our 
most popular wines. But for wines of finest quality 
we recommend the ,Estivalis, where its varieties suc- 
ceed, as far superior to the Labrusca. Moreover, we 
recognize in this species a Northern and a Southern 
form (same as in the Riparia and .Estivalis), with dis- 
tinct characteristics. 

The Northern Labrusca — a plant of great vigor, hard- 
iness and productiveness ; abundant, heavy, branching 
and fibrous roots, thick pith, and firm liber ; with a 
fruit of superior size, but also of a disagreeable rough- 
ness and foxiness in taste or flavor. In some of its 
new cultivated varieties, however, this foxiness has 
become less marked, and is far from disagreeable. 

The Southern Labrusca — a far more tender plant, 
very sensitive to casualties from unfavorable atmos- 
pheric changes of climate, with few and feeble roots, 
of only moderately firm texture ; but also with a much 
more delicate fruit of an agreeable musky flavor. The 
first will not do well at the South-west, the second will 
be found subject to fungoid and other diseases, and will 
not ripen well at the North, except under t!ie bene- 
ficial influences of large lakes, or in some peculiar, 
well-protected localities and favorable seasons. 

Both are subject to rot, and do not continue to 
thrive well in those jiarts of the country where both 
types of Labru.sca do not seem to feel at home.® 

* G. Onderrtonk writes us ; "After all, our grapes in 
Texas must oonie from the .TIstivalis family. No La- 
brusca has gi\i-n us good, pernuuienf satisl:u-tion here." 
This same view is olitainin^ gnmnil in .\rkaiisas and 
south-west Missouri, alter tull trial and dearly-bought 
experience. 



22 Labrusca. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



uEstivalis. 



The principal varieties of this species, thus classi- 
fied, are : 

[a] Northern Group. W SmUMrn Croup. 

Black Hawk, Adirondac, 

Concord, Cassady, 

Cottage, Catawba, 

Dkacut Ambkr, Diana, 

Early Victor (new), Ion a, 

Hartford Prolific, Isabella, 

lyj-S, ISRAELLA, 

Lady, Lydia, 

Martha, Maxatawny, 

Moore's Early, Miles, 

Northern Muscadine, Mottled, 
Perkins, Prentiss (new), 

Rentz, Kebecca, 

Telegrabh, To-Kalon, 

Venango, Union Village. 

Vergennes (new), 
WuRDEn's. 

This subdivision of Lalirusca into a northern and 
southern form is a new idea of our own. and may he a 
mi^^talce It was presented for the first time in our Cat- 
alogue not as an established fact, already accepted or 
• end'^orsed bv any botanical authority, but as an hypoth- 
esis worthy of consideration and furtlu-r research. In 
some few Varieties (Crevcling, Nortli Carolina &c.) we 
as vet find it difficult to determine to which !?roup 
they sliould he assigned ; hut this difficulty also exists 
in some with regard to the species. 

The large size of the fruit, the vigor and productive- 
ness of the vine, and its easy propagation from cutting.s, 
made the varieties of this species preferable to others lor 
hvbridi/.ing with European grapes; and it was expected 
to thereby ameliorate, if not to remove, their foxiness. 
WUile this improvement in llavor has been thus accom- 
plished the process has dimini.shed the hardiness and 
Ims increased the sensitiveness to climate and to fun- 
goid diseases in the varieties thus produced. It has 
proven far more su<-cessful to grow seedlings from pure 
Labrusca varieties, selecting the best, as in Early Vic- 
tor rocklington.&c.orscedlingsfromcrossesbctween 
the' coarser and more tender varieties of this species, as 
the Nia-ara (cross between Concord and Cassady), the 
Jettcrson (cross between Concord and lona). Moreover 
the much decried "foxy taste" becomes much less ob- 
iectionable bv habit. Lovers of the (V.ncord and ol 
the Catawba'find the Chasselas insipid, and even Euro- 
peans learn to eat the foxy grape with pleasure. 

The hardy varieties of the Labrusca are also excel- 
lent as a grafting-stock for its own tender varieties, and 
for those of the Vinifera, in locations suitable to tins 
species Thev were largely imported for this purpose 
into southern'rrance, but in some localities there they 
did not prosper; the conditions of .soil and chmate 
did not suit them, and were IVir more suitable to the 
Riparia: hence it was supposed by some, and soon re- 
peated hv others, both grape-culturists and botanists 
that thc'iaferusca, though exhibiting a larger degree of 
resistance than the V. Vinifera, sutlers from the insect 
(the Phvlloxera). This, however, is incorrect. Even 
the most tender Labr. varieties, whose enfeebled roots, 
caused by their mildew-diseased tops, look as if de- 
stroyed bv the insect, revive during favorable seasons 
and again become vigorous and fruitful -as n.. Phyl- 



loxera-infested vine ever does. We have seen very fine 
and healthy Catawba and Isabella vines in full bear- 
ing, in phylloxera-infested localities of France. We 
could quote hundreds of testimonials proving our posi- 
tion. For want of space let the loUowing suffice : 



From the official report of tlie Commission on American 
Vines- signed by MM. LespiauU. Prcs't; IHola, A ice 
I'l-es't; Lafite,^ec.: and by such members, well known 
in the scientific world, as MUtardet, .■^karinsH, Bebriick. 
&c.-to the International Phylloxeric Congress, held 
at Bordeaux, Oct., 1S82. 

"It is almost useless to insist on the resistance of the 
American vines. It cannot any longer be '•'^"t^^t'id. 
Everywhere the proofs thereof are numerous. While 
the French vines succumb, the American vines, planted 
from 10 to 15 vears ago, present a vegetation of perlect 
heahh. Even the Labrusca, reputed as less resistaiit- 
the Concord, for instance - are stiU largely cultivated 
by certain wine-growers, MM. Guirand, Moline, Lu- 
got,the Duchess of Fitz-James, Ac, who are well satis- 
fied with them." 

ViTis .ESTIVALIS.-This species i« preeminently the 
WINE grape of the South Atlantic States, and ot thelow- 
er Mississippi Valley and Texas. Owing to the fact that 
none of the varieties except the Eldnburgh and Eumelan 
will ripen north of the parallel of 40°, unless it may he 
in some peculiarly favored situation,* they have not 
been extensively planted, And their superior qualities 
are but little known. The berries are destitute of pulp, 
and the .iuice contains a larger percentage of sugar 
than anv other improved American species. The foli- 
age is not so liable to disease as that of the fox grape, 
and in the berries rot is also less prevailing, while in 
some varieties of this class, as Norton's Va. and Cyn- 
thiana, it is comparatively unknown. Some ol the best 
wines made in this country are produced from varie- 
ties of this family. ' ' Requiring a long season and ge- 
nial climate for their perfection, they have not yet been 
extended so widely as the varieties of ViUs Labrusca. 
Their range of successful growth not reaching mto 
high Latitudes, theu- culture has been limited," --ex- 
cepting JV'orion'sVa. Seedling, of which Jiundreds ot 
acres are now planted around GordonsviUe and Char- 
lotteville Va -"I am convinc'cd that neither the wine- 
producing capabilities of the country nor the highest 
excellence of the product can be decided until vme- 
vards of these varieties are established in the best loca- 
tions of fa^-orable climates."-irm. Saunders. 

'" The most genial home of this species is the coun- 
try of the Ozark hills. Missouri, S. Kansas, Arkansas, 
Texas and Indian Territory ; probably also the moun- 
tain slopes in Virginia, North Carolina, and iennes- 
see '^nd these must be looked upon as the great 
prodiuang regions of this continent, east of the Rocky 
Mountains, for a certain class of Jin' «'«"«-'- I" «'«*'«''" 
Teras also, the varieties belonging to tliis class seem 
' to succeed butter than any other class of grapes, 

IS,^-^;^, |\;'^o|ue:l;S';;avi ^eS^r- Plaee in nature.^ 



uEstivalis. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



Linceeumii. 



23 



though we have never yet seen, or heard of either, an 
undoubted JEstivalis (wild) or a Labrusca in our part 
ofTexas(S.W.)"— G. Onderchnk, Victoria, Texas. 

The following varieties of this most valualile species 
(omitting new untried and discarded varieties) are now 
cultivated : 

Xorthem Group. SotUlieni Group. 

Cynthiaka, Cunningham (Lone), 

Elsinburg, Deveueux tBhick July), 

EuMELAN, Herbemont (Warren), 

Hermann, Lenoir (Jaquez), 

Norton's Virginia, Louisiana or RuLANDER(y) 

(Several new varieties of this species, some chance 
seedlings selected in the forests of Arkansas, others 
raised from seeds of cultivated varieties, are on trial.) 

The quality of these varieties is so excellent that 
even the French taste seems quite satisfied. Only their 
size is unsatisfactory. " Dans ce group se trouvent lea 
raisins dont le goit se rapproche le plus des n6tres, et 
qui donnent des vins colores. corses, 4 bouquet souvent 
■delicat, et en tout cas non foxe." — ,1. E. Planchon, Les 
Vignes americaines. 

Mr. Herman Jaeger,of Neosho, south-west Missouri, 
writes us: "In south-west Missouri, southern Illinois, 
Arkansas, western Texas, (also in Tennessee and Ala- 
bama,) the Labrusca, or Fox grapes, bring two healthy 
crops of fine grapes, and of the most vigorous varieties, 
with proper culture and favorable seasons, a few more ; 
then they rot to such an extent that they are entirely 
worthless. The iEstivalis never rots, and is the only 
truly reliable grape for these States. It was believed 
that no large summer grapes were existing— but this is 
a mistake; summer grapes (.Estivalis), nearly of the 
size of Concord, are found growing wild in Arkansas, 
and I am confident that superior table grapes wDl be 
obtained from their seed. The wild large ^Estivalis are 
not as juicy nor as aromatic as the small ; but by cross- 
ing the one with tlie other we may obtain large grapes 
for the south-west as juicy as Herbemont, and as 
healthy, vigorous and productive as Norton's Virginia, 
as free from rot and mildew as no Labrusca ever will 
be with us." 

The e.xeraption from rot however, unfortunately 
refers only to the iEstivalis of the Norton family ; 
those of the Herbemont class or southern JSstivalis are 
often affected by rot, and on this account their cultiva- 
tion has been abandoned in the south-eastern States, 
Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, and even in parts 
of Arkansas. 

In southern and central Texas the Herlieraont and 
its group of grapes seems free from rot, so far. Mr. G. 
Onderdonk writes : "Every year demonstrates more 
clearly that in southern Texas we must have Southern 
-SIstivalis grapes, or have none, except varieties of Vini- 
fera, in localities where the Phylloxera will not work, 
as in the sands of the immediate coast, or, as these 
European varieties may be preserved, by gi-afting on 
stocks of the Rupestris." 

A very intelligent and reliable vine-grower writes 
us from Texas: " I have been investigating the grape 
question for two years in southern and central Texas. 
On the Rio Grande the Jlexicans have been culti- 
vatiaig the European grapes for many years, but al- 
ways where the land can be irrigated ; but the area 



susceptible of irrigation is very limited. All the varie- 
ties of the V. vinifera and other grapes that ripen as 
late as September, are liable to fail in Texas on account 
of the summer rains, which come in August, causing 
the grapes to mildew and rot. But the cultivated varie- 
ties of -Estivalis ripen here in July, and do well when 
planted in the right soil. I have seen bunches of Le- 
NoiE, called here " Black Spanish," grown in sandhills 
of Bastrop county, that were as fine as any Zinfandel, 
which they much resembled, being long and compact, 
and very prolific. Yet nobody thinks it worth while to 
plant a vineyard. Grapes sold in Austin last summer 
at from 10 to 40 cts. per pound. 

" Land suitable for grapes can be bought in Bastrop 
county, convenient to the Texas Central railroad, for 
from $2.50 to .?10.00 per acre, with a market for all the 
grapes and wine within a few hours' travel by raQ." 

The varieties of this group generally prefer a dry, 
poor soil, intermingled with lime and decomposed 
stones, with a southern and south-eastern exposure ; 
they seem to endure the severest drouths without flag- 
ging. Altliough we have seen some of them, especially 
the Norton and Cynthlana, bear immense crops on the 
deep, rich, sandy loam of our river bottom, their fruit 
does not reach the same perfection as on the hills. 
The wood of the true ^Estivalis is very solid, hard, with 
small pith, and firm outer bark ; so that it is almost 
impossible to propagate this species from cuttings. The 
bark on the one year old wood is of a dark gray color, 
bluish around the eyes. The roots are wiry and tough, 
with a smooth, hard liber, penetrating deep into the 
ground, successfully defying the attacks of Phylloxera. 
Their resistive power has been fully tested, and estab- 
lished beyond a doubt. As a stock for grafting they 
are far superior to Clinton — but we think they are too 
good and valuable to serve merely as a grafting stock. 

Another form of the Vitis -Estivalis is the ' 

ViTis LiNCEcuMii, or Post -oak grape. — tirows in 
Texas throughout the post-oak region of the tertiary. 
There are already two or three esteemed varieties of 
this class in cultivation. One of these, called McKee's 
Everbearing grape, because it is said to have ripe fruit 
during several months of summer, is considered an ex- 
cellent table grape and good for wine. Mr. S. B. Buck- 
ley, State Geologist of Texas, writes: "At the place of 
the Wilkins, in the north part of Lamar county, I saw 
a Post-oak vine which, the family said, bore one of the 
best grapes, if not the very best, they had ever seen ; 
and they had a large variety of grapes in cultivation. 
Mrs. Wilkins gave me some Post-oak grape wine which 
was excellent, the grape being considered the best for 
wine of any they had." 

ViTis RiPARiA.— This most widely diffused and now 
most important American species of grapevines was 
but imperfectly known, up to within a few years, even 
to botanists ; so that they could not clearly distin- 
guish V. Riparia from V. Cordifolia ; and in the 
works on practical grape-cuUure they were generally 
united under the one designation, "Cordifolia." The 
preceding treatise by Dr. Engelmann has now shown 
their absolute specific difference ; but tlie circumstan- 
ces whereby this knowledge was acquired arc 50 inter- 
esting aild instructive, that we, who have almost provi- 
dentially led thereto, deem it our tlnity to record them. 



24 Biparia. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Riparia. 



In the winter of 1875 we received from M. Fabre de 
Saint Clement, in France, an order for several hundred 
thousand long cuttings, mostly of the "Taylor" which 
variety he had recognized as the best grafting stock 
among those with which he had experimented. In 
view of the impossibility to furnish more than 100,000 
Taylor cuttings (as this variety is, on account of its de- 
ficient productiveness, but little cultivated), our G. B. 
Meissner proposed to M. Fabre (as also to MM. Blou- 
quier & tils & Leenhardt, and others) to send him wild 
Riparia or Cordifo/ia cuttings, which bear the greatest 
resemblance to the Taylor, one of its cultivated varie- 
ties, and which, we had every reason to believe, would 
prove equally satisfactory, if not more so, as a Phyllox- 
era-resisting grafting stock, for the recon.struction of 
their devastated vineyards. Fabre consented, and the 
success was Ijeyond our most sanguine expectations. In 
October, 1877, Fabre first published the result in the 
"Journal d' Agriculture," and since that time this spe- 
cies was more and more recognized as the great reme- 
dy for the Phylloxera-destroyed vineyards of France. 
It was then called Riparia Fabre in France, but might 
more properly have been called Riparia Meissner. 

Very large cpiantities were then ordered from us, 
and we had to look about for them far and near ; nor 
was it an easy matter to avoid the admixture of Cor- 
difolia, Cinerea, /Estivalis, and oUier wild grapes, which 
would not answer. 

The careful, observing French vintners to whom 
these Riparias were so very valuable for their vigorous, 
rapid development in almost every soil, their great 
adaptability to rooting and grafting, and their almost 
perfect immunity from the Phylloxera, soon recog- 
nized that the so-called "Riparia or Cordifolia" em- 
Ijraced quite a group of somewhat deviating forms, of 
larger and smaller foliage, more or less hairy, more or 
le#s dark in color of wood, &c., some making stouter 
canes than others — differences resulting, very natural- 
ly, from the various soils and localities from which they 
were derived, and also from their frequently being 
mixed in the same locality ;— they found, besides, that 
some cuttings (Cordifolia) would fail to root, though 
they arrived and were planted in the best condition. 
This, naturally, led to the study of their botanic cha- 
racter, now so fully established that we can at sight 
recognize and distinguish the true Riparia from Cor- 
difolia; aye, in the mere cutting, in winter, as well 
as in the young plant and in the seed. 

Besides these valuable characteristics, given by Dr. 
Engelmann, we have discovered some additional indi- 
cations which will aid the non-botanist in distinguish- 
ing them. On the young shoots of Cordifolia the very 
small terminal leaves open as soon as formed (the same 
as in .Fstivalis) ; those of the Riparia, on the contrary, 
remain folded for some days after they are formed 
and become larger, then expand, but only gradually. 
This is shown in our table of grape leaves (Figs. 40 to 
43), which however do not show the more heart-shaped, 
roundish form of the Cordijolia leaf when fully grown, 
nor the form of the fully developed Riparia leaf, in 
which the sinus of the leaf-stalk is more widely open 
(truncated), often broad. Another very characteristic 
sign of Riparia is found in the shreddy character of 
the bark, which is underlaid by tilameuts resembling 
coarse yellow threads. We find a similar characteristic 
only in the Rupestris; but its filaments or threads are 



finer and not as strong as those of the Riparia. The- 
bark of these two species will be found to peal off in 
shreds, whilst the bark of the Cordifolia and others- 
will peal off in flakes. 

We are just in receipt (July, 1883) of the first num- 
ber of the "j4m7je/o(/rapAie .4mcritm?ie." an Album of 
American Grapes, now being published in France — 
price 75 francs— by Em. Isard, which will contain from 
80 to 90 Plates (phototypes) and descriptive text by 
Gustave Foex and Pierre Viala, all of the celebrated 
National Schoolof Agriculture of Montpellier.* Of 
Vitis Riparia three forms will be figured and minutely 
descrilicd. 

Dr. Despetis, who made the Riparia a special study, 
says that lie knows 380 varieties or subvarieties of 
Riparia ; some are tomentous (downy-leaved), others 
glabrous (smooth-leaved) ; some have light red wood, 
others dark, and some even white (gray) wood. But 
they all resist everywhere and succeed generally well ; 
on limestone hills, however, they do not as well as the 
Jacquez (JSstivalis). 

Many a grape-grower will ask : Of what practical 
importance is it to know the botanic characteristics of 
any species? The answer is, that it enables us to de- 
termine to which species a cultivated variety belongs, 
and to know thereby, beyond doubt, which qualities, 
common to al 1 descendants of such species, it will have ; 
what kind of soil or location is most suitable ; whether 
it will easily grow- from cuttings, be more or less 
subject to certain diseases, be more or less hardy, etc. 

The Vitis Riparia comprise the most healthy and 
hardy grapes of the North Central States (N. C. S.), 
formerly designated as the North-west, extending to 
the Rocky Mountains of Wyoming, Colorado and New 
Mexico, and is found equally healthy and more pro- 
ductive at the south, in Arkansas and Texas. Hence we 
may also judge, fr(mi its geographical extension, as to 
its rare adaptability to various climates. 

Alex. Hunger, an intelligent amateur grape-grower, 
native of Switzerland, now at Sauk City, Wis., writes 
us: "The woods and hills of Wisconsin are full of wOd 
vines, and they grow also along the streams and creeks. 
The fruit of the Creek-grape(?) ripens late, tastes very 
harsh and sour ; but the Sand-grape, (by which the 
Riparia is evidently meant) ripens with us in August 
already, is not disagreeable for eating, and makes a 
wine of fine aroma. It grows often in almost pure 
sand, and no cold can kill it. From the Sand-grape 
the North-west must get the proper varieties for its 
sandy plains and hills. If I were not too old I would 
cross the Sand-grape with those European grapes 
which grow in my native home (canton Graubunden), 
on the boundary line of wine-culture, where 'with one 
hand we may touch the glaciers and w ith the other 
pluck the noble grape.' The bunches of the Sand- 
grape are of the size of the Delaware ; its foliage is simi- 



* The " Ecole nationale d' agriculture" at Montpellier has 
not imnronerly been called the " Phylloxera University.' 
In its experimental garden, of about fifty acres, were 
nlanted nearly all the various grapevines of the world, 
nrohahly the most comiilete collection ever existing. 
And when we oiisi.l.-r that its ground is thoroughly in- 
fested hv the riivHoxcia, tliiis affording the opportunity 
to test and study all the species and their varieties, with 
regard to their resi.'.tibility to tlio ihscase and in other 
relpects, under most eminent invcsti-utors.wemay well 
under.stand what a fundof inforinatioii has been added 
during the last decade ooncerumg the subject ol this- 
Catalogue. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



25 



Fig. 40. COEDIFOLIA. 



Fig. 41. CORDIFOLIA. 

7 




Fig. 42. LABRUSCA. 



Fig. 4.3. KIPARIA. 



26 Biparia. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Bupestris. 



lar to the Taylor, darker green on its upper, lighter on 
its lower face, and more glossy ; every third leaf is 
without a tendril. Crosses of this northern (Riparia) 
grape would seem desirable for our North-western 
States." 

The Clinton is the most prominent of its cultivated 
varieties, and the Aughwick, Burroughs, Chippewa, 
Franklin, Huntingdon, Marion and Opokto belong 
tothesamegrouporfamily. The Bacchus isaseedling 
of Clinton, and probablj^ also SchraidV s seedling Black 
Pearl, Sicketts' Peabody, &q.. The Taylor was held 
to belong to a somewhat different form of the Riparia, 
found growing along the Alleghany range, from south- 
ern New York to Alabama ; it certainly has a close re- 
semblance to this form of the Riparia, but botanists 
have lately discovered and estalilisUed that the Taylor 
is an accidental cross with Labrusca, which is con- 
firmed by the character of many of its seedlings. This 
variety, much esteemed for its vigorous growth, health 
and hardiness, as also tor its superior quality for wine, 
was, however, generally unproductive on account of 
its more or less deformed stamens, with short or rather 
curved filaments ; a defect exhibited also in most of 
the wild Riparias, which are the most profuse bloom- 
ers of any grape-vines. Puller, in his old book on 
grape culture, first expressied the opinion that some 
individuals of this group (Taylor, Othello, &c.) pos- 
sess excellent qualities, which, when properly devel- 
oped, and their defects remedied, will make the best 
wine grapes in the country. 

Following this suggestion of Mr. Fuller, already 
quoted in the former editions of this Catalogue, a 
large number of experiments have been made with 
raising seedlings from Taylor and Clinton, and these 
are now crowned with eminent success, having pro- 
duced some of the most valuable and promising new 
wine grapes, especially adapted to the wide range of 
the Riparia Class. See Amher, Bacchus, Elvira, Grime's 
Golden, Missouri Riesling, Montefiore, Noah, Pearl, 
Transparent, Uhland, &c. 

The foliage is rarely attacked by mildew, but the 
leaves, possibly owing to their smoothness, are occasion- 
ally injured by insect punctures. The Phylloxera pre- 
fers the foliage of this class of vines to that of all others— 
so that, in some seasons, it is covered with leaf-galls 
made by this formidable insect. The fruit is less sub- 
ject to rot, and is noted for keeping well after being 
gathered from the plant. That of the northern form 
is late in maturing, and seems to reach its greatest per- 
fection by remaining on the vine until the thermome- 
ter indicates proximity to the freezing-point, when, 
even in northern localities, it proves to be a fruit of fair 
quality either for table or wine. The greatest objection 
to it as a wine grape is that of having too much acid. 
The fruit is not so deficient in sugar as is generally 
supposed, having enough of this important ingredient 
for a' good wine. Nor has it any foxy or musky taste 
whatever, the judgment of our friends in France to 
the contrary notwithstanding. The peculiar flavor in 
some varieties may displease them — tastes differ ; we, 
ourselves, do not admire the Clinton goit, but it has 
certainly no resemblance to what we call " foxiness," 
as the characteristic of Labrusca. The flavor of Taylor 
and its seedlings .seems to us unexceptionable. The 
Marion and other varieties of this class may also be 



preferable to Clinton in this respect. Analysis shows 
that they have a sufficiency of sugar, and it seems 
probable that the wines only require age to develop 
their qualities. 

It is known that wines of the Clinton variety, when 
kept in a suitable cellar from four to six years, assume 
a fine character. 

The mode of management and culture has also a 
decided influence upon the productiveness of this spe- 
cies. The shoots on young plants in good soil grow 
with much vigor during early summer, frequently form- 
ing canes from 14 to 20 feet in length before the end of 
the season. On these canes the best developed buds 
are some distance fi-om the base, or point of growth 
on the stem ; consequently, if cut back closely at the 
fall or winter pruning, the best buds for fruit-bearing 
are removed, and a luxuriant growth of wood, with a 
minimum crop of fruit, will be the result. The varie- 
ties of this group should be planted on rather poor soil, 
deeply and well cultivated, as they are naturally ram- 
pant growers, and, when planted in rich soils, are al- 
most uncontrolable. 

The Riparia is more accommodating to various soils 
than any other grape-vine ; it grows well almost every- 
where, except on heavy yellow clay soil, and on lime- 
stone hills it does not as well, of course, as the jEstiva- 
lis : it is in name and in fact a river-bank grape. 

The wood of the cultivated varieties is soft, contain- 
ing a thick medulla ; cuttings wUl, therefore, grow very 
readily. The roots are wiry and tough, with a thin, 
hard liber, growing rapidly. They also possess full 
powers of resistance to the Phylloxera, which is usu- 
ally found in small numbers on theii' roots even while 
their foliage is densely covered with its galls. The 
roots have so much vitality that new rootlets push out 
from the swellings more rapidly than the insect can 
destroy them. 

V. RuPESTEis has, of late, already become of very 
great value as stock for grafting. In southern Texas 
some experiments are being made with Vinifera graft- 
ed on Rupestris, and we predict for the same a com- 
plete success. Wheresoever the Lenoir (Jacques or 
Black Spanish) and Ilerbemont will flourish without 
covering in winter and without mildew and rot in 
summer, the finest European varieties will, we think, 
succeed, if protected from the root-louse (Phylloxera) 
by grafting on Rupestris or other resisting native stock, 
best adapted to the soil and climate. In France, also, 
the Rupestris is now used to some extent as a Phyl- 
loxera-proof grafting stock, and is found especially 
valuable on poor, rocky soil, and hot, dry, exposures, 
where other sorts are less adapted. Some promising 
hybrids between Rupestris and Vinifera have lately 
been produced in France. 

ViTis VuLPiNA, Linnscus. — Southern grape-growers 
generally designate this species as Vitis Rotundifolia 
(Michaux). 

This name seems to us more appropriate. V. Rotundi- 
folia signifies "round-leaved," as this species has leaves 
which are nearly round, unlike those of any other spe- 
cies. V. T'u/^ina signifies "Fox-grape;" but it has less 
resemblance than any other species with the Labrusca, 
■which is generally known as the Fox-grape, and, whUe 
the name "vulpina," as the translation of or synonym 
with "fox," has sometimes been applied to the "La- 



Botiindifnlia. 



GRAPE MAKUAL. 



Hybi-ids. 27 



brusca" and even toother species, no other species 
has ever been designated by tlie name "Rotumlifolia." 
This latter designation wonld avoid confusion in the 
grape nomenclature and is therefore preferable. Many 
botanists, including Bertram, Le Conte, Rafinesque, 
Ravanel, and Buckley, followed Michaux in calling it 
" Rotundifolia," and we may be excused for not fol- 
lowing Linnreus in this instance, and feel justified in 
tlius designating this southern species as it is known 
among southern people, southern grape cultivators, 
and their writers. The V. Rotundifolia is strictly con- 
tiiied to the southern States, and in foliage and wood is 
very unlike any other grape, either native or foreign, 
<listinguishing itself by its small, roundish, shining 
leaves, never lobed, and green on both sides ; by its 
bright, smooth bark, never scaly or shaggy ; by its 
fruit, which forms no bunches, but grows in large, 
thick-skinned and pulpy berries, only about 2-4-6 in 
number on a stem ; by its tendrils, which are never 
liirked like those of other grape-vines. The varieties 
of this type cannot be grown from cuttings. Pruning 
<loes not benefit them ; on the contrary, they must be 
left to grow free, without any trimming, except cutting 
off smoothly the shoots and suckers from the ground 
to the lath-work or scaffold which may have been 
erected to support them. Without care or labor, save 
some good cultivation of the soil, they produce annu- 
ally large and sure crops, being entirely free from rot 
and mildew, and, it seems, also from the attacks of 
insects. The Vitis Rotundifolia, so far, enjoys perfect 
immunity from Phylloxera, (some galls have been 
fi lund on their leaves, but no trace of the insect on 
their roots, which are of an astringent, acrid taste). 
This immunity caused them to be exported into 
France, Init their fruit is so deficient in grape sugar 
(althougli it tastes sweet, containing scarcely any acid) 
and it is so rich in musky flavor, that it cannot satisfy 
the refined French taste; and. as a grafting stock, the 
hardness of the wood and different construction of the 
hark make the Rotundifolia unfit for this purpose. 

P. J. Berkmans, of Augusta, Georgia, who makes 
tlie propagation of this species a specialty, enumerates 
seven varieties : Scuppeesong, Flowers, Thom.\s, 
JiisH, Tender Pulp, Pedee, and Ricumoxd (there 
exists also an Isabella-seedling under the name of 
Richmond). 

HYBRIUS. 

Besides the varieties referred to eif lier the one or the 
otlier of these species, we now cultivate many grapes 
which originated by cross-breeding, either through the 
agency of wind or insects, or through the ettbrts and 
skill of man. 

The former or natural hybridization is no doulit of 
very frequent occurrence, but, as neither the act can 
well he observed, traced or recognized, nor the character 
1 if these young seedlings thus produced be ascertained, 
they are generally passed unnoticed in the vineyard, or 
are destroyed, .fudging from the great tendency to 
variation in seedlings of cultivated varieties, we are 
inclined to lielieve that most varieties, generally called 
pure .seedlings, yet so very dissimilar to their parents, 
are iirodnccd by natural hybridization. But the ques- 
tion arises, how are grapes thus cross-fertilized by 
nature without the aid of man? " By insects " seems 
scarcely a sufficient explanation ; and we venture the 



following new hypothesis, viz., that the stigma of the 
grape does not receive the pollen of its own individual 
blossom, as probably the two are not ready for fecun- 
dation at the same moment. Thus a mere kindly 
breeze may be suflficient to bring about cross-fertiliza- 
tion where different varieties, blooming at the same 
time, are growing in proximity to each other. 

Without discussing the subject any further, we state 
that we believe to recognize in 

the Alvey, a Hybrid between ^Eitiv. and Vlnifera; 
the Creveling, " " Labr. " Riparia; 

the Delaw.ire, " " \Labr. " Tinif era, or 

J Vinif. " Riparia; 
the Elvir.4, " " Ripar. " Lahrusca, 

and so in a few others (as will be mentioned in their 
description) possessing certain distinct characteristics 
oi tivo distinct species; atid, while we do not claim 
to be botanists, we are glad to find our observations 
endorsed by the botanists of both this country and of 
Europe. 

From later observations (since the issue of our Cata- 
logue, second edition) we are led to consider also the 
Louisi.\N.\ or RuL.iNDER as hybrids between ^Estivalis 
and Vinifera; and the Humholdt, which the late Fr. 
Muench supposed a pure seedling of the Louisiana, as 
the result of an accidental cross between this and some 
other variety. 

It has already lieen mentioned (page 20) that the 
Taylor is now considered a cross produced by na- 
tural hybridization between a Lahrusca and a Riparia. 
Characteristics of botli sjiecies are quite distinct in the 
Taylor-Seedlings of Rommel : the Amber, Elvira, 
Etta, Faith, M(jxtefiore, Pearl; as also in Wasser- 
zieher's Taylor-Seedling Noah. &c. Accidental crosses 
between different varieties of the same species must be 
more frequent, though admitted but in few varieties, 
such as Beauty (Catawba crossed with Maxatawny), 
and Niagara (Concord crossed with Cassady), and ge- 
nerally claimed to be "pure seedlings." 

The second class, hybrids produced by artificial 
cross-fertilization, though of but recent date, are now 
very numerous, and very interesting and important re- 
sults have been attained through this agency. When 
the supposition that the seedlings from fiireign spe- 
cies, rai>ed in our own soil and climate, would be more 
hardy, proved fallacious, efforts were made to secure 
hybrids between the native grapes and Vitis Vinifera, 
as it was hoped thus to combine the superior excel- 
lence of the foreign with the health and vigor of our 
native plants, and in the opinion of some eminent hor- 
ticulturists this desirable result has already been very 
nearly or quite accomplished. 

But for practical grape-culture on a large scale, all 
hybrids produced by crossing thefrireign on ournative 
grapes have generally given unsatisfactory results in 
this country. It is a remarkalile fact that some of these 
hybrids are very successful in Europe, as the Triumph, 
a cross between Concord and Chasselas mosquee by 
Campbell ; the (Othello, a cross between V. Riparia 
and Black Hamburg by Arnold ; Black Eagle and 
Black Defiance, crosses between Concord and Black 
St. Peters by Underbill. » These and some other hv- 



* Croton, a cross between Delaware and Ckasselas: 
suffers from Pfiylfo.xera almost a.s IjacUv as its parent 
the Chasselas de Kontainlilraii 



28 Hybrids. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Location. 



brids have evidently inherited from the American pa- 
rent the Phylloxera-resisting root, l)Ut also from the 
European parent the non-resistance to our climatic in- 
fluences and the great sensibility to mildew and rot. 
In localities of this country where these destructive 
influences and diseases do not prevail, most of these 
hybrids will prove highly satisfactory ; they are — 

A. Hybrids between Labrusca and Vinifera .■ 



Adelaide, 

Agawam, 

Allen's Hybrid, 

Aminia (R. 39), 

Barry, 

Black Defiance, 

Black Eagle, 

Burnet, 

Clover Str. Rlack, 

Clover Str. Red, 

Concord Chasselas, 

Concord Muscat, 

Diana Hamburg, 

Don Juan, 

Downing, 

Early Dawn, 

Essex, 



Excelsior, 

GARTNER, 

Goethe, 

Herbert, 

Highland, 

Imperial, 

Irwing, 

Lindley. 

Massasoit, 

Merrimac, 

Planet, 

Eequa, 

Rogers' Hybrids,' 

Salem, 

Senasqua, 

Triumph, 

Wilder, 



and many more, less known. 

B. Hybrids between Riparia and Vinifera : 

Advance, Naomi, 

Ariadne, Newark, 

August Giant, Othello, 

AUTUCHON, PiZARRO, 

Brandt, Quassaic, 

Canada, Secretary, 

Cornucopia, Waverley. 

C. Hybrids between Varieties of American species ami 
ITybrids, especially Delaware. 

Alma (Bacchus with Hybr.) 
Berckmans (Clinton with Del.) 
Brighton (Concord with Diana Hamb.) 
Centennial (Eumelau with Del.) 
Duchess (w. Concord with Del.) 
El Do'rado (Cone, with Allen's Hybr.) 
GOLDEN Gem (lona with Del.) 
Lady- Washington (Cone, with Allen's Hj-br.) 
Monroe (Concord with Del.) 
POUGHKEEPSIE (lona with Del. or Walter). 
Purity ('? on Del.) 
Raritan (Concord with Del.) 
Rochester (Diana with Del.) 
Walter (Del. with Diana), 
and others ; mostly new. 

These are considered very promising, and some, as 
the Brighton, the Duchess, the Lady W.iSHiNOTON, 
are already highly esteemed ; it is supposed that they 
will become more successful, their origin being three- 
fourths native. But for localities where the Delaware, 
or other hybrid parent, does not succeed, mainly on 
account of mildew, we cannot share the high expecta- 
tions for any of them expressed by others. The efforts 
of hybridizers therefore have been, of late, wisely direc- 
ted to the ]irodircing of crosses between inirely native 

* Not named. 



varieties; most remarkable among the new grapes thus 
produced arc the .Ieffehson (white Concord with lona) 
and the Empire State (a seedling of the Hartford 
Prolific fertilized with the Clinton), both by Ricketts. 
And it seems that in these, fine quality and beauty of 
fruit are united with a strong vigorous growth of vine 
and thick, mildew-resisting foliage. 

In the former editions of this Catalogue we alrea- 
dy expressed our conviction that the production of 
healthy, successful Hybrid grapes from tender, unreli- 
able natives, such as the lona, with the here still more 
unhealthy Vinifera, is highly improbable, especially 
when some glasshouse-grown variety of the latter is 
used for that purpose. European horticulturists are 
now largely engaged there in producing new hybiids 
between American and their own varieties ; but it is 
doubtful whether even these will prove a great gain for 
American grape culture here. Its progress depends, 
we think, on the production of grapes from the seed of 
our native species, and from cross-breeding their best 
varieties, carefully selecting those most adapted to our 
own locality. 

LOCATION. 

The only general rules we can give to guide 
in the selection of a proper, desirable location 
for vineyards, are : 

1. A good wine-growing region is one where 
the season of growth is of sufficient length to 
ripen to perfection our best wine grapes, ex- 
empt from late spring frosts, heavy summer 
dews, and early frosts in autumn. Do not at- 
tempt, therefore, to cultivate the grape in low, 
damj) valleys, along creeks ; high table-lauds 
and hillsides, with their dry atmosphere and 
cool breezes, are preferable to rich bottom lands; 
low situations, where water can collect and 
stagnate about the roots, will not answer; wher- 
ever we And the ague an habitual guest with 
the inhabitants, we need not look for healthy 
grape-vines; but on the hillsides, gentle slopes, 
along large rivers and lakes, on the bluffs over- 
hanging the banks of our large streams, where 
the fogs arising from the water give sufficient 
humidity to the atmosphere, even in the hot- 
test summer days, to refresh the leaf during 
the night and morning hours, there is the lo- 
cation for the culture of the grape. Shelter 
has also an important bearing on the healthy 
growth of the vines ; some well-located vine- 
yards have not proven lucrative for the want 
of proper shelter; where it is not attbrded by 
woods growing near by, it shoud be provided 
for by planting trees ; large trees, however, 
should not be ])lanted so near the vines as to 
interfere with their roots. Oue of our vine- 
yards has been thus protected by an arbor 
vitse fence from the north and west winds. 
This fence is now 15 years old, over 8 feet high, 
and is considered one of the finest ornaments 
to our grounds. There are some locations so 



ring. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



Planting. 29 



favored that no artificial protection is needed. 
Remenilier, liowever, that no one locality is 
suited to all kinds of grapes. (See page 6). 

2. A good soil for the vineyard should be a 
dry, calcareous loam, sufficiently deep (say 3 
feet), loose and friable, draining itself readily. 
A sandy, yet moderately rich soil is better 
adapted to most varieties than heavy clay. 
New soils, both granitic and limestone, made 
up by nature of decomposed stone and leaf- 
mould, are to be preferred to those that have 
long been in cultivation, unless these have been 
put in clover and rested a few years. If you 
have such a location and soil, seek no further, 
ask no chemist to analyze its ingredients, but 
go at once to 

PREPARING THE SOIL. 

" The preparation of the soil is undoubtedly 
one of the most important operations in the 
establishment of a vineyard, and one of its 
objects sliould be to get the soil of a uniform 
texture and richness throughout, but not over- 
rich. This deep stirring of the soil jiuts it very 
much in the condition of a sponge, which ena- 
bles it to draw moisture from the soil beneath 
and from the atmosphere above, and hold it for 
the wants of the plant ; hence, soils that are 
drained and deeply stirred, keeping the good 
soil on the surface, are less suliject to the evils 
that accompany and follow a drought than 
those that are not so treated. It is of the first 
importance, therefore, that vineyards and or- 
chards at least should be put In the best condi- 
tion for the reception of the vines and trees, if 
the best results are aimed at." Pet. Henderson. 

The old system of trenching is no more prac- 
ticed, except upon very hard, stony soil, and 
upon steep hillsides, being too costly and of 
very little, if of any, advantage. The plow has 
taken the place of the spade, and has greatly 
lessened tlie expense. While we «'ould urge a 
thorough work in the preparation of the soil 
before planting the vine, and warn against 
planting in ditches, or, still worse, in square 
holes, we believe that by careful grubbing (in 
timber lands), leaving no stumjis, which would 
only be continual eyesores and hindrances to 
proper cultivation, and then, using a large 
breaking plow, followed by the sulisoil plow, 
the soil will be stirred as deeply (say 20 inches) 
as is really necessary to insure a good and 
healthy growth of vines. This will require two 
to three yoke of oxen to each plow, according 
to the condition of the soil. For old ground a 
•common two-liorse plow, with a span of strong 
horses or cattle, followed in the same furrow 



by a subsoil stirrer, will be sufficient to stir the 
soil deeply and thoroughly, and will leave it as 
mellow and as nearly in its natural position as 
desirable. This may be done during any time 
of the year when the ground is open and not too 
wet. Most soils would be benefited ly under- 
draining; the manner of doing this is the same 
as for other farm crops, except that for vines 
the drains should be placed deeper ; it is less 
important on our hillsides, and too costly to 
be here practiced to a great extent ; wet spots, 
however, must be drained at least by gutters, 
and, to prevent the ground from washing, small 
ditches should be made, leading into a main 
ditch. Steep hillsides, if used at all, should be 
terraced. 

PLANTING. 

The soil being thus thoroughly prepared and 
in good friable condition, you are ready for 
planting. The proper season for doing this here, 
is in the fall, after the 1st of Novemlier, or in 
the spring, before the 1st of May. Seasons dif- 
fer and sometimes make later planting advisa- 
ble, but never during frost nor while the ground 
is too wet. If you have been delayed witli your 
work of preparing the soil in spring, the young 
plants from the nursery sliould be hilled in 
some cool, dry place and covered, so that their 
vegetation be retarded ; if they have already 
made shoots, be specially careful to guard 
against their roots getting dry. JNIost \iue- 
yards are planted in spring ; in northern and 
very cold localities, this may be preferalde. 
We prefer fall planting ; the ground will gen- 
erally be in l)etter condition, as we have better 
weather in the fall, and more time to spare. 
The ground can settle among the roots in win- 
ter ; the roots will have healed and calloused 
over, new rootlets will issue early in spring be- 
fore the condition of the ground would have 
permitted planting, and the young plants, 
commencing to grow as soon as the frost is 
out of the ground, will start with full vigor 
in spring. To prevent the roots from being 
thrown to the surface by alternate freezing and 
thawing, a mound of earth hoed up around the 
plants, or a ridge thrown up with a plow so as 
to elevate the ground somewhat in the rows, 
will be found to afford all the protection neces- 
sary. By no means delay planting till late in 
spring, and, if your ground is not ready in time, 
you had much better cultivate it with corn or 
hoed crops oi some kind, and postpone plant- 
ing until next fall. Planting in rows, six feet 
apart, is now the usual method ; it gives 
sufficient space for a horse and man to pass 
through with plow or cultivator ; the ilistauce 



30 



Plantinri. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Seed Culture. 



^/^^ 



in the rows varies somewhat 
with the growth of the differeut 
varieties and the richness of the 
soil. Most of our strong vigorous, 
growers, the Concord, Ives, 
Hartford, Clinton, Taylor, Nor- 
ton, Herl)emont, will need 8 to 
10 ft. in the rows ; Scupperuongs 
are planted 20 to 80 feet apart ; 
while tlie Delaware, Catawba, /'""^" '' % 

Creveling, lona, may have sufH- l_ 
cieut room when planted G feet 
apart. The dwarfing treatment practiced with 
European varieties, especially by German vint- 
ners, will not do for American vines, which 
must have ample room to spread and a free cir- 
culation of air. The number of vines required 
to set an acre (containing 43,560 square feet) 
will be — 

DlHanre, ft-Kt. Metres. Number. 

6 ft. by 6 ft Im85byl™85 1,210 

6 ft. by 7 ft 1 n> 8.5 by 2 m 15 1,037 

6 ft. by 8ft 1 "■ 85 by 2 '" 46 907 

6 ft. by 9ft 1 ■" 85 by 2 m 75 807 

6 ft. Iiy 10 ft 1 ra 85 by 3 ra 725 

7 ft. by 7 ft 2 m 18 by 2 m 15 889 

7 ft. by 8ft 2 ni 15 by 2 m 4(; 777 

7 ft. by 9ft 2 m 15 by 2 ni 75 690 

7ft.liylOrt. .. 2 m 15 by 3 m 622 

8 ft. by 8ft 2 '" -to by 2 ni 40 680 

8 ft. by 9 ft 2 m 46 Ijy 2 ni 75 605 

8 ft. by 10 ft. 2 n. 46 by 3 ni 545 

9 ft. by Oft 2 m 75 by 2 ni 75 537 

9 ft. by 10 ft 2 ni 75 by 3m 484 

10 ft. by 10 ft. 3 m by 3m 435 

One acre = 41 ares Freucb measure, or one hectare 
nearly enual to two and a half acres. 

Having determined the distance at which you 
desire to plant the vines, marli off the rows, 
running them parallel, and with the most level 
lines of your slope or hillside, so that you may 
easily plow between the rows and that the 
ground may not wash. (On an eastern slope 
the rows will therefore run jn a direction from 
north to south, which most vine-dressers pre- 
fer.) Be careful, on sloping ground, to leave 
spaces for surface drains ; the steeper the hill- 
sides the more frequent must these surface 
drains be. Then divide the rows into the de- 
sired distances by the aid of a stretched line, 
and put small stakes where each plant is to 
stand. Now, if the ground is sufficiently dry 
so as to pulverize easily, make the holes to re- 
ceive the vines as shown in Fig. 44. The depth 
of these holes must necessarily vary somewhat 
with the nature of the soil. On very steep hill- 
sides, and especially on southern slopes, with 
naturally warm, dry soil, you must plant deep- 




er than on gentle slopes with deep, rich soil,, 
or on bottom land and rich prairies. Eight 
inches will be deep enough on the latter ; on the 
former we should plant from twelve to fourteen 
inches deep. 

Having made the holes — and it is best not to 
make too many at a time, as the ground will 
dry out too quickly — you can go to planting. In 
planting it is important to give the roots their 
former position, and to have them each and all 
firmly surrounded with good fine soil, press- 
ing it down with the hands or foot ; then fill up 
the hole with earth, forming a very small hill 
over the head of the plant, so that no part of it 
may dry up, yet so as to permit the young ten- 
der shoot to penetrate easily. 

Every beginner in if rape culture knows that 
young rooted vines are used for jilanting, wheth- 
er it be for wliole vineyards or merely for the 
garden or arbor, and that such young vines are 
usually raised in the nursery from cuttings or 
layers. But the reason why they are mo< grown 
from seeds is not generally so well known, and 
even among old experienced grape- growers 
some erroneous ideas prevail with regard to 
seed cultureand questions connected with this, 
now more than ever important and interesting 
subject. It is scarcely necessary to mention 
that the wild grape grows and propagates itself 
from seed only. This wild grape constant- 
ly reproduces itself; i.e., its seedlings do 
not materially differ from their parent vines. 
Transplanted into richer soil, and receiving 
care and cultivation, its berries may increase 
in size, and in the course of years may some- 
what improve and change its character ; if, 
then, we take the seed of this cultivated vine, 
especially if it was grown in x>roximity to other 
different grapes, the seedlings of these will 
more materially differ. So great is this tend- 
ency to variation, tiiat of a hundred seedlings 
of one cultivated vine scarcely two will be 
found exactly alike ; some will differ widely ; 
nearly one-half will Ije male plants and will not 
produce any fruit at all, while most of the 
others will retrograde to their wild origin, and 



Planting. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



Seed Culture. 



31 



scarcely one, perhaps, be an improvement on j 
the cultivated parent. 

The layer or the cutting- of a grape-vine will, 
on the contrary, exactly reproduce the parent 
vine from which it was taken, and even any , 
transplanting of the same, into a widely differ- 
ent locality, cannot change it. The differences 
in soil and climate may imjjrove or impair the 
vigor of the vine and its foliage, the size and 
' quality of its fruit ; in other words, they may 
be more or less favorable to the development | 
of its inherent qualities, to the good or ill suc- 
cess of the variety ; but they will never materi- ] 
ally change it in appearance, form, taste, color — ' 
much less in its botanical characteristics.* The , 
practical grape-grower, therefore, who desires ! 
to plant certain varieties, all fruit-bearing, will | 
not plant seeds, nor young plants raised from 
seeds — although some theorists pretend that I 
the long continued propagation and culture of ■ 
the grape from the wood was the cause of its 
recent failures to withstand diseases, insects, 
and other parasites. Careful and unprejudiced 
investigation and reasoning as well as practical 
experiments have fully established the facts : 
that seedlings resist no more successfully than 
plants from cuttings, nor are they much less 
sensitive to the vicissitudes of climate ; and that 
the long continued culture and propagation 
from wood has nothing to do with the greater 
or less resistance to diseases, nor has their cel- 
lular tissue been softened thereby. 

For practical grape culture we should use 
none but the best rooted plants of those kinds 
which we wish to produce. Some vintners, from 
supposed economy, use only cuttings to plant 
their vineyards, placing two cuttings where 
one vine is to grow ; but the result generally is 
unsatisfactory, especially with American va- 
rieties, most of which do not root as easily as 
those of the European Vinifera class, and make 
much reijlanting necessary ; and where both 
cuttings do grow, one must be pulled out. 
Those vintners would do better, by far, by 
first growing their cuttings one or two years in 
nursery rows, and afterwards transplanting 
the best of them to their intended vineyard. 

But if we desire to obtain new varieties we 
must plant seed. This is a far more uncertain, 

* The erroneous opinion that a grape transplanted 
to other con.^trie8 rasiy become entirely changed l)y in- ' 
fluences of climate anil soil was often supported by errors i 
or deceptions in transplantinj^a vineorcntiing, not true 
to name. Thus the famous Tokav srape w.as supposed to 
liave been transplanted to the Rhine 130 years ago, and, 
as it was there found to be a miser.ible crape, quite dif- 
ferent from tlie noble Tokav. this was ascribed to the 
influence of the different soil. But lately it has been 
discovered that the grape transplanted from Tokay (in 
Hungary), and known in Germany under the nickname { 
^* ]*utzsi here" (Snuffers), is the same grape wbicli also | 
grows at Tokay- and is known there iinder the name 
'^Oyoni/sznln^^ {\v\utii l)earl) . and that it is tbei'e also of 
poor quality, and is not the excellent variety '•Frumint" 
of which the celebrated Tokay wine is made. 



slow and difficult operation than most people 
imagine, and but very few have been successful 
in it. Just as some careful breeders of animals 
have succeeded in raising improved kinds, on 
which they engrafted certain qualities by cross- 
ing, so have horticulturists endeavored to reach 
the same end by hybridizing the best varieties 
of grapes and planting their seeds, having due 
regard to tire characteristics of the parents 
from which they breed. (See "Hybrids," p. 28.) 

But of late still another very important func- 
tion has been assigned to seed planting, name- 
ly, to produce in Europe (especially where the 
import of our cuttings and rooted plants has 
been prohibited) American vines, which resist 
the Phylloxera, as grafting stocks. For, how- 
ever great the tendency to variation is in seed- 
lings, still, under all circumstances and changes 
of soil and climate, they retain the Phylloxera- 
resisting root as well as other botanical charac- 
teristics of their parents.* During the laat few 
years we have furnished several thousands of 
pounds of grape-seed to Austria, Italy, Spain, 
and Portugal. The reports of their germina- 
tion were generally favorable, while seeds sent 
by others mostly failed. The following report 
of V. Babo, kindly furnished us this spring 
(1883) is certainly both reliable and interesting 
in this respect : "Of the grape-seeds received 
from you last year, the Biparin sprouted best ; 
so well, indeed, that we can scarcely manage 
the innumerable small seedlings. Alltheother 
seedlings (frijm cultivated sorts) show great 
variety in fruit, color, foliage, &c. Most varia- 
ble are those from Taylor seed ; from ihe 2,500 
bearing vines raised from seed of this one va- 
riety, a hundred distinct sorts can easilj' be 
selected. The young plants from Riparia seed 
seem not to vary much, as we can find but very 
little essential difference in their foliage." 

We do not intend liere to discuss the vari- 
ous modes of multiplication or propagation of 
grape-vines from cuttings, layers or single eyes 
(buds), still less the methods of producing new 
varieties from seed and of hyliridizing, as this 
would far exceed the scope of this brief manual, 
nor do we desire to say whether plants grown 
from cuttings, from single eyes or from layers, 
are preferable. Propagators and nurserymen 
are not considered disinterested, impartial 
judges on this question. But we maj* reasona- 
bly suppose that those who read this catalogue 
are either our customers or desire to purchase 
rooted vines from us, and want to get ihe best 
plants. Vines raised from layers were in for- 
mer years held to be superior, and are still pre- 

*For this purpose It is best to use the seed of the wild 
grape, especially of jEstivalis and of Riparia i the seed of 
hi/brids should not be used. 



32 naming . 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Grafting. 



. ferred by mdny, but unprejudiced and observ- 
ing: cultivators have found tliat tliey only look 
stroiigeraiid finer, liut are not anf/oo ' as plants 
properly grown from cuttings or single-eyes, of 
mature, healthy wood. The disposition to ra- 
pidly multiply the new varieties of grapes has 
led to the production of vast numbers of vines 
from summer layers, or, still worse, from 
green cuttings. The plants so produced usually 
prove a disappointment to the planter, and 
injure the reputation of new varieties. 

Our German and French vine-dressers gene- 
rally practiced growing vines from long cut- 
tings, but short (two or three eyej cuttings will 
usually make stronger and better ripened roots. 
Others again have obtained the be.«t results 
from single-eye plants, and consequently pre- 
fer them. The celebrated French ampelograph 
Dr. Jules Guyot praised single-eye cuttings as 
physically and physiologically most approach- 
ing to those raised from seed. We have tried 
all, and find that it makes very little ditt'erence 
how the vine has been produced and raised, 
provided it has strong, firm, healthy, well- 
ripened roots, and wood, with plump and per- 
fect buJs. (We never found any grown from 
green or unhealthy wood that had them.) As 
a general rule, a ivcll grown vine is in its best 
condition for planting when one year old. 
Fuller and some other good authorities prefer 
two-year old transplanted vines ; vines older 
than two years should not be planted, and so- 
called extra large layers " for immediate bear- 
ing" are a humbug. 

There is, however, one method of propagat- 
ing the grape, namely, by Grafts, which be- 
longs more properly to the sphere of the culti- 
vator, the vineyardist, than the nurseryman 
or propagator, and which presents itself under 
aspects almost entirely new. 

GRAFTING. 

Grafting the grape-vine is now practiced on 
a gigantic scale in Europe, where the contin- 
ued inroads of the Phylloxera have carried 
devastation and destruction over an immense 
area of vineyards, once thrifty and 1 'looming. 
Many methods have been tried ; untold sums 
of money have been expended In vain attempts 
to check the march of this terrible enemy of 
the European grape; but, alas ! these attempts 
have practically proved to be failures. By the 
application and continued use of chemical in- 
secticides some vineyards have been kept up 
in a state of comparative health and produc- 
tiveness ; but, unfortunately, the cost of these 
annual applications is too high for general use, 
. and can only be afforded by the proprietors of 



the most renowned vineyards,) the " grand 
crus," whose products command such extraor- 
dinary prices as to cover the extraordinary 
expenses of preserving them by this means. 
Vineyards which can be entirely submerged 
in water every winter, for a period of at least 
fifty days, can also be maintained in spite of the 
Phylloxera. And, finally, vines planted in soil 
containing at least 60 per cent, of pure sand 
(silica) offer also a comparative resistance to 
the insect. 

These three means of maintaining the Euro- 
pean grape in spite of the Phylloxera apply 
themselves only in such exceptional cases, how- 
ever, that European grape culture would be 
doomed to an almost entire destruction were 
it not for the American vine coming to the aid 
of its European sister. The American vine, 
with its strong, robust system, and its tough, 
vigorous root, resists the Phylloxera, and by 
lending its root to the European vine makes 
the reconstruction of the devastated vineyards 
possible. 

When the last edition of our catalogue was 
published (1875) this matter was stil a problem, 
and man.y then douhtet whether the solution, 
positively aud practically, would be a satisfac- 
tory one. To-day this problem is solved, and 
it is placed beyond all doubt that the use of the 
American resistant vine as ixgriifting stoc/: for 
the European grape (V. Vinifera) is the true 
solution of the Phylloxera question for the Eu- 
ropean vintner — that solution which alone has 
so far been found generally applicaljle, gener- 
ally practical, and generally satisfactory. 
- Millions upon millions of vines are now 
grafted in Europe every spring, some on simple 
cuttings, some on nursery plants, and others 
in vineyard plantations ; but in all cases the 
grafting stock is of American descent. The 
stocks most generally employed for this pur- 
pose are types of our wild ]'ilis Riparia, 
which probably constitutes four-fifths of the 
grafting stocks now employed, having been 
found to adapt themselves to nearly all kinds 
of soils and exposures, and uniting the greatest 
powers of resistance to the insect with a re- 
markable facility of rooting from cuttings and 
of receiving the graft of the V. Vinifera. 

We will be pardoned for mentioning here 
with a certain degree of pride and satisfaction, 
that we were the first to recommend and to 
bring this valuable grafting stock to the notice 
of the French grape-growers (in Dec, 1875) and 
to place it in their hands in sufficient quanti- 
ties to test its merits, which merits they soon 
learned to appreciate. Since then the French 
vintners have proisagated and increased the 
stock in a wonderful degree, and last winter 



QrafUng. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



Grafting. Z'i 



the single Department of Herault alone fur- 
nished not less than twenty millions of plants 
and cuttings of Itiparia, all to be grafted with 
the European grape. 

The results obtained by grafting- the T. Viyii- 
fera on American roots have generally been 
found so satisfactory, not only as the means of 
resisting the Phylloxera, but also as imparting 
greater vigor and productiveness to the Euro- 
pean grape, that the practice of grafting on 
American stocks would probably be continued 
even if the dreaded Phylloxera were to sud- 
denly and entirely disappear. Unfortunately, 
the very reverse, the increase and spread of the 
insect, is far more probable ; and the sooner 
those grape-growers of southern Euroi)e whose 
territory is not yet infested by this scourge 
reconcile themselves to the idea of reconstruct- 
ing their precious but doomed vineyards by 
the means of grafting on American Phylloxera- 
resisting stocks, the better it will be for them. 

We hope our American readers will excuse 
those rather lengthy remarks about " grafting 
in Europe"; liut some of them, especially our 
friends in California, where the European grape 
forms the nxaiu basis of grape culture, may find 
them of some practical interest. 

The question of grafting the grape-vine has 
many other points of interest for us, aside from 
the object of placing a variety wliieh is subject 
to the Phylloxera l>eyond the pernicious influ- 
ence of this insect. Thus another object for 
which grafting is very desirable is the early 
testing of new varieties. By grafting on a vig- 
orously bearing vine we will generally obtain 
bearing wood, and sometimes even fruit, at 
the first season. We are also enabled, by graft- 
ing, to turn old vigorous vines of perhaps some 
worthless variety to good account, as with a 
little trouble and care and the loss of only one 
year we can change them into some choice and 
valuable variety. Before we enter into the de- 
tails of the modus ojiercuuU of grafting, we will 
first sjieak of the conditions generally consid- 
ered essential to the successful performance of 
the operation. 

First. The Stock. Judging from our own 
experience, we cannot side with those who 
claim that in all cases the stock and scion 
should belong to the same class in order to in- 
sure perfect success. 

A point which is of far more importance is 
the perfect health and vigor of the stock. We 
should never select a sickly or diseased vine, 
nor one subject to the attacks of the Phyllox- 
era, as a stock to graft upon. Even if the graft 
should live it will thrive but poorly, unless in- 
deed it belongs to some very vigorous variety 
and is grafted deeply enough below the sur- 



face, to form its own roots ; these will then sup- 
port it entirely, and it will soon dissolve its 
union with the unhealthy stock. But even in 
this case it will require years to overcome the 
effects of the uncongenial p irtnership. If the 
object in grafting is to guard a variety subject 
to the rhylloxera against the ravages of this 
insect, we should select for the stock a vine of a 
strong and vigorous variety, which possesses 
recognized jjowers of resistance to the insect. 
The graft should then be inserted as near the 
surfiace of the ground as possible, and, where 
practicable, even above it. Some have asserted 
that the stock and scion should be of varieties 
as near alike in vigor of growth as possible, 
but with this we cannot agree. We should 
invarialily prefer to graft a weak grower on a 
strong one. 

Second. The tScioN. This should come from 
a healthy and short-jointed cane of last sum- 
mer's growth, and of moderate size (a little 
stouter than an ordinary lead pencil is the 
thickness that we prefer). It should be cut 
from the vine before very hard-freezing weath- 
er, and kept in a cool cellar, either in damp 
moss, sand, or sawdust, or buried in the ground. 
In case the grafting is to be performed late in 
spring, the scion may be kept dormant in an 
ice-house. 

Third. When TO Graft. The best time, as 
far as days and months are concerned, varies, 
of course, with the locality and latitude; but, 
as a rule, we would state that the vine cannot 
be grafted with good success, either while the 
sap is running so freely as to cause the vine 
when cut to bleed heavily, as it is termed, nor 
yet (except by the process of inarching, of which 
hereafter) from the time in the spring, or ra- 
ther in the early summer, when the young 
shoots begin to turn hard and fibrous ; this pe- 
riod generally commences about the time of the 
bloom, and lasts until after the fall of the leaf. 
This reduces the time for successful grafting to 
two periods, the first one lying between the fall 
of the leaf and the rising of active circulation 
in the spring, and the second one commencing 
after this exceedingly strong flow of sap has 
abated and lasting until the full development 
of the first young growth. 

In the more southern States grafting may be 
successfully and ijractically performed during 
the first period. In fact, the late Dr. A. P. Wy- 
lie, of Chester, 3. C, considered the fall or early 
winter, in that latitude, as the proper time for 
grafting. Farther north, and even in the lati- 
tude of St. Louis, fall grafting is not quite as 
certain, for even when protected by a mulch 
of straw or leaves the graft is in danger of be- 
ing thrown out bv the heaving of the ground 



34 Grafting. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Graftiyig. 



caused by the frost. In this latitude, however, 
we often liave fine days in February and early 
in March, when the ground is open and before 
the active flow of sap has commenced, wliieh 
should be improved for the operation. Still 
farther north, where the ground opens late 
and spring comes in alnniptly, these days are 
generally so few that they can seldom be made 
of any use. For these latitudes the best oppor- 
tunity lies in the second period, or during the 
time in which the sap has ceased its active flow 
and exudes from the wound in a gummy state. 
Some even claim good success in mid-summer 
with scions of the same season's growth. 

In describing tlie operation proper, of graft- 
ing in the several diflerent methods, we do not 
think that we could give better directions than 
by following largely an excellent new French 
work, " Traite thcnriqiie et pratique du Oreffage de 
la Yigne" by Aime Champin, an eminent and 
most intelligent practical vine.yardist, and a 
most spirited and elegant writer, who has 
treated the subject in an exhaustive work. 
His book has also been translated into the Ger- 
man language by Dr. Roesler. (" Der Wein- 
bau, seine Cultur und Veredlung, von Aime 
Champin. A. Hartleben & Co.: Wien, 1882.") 
To Mr. Champin we are also indebted for the 
cuts relating to grafting, which are part of the 
seventy excellent illustrations embellishing 
Mr. Champin's work. These cuts were drawn 
from Nature, with rare accuracy and skill, by 
Miss Aimee Champin. To all who are inter- 
ested in the question of grape grafting, we nan 
recommend this work as one of the very best 
on the subject. 




The method of grafting most generally ap- 
plied for larger stocks, or for plants which are 
already estabUshed in the open ground, is 
"CLEFT GRAFTING." After clearing away the 
soil around the collar of the stock to be oper- 
ated upon, to the depth of 3 or 4 inches, select 
a place below the surface with a smooth exte- 
rior around the collar ; just above this place 
cut the vine off' horizontally with a tine-toothed 
saw, or, in the case of smaller stocks, with a 
sharp knife; then split the stock with a com- 
mon grafting chisel, or other sharp instrument, 
so that the cleft will run down about 1* or 2 
inches. Insert the small end of the grafting 
chisel, or a narrow wedge, in the centre of the 
cleft in order to keep it open, and then with a 
very sharp knife cut your scion — wliicli may be 
3 to 4 inches long and have one or two eyes — 
to a long wedge-shape at the lower end, so as 
to fit the cleft, leaving the outer side a trifle 
thicker than the inner one ; insert it in the 
cleft so that the inner bark of both stock and 
scion may as much as possible make a close fit 
on each other ; then withdraw the wedge in the 
centre, and the scion will be held firmly in its 
place by the pressure of the stock. If the stock 
is a large one two scions may be inserted, one 
on each side. This mode of grafting answers 
for stocks varying from one-half to three inches 
in diameter. (See Figs. 45 and 46.) 

Though not absolutely necessary with large 
stocks, it is best to wind the grafted plant 
tightly with some strong coarse string, or other 
suitable material, in order to bind stock and 
graft together. Tlien cover it with a grafting- 
clay ; this clay is best made by thoroughly mix- 
ing one part fresh cowdung with four parts of 
ordinary tenacious clay. Grafting-wax, such as 




Fiji. 4ii. 



Grafting. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



Graftinr). 35 



IS generally used for tree and other grafting, 
cannot be recoinmended for the grape, as the 
tallow and rosin seem to have a deleterious 
influence. 

To complete the operation, replace the soil, 
filling it up so that tlie upper bud on the scion 
will be level with the surface. A shade placed 
so as to protect it from the noonday sun, or a 
slight mulch, is very desirable. 

This method of grafting may also be em- 
ployed for small stocks ; when the stock is 
nearly the same size as the scion a perfect con- 
tact of the bark (liber) can be obtained on 
both sides. (See Fig. 47.) 

Or two scions may also be inserted in a stock 
•of a little larger size (see Fig. 48). 

It can also be employed for grafting cuttings 
on cuttings (as figured in Fig. 49), though for 
this, and in fact for all small stocks grafted 
out of the ground, we would prefer the whip- 
GKAFT, or, better yet, the " Chajh^in-gbaft," 
•of which we will speak later. 




Another mode of eleft-grafting,which, though 
a little more tedious, is perhaps also that much 
more certain, is to saw a slit in the stock about 
one and a half inches deep with a thick-bladed 
or wide-set saw, instead of using the chisel. 
The cleft thus made must be spread open suffi- 
cient only to receive the scion, which must be 
cut to fit uicely in the slit, with its upper por- 
tion resting, with a square shoulder each side, 
on the stock. In this instance we prefer to graft 
with two buds, the lower one of which should 
be the point where to cut the shoulders. In 
other respects the same rules apply to this mode 
as those given before. The greatest advantage 
is that we can always make a clean straight 
cleft, even when the stock is gnarly or twisted. 
As the slit cut by the saw is always of a 
uniform thickness, the scions m.ay be prepared 
beforehand in the house during a rainy day or 
in the evening, and kept in damp moss until, 
wanted. 

We spoke before of the "whii'-graft" and 
the "Champin -GRAFT" as being preferable 
for small stocks or for cuttings grafted upon 
cuttings. The ordinary whip-graft (the greffe 
anrjlaise of the French) is well known to our 
lioriculturists, and, probably, to most of our 
readers ; it is this graft which is most gener- 
ally employed by our nurserymen in theproi^a- 
gation of all small fruit trees, in making root- 
grafts, and it is especially convenient for graft- 
ing in-doors, for the "graft on the table" "or for 
the "graft by the hearth-stone," as the French 
designate it. 

In France millions of this grape-graft are 
made every winter, mostly on rooted plants of 
one year's growth, but very many also on sim- 
ple cuttings of Phylloxera-resisting varieties. 
The stocks and scions sliould both be pro- 
vided in good season and kept well-preserved 
in sand, sawdust, moss, or other suitable ma- 
terial, and stowed away in a convenient phice in 
the cellar. For this 
method of grafting 
it is very desirable, 
though not really es- 
sential, that the stock 
and scion should be as 
nearly as possible of 
a uniform size. The 
ordinary whip-graft, 
as employed for the 
grape, is best ex- 
plained by the ac- 
comjianying Figs. 50 
and 51. 



Fig. 48. 



Fig. 49. 




36 



Qrnftinij. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Grafting. 



The improved whip-grafting, or the "Cham- 
pin-graft" {hi grcffc Chanrpin), we will de- 
scribe by a free translation of that chapter of 
his book treating thereon: 

Let us operate first on a rooted plant or a 
rooted internode ; with the pruning shears, or 
better still with the knife, cut ofT the top as 
close as possible below an eye or joint at the 
collar. After the top has been taken off there 
remains but little difference between a plant 
and a rooted joint.* With a coarse rag wipe 
off all sand and grit from that portion of the 
shoot to be grafted. Then with a .urafting- 
knife, which should be simple and strong, with 
a very thin, but wide, and not too long blade 
(see Fig. 52), make a nice, straight and regular 




Fig. 5?. 

slit or cleft, from above downwards, and at one- 
third or one-fourth of the diameter (U to I'J 
inches in lengtli), a-cordiug to the size of the 
subject (Fig. 53). Then, holding the stock in 
your left hand in the manner shown in Fig. 54, 
with the palm of the h^ind turned up, cut the 
thickest part of the split end to an exact smooth 
level, of equal length as the cleft, as shown m 
Fig. 55. 





I'ig. .'14. 



rig. 53. 



• By ''rooted joints " (ineritballe riicine' Mr. Cham- 
pin designatc's iiortions of ji cane, layei-cd the previous 
summer, -which ha?* .«*i*nl out roots Irdm itsdiffei-ent eyes 
ornodes. ForgraJtin;^ pm poses, it will be seen, these 
rooted intcrnodes answer all purposes ii ihey have good 
strong roots, even tliouiih no top j^rowtli has pushed 
trom the eyes whifli were Ijuried ia the ground. 



tm 



Fig. ."». Fli;. .'iii. 

This operation is not at all difficult ; but, in 
order to perform it easily, it requires a very 
sharp knife, ground to a fine edge from the 
upper side only. 

The graft or scion, which should be selected 
as nearly as possible corresponding in size or 
thickness with the stock, and generally with 
two eyes, is jarepared, split and cut jireciselj' in 
the same manner as the stock, except only, of 
course, that the cleft and level will be at the 
lower extremity instead of at the upper. (See 
o. Fig. 55.) 

Having thus prepared both stock and scion, 
it is a very easy matter to unite and adjust 
them, as shown by Fig. 56, taking care that 
the bark of both fit together exactly and snug- 
ly, at least on one side. 

The graft is now ready for the tie, which 
should be of some strong pliable material. Lin- 
den-bass is very good, but any small, strong 
twine will answer. In France, " Eapbia," the 
product of a palm leaf, is used very extensively 
for this purpose. The tie should be adjusted, 
firmly. 



Grafting. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



Grafting. 



Fig-. 57 shows a well- 
made "Champiu-graft." 

It now remains to be 
covered with a thiin but 
well-applied coating of 
grafting-clay,* and after 
that will be ready for 
planting out; or, if the 
operation is performed in 
winter, before tlie planting 
season, it may be stored 
in the cellar, or some other 
suitable place, carefully 
packed away in sand or 
sawdust. 

The operation of graft- 
ing upon simijle cuttings 
is performed in precisely 
the same manner. A 
grafted cutting is shown 
in Fig. 58. 

Tlie grafted cutting 
should be planted out in 
nursery rows and grown 
there for one season before 
they are set out for per- 
manent vineyard plauta- 




upon ; in such cases, a thrifty young cane is 
grafted at some desirable point near its end. 
The graft may be either an ordinary 
cleft-graft, a common whip-graft, 
or a Champin-graft, or, as the 
illustration Fig. 59 shows, a saddle- 
graft. The saddle-graft is noth- 
ing else than an inverted cleft- 
graft, the cleft being made in the 
scion, while the tongue or wedge is 
cut on the stock. Fig. 59 shows the 
layered cane and graft, and will 
make the operation plain to the 
reader. One great advantage of 
grafting a layered cane is, that the |f(' 
stock is not sacrificed in case the 
graft should fail to grow ; it also 
enables us to obtain a number of 
such grafts from one vine. In this 
case tlie layered canes should be 
separated from the parent stocks in 
the latter part of summer, and may 
be taken up in the fall like any 
other ordinary layers. 

When the object of grafting is to 
place a Eurojiean variety or a 
hybrid, s ubject to 
the attacks of the 
Phylloxera, beyond 
reach of harm by 
the insect, it is 
very important to 
place the graft as 
near the surface of 
the soil as possible, 
so as to prevent the 
scion from making 
ts own roots. Dur- 
ing the first sum- 
mer, the grafts 
should be carefully 
examined about once 



Fig. .57. 

tion. This plan is now pursued on 
a very extensive scale in France. 

It may sometimes be desirable to 
graft on a layered cane ; for instance, 
in filling a vacancy in a vineyard-row, 
or in cases where no good place can 
be obtained for inserting a graft at 
the collar of an old vine to be operated 

• A naiTOw strip of tin foil, wound arouna 
the graft, makes an excellent substitute for 
grafting clay or wa.x If well put on, it will 
exclude all air and moisture. Narrow strips 
or bands of elastic india-rubber are also used 
very extensively in France ; these are wound 
around the graft and serve at once as tie and 
mastic. They offer besides the gi-eat ad- 
vantage that they will expand with the growth of the 
stock and consei/uently will not strangle the graft, as 
It is sometimes the case with other ties when not re- 
moved in time. These rubber bands should be about ';, 
to >^ inch in width. 




Fig. 59. 



a month, and any roots which may have formed 
from the scion should be cut ofl". Where the 



38 Grafting. 



BUSHBEKG CATALOGUE. 



Grafting. 



scion is itself of a phylloxera-resisting variety, 
this precaution is, of course, unnecessary. 

It frequently happens that the buds of the 
grafts swell rapidly within a few days after the 
operation, and then, after having given great 
promise for a week or two, they turn brown 
and apparently die off. Do not let this dis- 
courage you too quickly, and above all make 
no rash examinations of the cause of this seem- 
ing failure, by pulling out the scion or other- 
wise loosening it. A graft will often remain 
in this state for a period of five or six weeks, 
and then start up all at once with a vigor that 
will push young wood to the length of twenty 
or more feet the same season. Keep the young 
growth well tied up, and carefully remove all 
suckers from the parent stock as soon as they 
appear. 

A method of "Green or Herbaceous graft- 
ing," which is said to give excellent results, 
and is extensively practiced in some parts of 
Hungary, especially in the grape regions around 
Buda-Pesth, is described in the Ampelogra- 
phische Berichte, January 1S80, as follows: 'In 
the month of May, when the young shoots 
have not yet become wood.y but have already 
well-developed eyes at the base of the leaf, the 
shoot which is to be grafted is cut oft" close be- 
low an eye ; it is then split nearly up to the eye 
below the cut. The scion, which has been 
taken from a suitable young shoot, is cut to 
one eye with a long, thin wedge, below which 
it is fitted nicely into the split. The graft is 
then wrapped with woolen yarn. After a few 
days the eye will begin to swell and grow, and 
after a complete union has taken place will 
develop shoots of a yard (over 90 centim.) or 
more in length, the same season. During the 
first winter the grafted canes should be laid 
down and covered, to protect them from in- 
jury by frost. The advantages of this method 
of grafting are, that fruit may often be ob- 
tained the first season, that several grafts can 
be made on the same stock, and that the opera- 
tion is a very easy one; a skilled hand can 
easily graft one hundred and fifty or more in 
a day ; and that it is performed at a time when 
other work in the vineyard is, comparatively, 
not very pressing. ' 

Another method of grafting, above the 
ground, is by 

GRAFTING BY APPROACH OR INARCHING. 

For this method it is desirable that two 
plants, one each of the variety which is to 
form the stock, and one of the scion, are plant- 
ed close together, say about one foot apart. 
In June (the first year, if the plants make a 



sufficiently strong growth, if not, the second 
year), or as soon as the young shoots become 
sufficiently hard and woody to bear the knife, 
a shoot is taken from both the stock and the 
scion vine, and at a convenient place, where 
they may be brought in contact, a shaving is 
taken out from each of these, on the side next 
to the other, for a length of two or three inches. 
This must be done with a smooth cut of a sharp 
knife, a little deeper than the inner bark, so as 
to obtain on each a flat surface. They are then 
fitted snugly together, so that the inner bark 
joins as much as possible, and are wrapped 
securely with some old calico strips, or with soft 
bass strings. Besides this, it is well to place 
one tie a little below, and one above the grafted 
point, and also to tie the united canes to a stake 
or trellis to insure against all chances of loosen- 
ing by the swaying of the wind. The rapid 
swelling of the young growth at this period of 
tlie year makes it desirable that the grafts be 
looked over after a few weeks, replacing such 
ties which may have burst, and loosening 
others which may bind so as to cut into the 
wood. A union will generally be made in the 
course of two or three weeks, which will be 
further consolidated in the course of six to 
eight weeks, when the bandages may be re- 
moved and the grafted portion left exposed to 
the sun, to thoroughly harden and ripen it. 
The shoots themselves are to be left to grow 
undisturbed for the rest of the season. In the 
fall, if a good union has taken place, the cane 
forming the scion is cut close brlow its union 
with the stock cane, which in its turn is cut 
close above the connection. Bupposing the 
stock to have been a Concord and the scion a 
Delaware, we now have a vine of the latter en- 
tirely on the strong, vigorous root of the 
former. Of course constant vigilance must be 
exercised to prevent suckers from starting out 
of the stock. It is well to protect the grafted 
joint the first few winters by a slight covering 
of straw or soil to prevent the frost from split- 
ting it apart. 

Another mode of grafting above ground 
(copied from "The Gardner's Monthly" by 
W. C. Strong in his valuable work, "The Cul- 
tivation of the Grape") is not merely interest- 
ing in itself, but also illustrative of many othe 
modifications in grafting: (See Fig. 60.) 

"After the first four or five leaves are formed, 
and the sap is flowing, you choose the place 
on the vine where you intend to graft. At that 
point wrap a twine tightly several times 
around the vine. This will, in a measure, pre- 
vent the return sap. 



Orafting. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



Planting. 



39 



^.^ 



Below the ligature make a slo- 
ping cut down, as shown at a; 
also, a similar reversed one above 
the ligature, as at b, about one 
inch in length. In selecting a 
scion prefer one that has naturally 
a bend. Cut it so that it shall be 
wedge-shape at both ends, and a 
little longer than the distance be- 
tween the cuts in the vine at a 
and b. Insert the scion, taking 
care to have the barks in direct 
contact, securing it with a string, 
c, bound round both scion and 
vine sufficiently tight to force the 
scion-ends into their places. If 
the work is done well, no tie will 
>r-^' U!^ ^^ required at a and b, but the 
' Fig. i;o. joints should be covered with 
grafting wax. In a short time, the bud at d 
will commence its growth, after which you can, 
by degrees, remove all the growing shoots not 
belonging to the scion, and in course of the 
summer j'ou may cut off the wood above 6, and 
in the fall remove all above « on the stock, and 
above e on the scion." 

We refrain from speaking of other methods 
of grafting, as we believe that the modes of 
oiiEFT-grafting as well as the WHip-graft and 
CHAMPiN-graft, which we have described 
and illustrated by plain figures, are those 
which give the best results, generally. The 
extensive grafting operations of France are 
mostly confined to these methods, and practi- 
cal experience is the best teacher in such mat- 
ters. 

We also deem it unnecessary to speak of the 
many machines and tools lately invented for 
grafting ; as a good pruning knife, as de- 
scribed, is the tool most in use, and quite satis- 
factory in skilled hands. 

We should here mention that, generally 
speaking, our American varieties do not take 
the graft as readily and surely as the Euro- 
pean species. A graft of V. vinifera on an 
American stock will rarely fail to grow if the 
operation has been proj)erly performed ; while 
success is not quite as certain when both, stock 
and scion, consist of American varieties, espe- 
cially if of the hard wooded kinds. Neverthe- 
less, when well done, at the proper season and 
with well conditioned wood, the operation will 
show a far greater percentage of success than 
■of failure. 

In our former edition we promised to experi- 
ment more largely with the grafting of Euro- 
pean A'arieties on our native stocks here. We 
have made these experiments, and in Septem- 



ber, 1880, we exhibited in St. Louis, at the 
meeting of the Mississippi Valley Horti- 
cultural Society, a number of fine foreign 
grapes, raised in open air, on grafted vines, 
in our own vineyards. But while success, 
in so far as protecting the European grape 
from the Phylloxera, has been highly satisfac- 
tory, we have found our climate, in this lati- 
tude, too unfavorable for the V. vinifera to en- 
courage us for more extensive operation. Not 
only are our winters too severe for the V. vini- 
fera, but the tendency of the latter to mildew 
makes their success too doubtful in all but the 
most favorable seasons. For our section of the 
United States, therefore, we would not recom- 
mend anything further than limited trials in 
this direction. But we think that there is a 
valuable field of operation for the enterpris- 
ing grape-grower in some sections of the 
Southern States, where, under more favorable 
climatic conditions, the V. vinifera, grafted 
upon Phylloxera-proof native stocks, would 
most likely give excellent results. 

PLANTING (Continued). 

But now let us return to the modus operandi 
of planting. Take your vines, in a pail with 
water, or wrapped in a wet cloth, from the 
place where they were heeled-in,* to the holes ; 
when planting, let one person shorten the 
roots, with a sharp knife, then spread them 
out evenly to all sides, and let another fill in 
with well pulverized earth. The earth should 
be worked in among the roots with the fingers, 
and pressed to them with the foot. Lay the 
vine in slanting, and let its tojj come out at the 
stake previously set. Then, with your knife, 
cut back the top to a bud just above, or even 
with the surface of the ground. Do not leave 
more than two buds on any one of the young 
vines which you are planting, however strong 
the tops, or however stout and wiry the roots 
may be. One cane is sufficient to grow, and 
merely to be prepared for possible accident, 
both buds are allowed to start. The weaker 
of the two shoots may afterwards be removed 
or pinched back. 

*On receiving your vines from the nursery, they 
should be taken out of the box, without delay, and 
heeled-in. which is done as follows: In a diy and well 
protected situation, a trench is mnilc in the soil 12 to l,"; 
inches deep, wide enough to receive the roots of the 
plants, and of any required length, the soil being thrown 
out upon one side. The plants are then set thickly 
together in the trench, with the tops in a sloping direc- 
tion and against the bank of soil thrown out of the 
trench ; another trench is made parallel to the first, and 
the soil taken from it is thrown into the first, covering 
the roots carefully, filling in all of the interstices be- 
tween them. Press down the soil, and smooth off the 
surface, so that water shall not lodge thereon. When 
one trench is finished, set the plants in the next, and 
proceed as before. When all this is comiUeted, dig a 
shallow trench around the whole, so as to cany off the 
water and keep the situation dry. 



40 rianting. 



BUSHBBRG CATALOGUE. 



Trellii. 



When planted in the fall, raise a small 
mound around your vine, so that the water 
will drain ofl, and throw a handful of straw or 
any other mulch on the top of the mound, to 
protect it ; but do not, under any circumstances, 
cover the vine with manure, either decomposed 
or fresh. 

It is a well-authenticated fact that, under 
the action of nitrogenous agents, the grape 
grows more luxuriant, its leaves are larger, its 
product increases in quantity. But the pro- 
ducts of vineyards so manured have an ac- 
knowledged defect — they impart to the wine a 
flavor which recalls the kind of manure ap- 
plied. What is gained in size of bunch and 
berry is lost in quaUty and flavor. Overfeed- 
ing produces a sappy growth of soft and 
spongy wood, with feeble buds or eyes, which 
are in far greater danger of being winter- 
killed. Moreover, nitrogenous substances ex- 
clusively used hasten the decay of vineyards 
and the exhaustion of the soil, and even those 
authorities who favor manures in preparing 
certain grounds, or long after planting, mean 
a compost made of old barn-yard manure, leaf 
mould, brolien bones, etc., laid up to rot and 
frequently turned ; but do not allow any de- 
composing organic matter to come in contact 
with the newly planted vine. 

During the first summer little else can be 
done than to keep the ground mellow, loose 
about the plants and free from weeds ; stirring 
the ground, especially in dry weather, is the 
best stimulant, and mulching (spreading over 
the ground a layer of tan-bark, sawdust, straw, 
salt-hay, or the like, to maintain a more uni- 
form state of temperature and moisture for the 
roots) is far better than watering. Do not tie 
up your young vines ; do not pinch oflT the lat- 
erals ; by allowing them to lie on the ground, 
during the first season, more vigorous stems 
will be obtained. A fair growth is about four 
feet the flrst summer. 8ome grape-growers 
prefer, however, to allow but one shoot, the 
strongest, to grow, and break the others ofl", 
then tie this one shoot to a stake, and pinch 
back the laterals to one or two leaves each. 
In the fall, after the foliage is all off, cut back 



to two or three buds. Cover the short cane left 
with a few inches of earth before the ground 
freezes. If any vacancies have occurred, flU 
out, as soon as possible, with extra strong 
vines, of the same variety. 

During the following ivinter, tlie tkellis 
should be built. The plan adopted by most of 
our experienced grape growers, as possessing 
some advantages over other plans, especially if 
grapes are grown in large quantities, is as fol- 
lows: Posts of some durable timber (red cedar 
is best) are split 3 inches thick and about 7 feet 
long, so as to be 5 feet in height after being 
set ; these posts are set in holes 2 feet deep, 1& 
to 18 feet apart in the rows (so that either 2 
vines 8 feet apart, or 3 vines 6 feet apart, are 
between two stakes); three wires are then 
stretched horizontally along the posts, being 
fastened to each post with a staple n, which is 
driven in so firmly that the wire is prevented 
from slipping through. The two end posts 
should be larger than the others and braced 
(Fig. 61), so that the contraction of the wire (in 




Fig. 61.— (Four wires, 15 inches apart.) 

cold weather) will not loosen them. 'J'he flrst 
wire is placed about 18 inches from the ground 
and the others 18 inches apart ; this brings the 
upper wire about 4 feet 6 inches from the 
ground. The size of the wire used is No. 10 
annealed iron ; No. 12 wii-e is strong enough. 
At the present prices of wire the cost per acre 
will be from S40 to §60, according to distance of 
rows and number of wires used. 

In place of the wire, slats or laths may serve 
the same purpose (as seen in Fig. 62), but they 




Fig. 6-2. 



Trellis. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



Training. 41 



:are not durable, and the posts must then be 
put in much closer. Another mode of making 
■wire trellis (the Fuller plan) is with horizontal 
bars and perjaendicular wires, as shown in a 
following illustration (Fig. 63). Posts of good, 
hard, durable wood, 3 inches in diameter and 




Fig. 63. 

6J to 7 feet long, are placed between the vines, 
at equal distance from each vine, and in a line 
with them, 2 feet deep in the ground. When 
the posts are set, nail on strips about 2i iuclu - 
wide and 1 inch thick, one strip or bar beiiiL' 
placed one foot from the ground, and the other C; 
at the top of the jjosts. Then take No. 16 gal- 
vanized iron wire and put it on perpendicu- 
larly, twisting it around the lower and upper 
bar, at a distance of about 12 inches apart. 
Oalvanized wire is preferable, and as a pound 
of No. 16 wire gives 102 feet, the additional ex- 
pense is but very small. This trellis will prob- 
ably cost less than one with horizontal wires, 
and is preferred by some. Practical experience, 
however, speaks in favor of horizontal wires, 
and a method with only two horizontal wires, 
the lower about 3 feet high and the upper 
about 5i feet high, is 
gaining "the good opinion 
of vineyardists. East and 
West. A good many 
grape growers train their 
vines to stakes, believing 
it to be cheaper; and the 
decline in the price Of 
grapes and wine induces 
many to adopt the least 
costly plan. 

This method has also 
the great advantage of al- 
lowing us to cultivate, 
^J*' plow and cross-plow the 
ground in all directions, 
leaving but little to hoe 
around the vines. Some 
use one stake only, as 
shown in Fig. 64, but with 
our strong growers this 




mode is apt to crowd foliage and fruit too 
much ; others therefore use ttvo, and, where 
timber is plenty, even three stakes, placed 
around each vine, about ten inches from it, 
and wind its canes around them spirally 
until they reach the top. The disadvantage 
of training on stakes is, that these soon 
rot in the ground, and must be almost annu- 
ally taken out, repointed and driven into the 
soil, consequently require more labor, and are 
not as durable as trellis, unless cedar poles, 
or other very durable timber is used. A very 
simple combination of the trellis and stake sys- 
tem (as shown in Fig. 65) is also highly recom- 
mendable, requiring but one wire for the bear- 
ing canes and much lighter stakes, which need 




Fig. 65. 

not be set as deeply into the ground as where no 
wire is used to hold them, and will consequent- 
ly last longer ; but this method does not afford 
the advantage of cross-plowing. 

To secure this advantage and at the same 
time to give to our strong growers more space 
and the benefits of high training, we made a 
kind of "Arbor Trellis" in one of our A'ineyards 
(Fig. 66), the construction of which is more ex- 
pensive on account of the necessary high posts 
(of which the end-posts only need be quite 
strong) and of the wire ; but the productiveness 
and probable exemption from diseases is also 
greater in proportion. By this method the 
ground might also be used for grass culture, and 
summer-pruning and tying is almost entirely 
dispensed with. The fruit-gathering is, how- 
ever, less convenient, and none but quite hardy, 
vigorous varieties should be thus trained. 




Fig. 66. 



42 Training. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Training. 



Some people believe that we could even dis- 
pense with both trellis and stakes entirely, and 
urge the adoption of the "Souche" or "Buck 
Pruning" plan, used in parts of France and 
Switzerland, but quite impracticable for our 
strong- growing species in this cliruate. 

Another mode of cultivation, which our G. E. 
Meissner liad occasion to see in Italy, seems 
more applicable to many of our hardy Ameri- 
can varieties : it is the cultivation of the vine 
on living trees instead of trellis or stakes. The 
tree principally employed for this purpose is 
the Acer campestris, a sijecies of maple. The 
trees are planted at the age of two to four years, 
when they are about fvur to five feet high. 
They are planted in vineyards at a distance of 
about 12 feet each way, some planting also with 
a wider space between the rows, and cultivat- 
ing the intervening space with other crops. 
At the same time with the trees are planted 
the vines, which are set in the rows about mid- 
way between the trees. The vines and trees 
are both well cultivated, so as to induce a 
rapid and healthy growth. At the end of the 
season the vines are cut down to two eyes above 
the ground, and the second season one or two 
strong canes are grown from them and care- 
fully tied up to temporary stakes. At the end 
of the second season, or as soon as the vine has 
attained a sufficiently strong growth of cane, 
it is laid down in a trench, about eight or ten 
inches deep, to the tree ; the treuch is cov- 
ered in, and the canes shortened back, so 
that only two eyes of the vine project at the 
immediate base of the tree. It is now ready 
for training up on the tree, the roots of which 
do not interfere with its growth, as the main 
feeding-roots of the vine are at a sufficient 
distance therefrom. The layered cane will 
also throw out new roots on its entire length 
and thus induce an extra strong growth. The 
trees are generally allowed to branch out at 
a height of five to six feet, and it is at this 
height, also, that the new head of the vine 
will be formed on one or more permanent 
main stems trained up from the bottom. The 
after-system of pruning and cultivation differs 
but little from ordinary vineyard culture. The 
trees also receive an annual cutting 
back, so as to keep the head open 
and within bounds, and, if neces- 
sary, some shoots and leaves are 
removed in the summer to admit air 
and light. Once that the vine has 
reached its hold among the forks of 
the tree, but Utile tying is necessary 
afterwards, tlie branches and twigs 
affording plenty of support and 
holding to the tendrils. 



Those who know the cost of grape-stakes and 
trellis, and the constant expense and trouble of 
repairs and renewals which their entertainment 
requires, will appreciate the advantages which 
sucli a plan would offer, if it can be success- 
fully applied in this country. The main diffi- 
culty seems to be in finding the proper kind of 
tree to use in place of Acer campestris, which 
we do not find here. The important points to 
be observed in the selection of the tree seems 
to us to be a quick growth in the first years, 
yet not a naturally large grower — a tree that 
will shed its foliage tolerably early in the fall, 
and especially one that is not a gross feeder. 

If you have covered your young vines last 
fall, remove the earth from over them at the 
approach of spring, as soon as danger from 
frost is past; then cultivate the whole ground, 
plowing between the rows from four to six inches 
deep, and carefully hoeing around the vines 
with the two-pronged German hoe or Karst, 
or Hexamer^s pro7igcd hoc. The ground should 
thus be broken up, inverted, and kept in a 
mellow condition COTJ<Jn!(a^///; but do not work 
the ground when wet .' 

During the second summer a cane or shoot is 
Ijroduced from each of the two or three buds 
which were left on the young vine last fall. Of 
these young shoots, if there are three, leave 
only the two strongest, tying them neatly to 
the trellis, and let them grow unchecked to 
the uppermost wire. 

With the strong-growing varieties, especially 
where we intend to grow the fruit on laterals 
or spurs, the two main canes are pinched ofT 
when they reach the second horizontal wire, 
whereby the laterals are forced into stronger 
growth, each forming a medium-sized cane, 
which is shortened in the fall from four to six 
buds. One of the two main canes may be lay- 
ered in June, covering it with mellow soil, 
about an inch deep, leaving the ends of the 
laterals out of the ground. These will gener- 
ally make good plants in the fall for further 
plantations ; with varieties which do not grow 
easily from cuttings, this method is particu- 
larly desirable. Fig. 67 shows tlie vines 
tied and pruned, accordingly, at the end of the 




Yvi. fiT. 



Pruning. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



Pruning. 43 



second season (the cross lines through the canes 
showing where they are cut off or pruned). 

Another good mode of trahiing, recommended 
by Fuller, is to bend down in fall, at the end 
of the second season, the two main canes of the 
vines (the laterals of which have been pinched 
back to concentrate the growth into these main 
canes) in opposite directions, laying and tying 
them against the lower wire or bar of the trel- 
lis, as shown in Fig. 63, and shortening them 
to four feet each. Then let five or six of the 
buds on the upper side of the arms be grown 
into upright canes. (See Fig. 6S.) All buds 
and shoots not wanted for upright canes should 
be rubbed or broken off. This latter method is 
not well adapted for varieties which require 
covering in winter. Where the canes are 
started lower, near the ground, and cut loose 
from the wire, they can be easily covered with 
earth. 




Fig. 68. 

At the coinmcncenient of the third season (un- 
cover and) tie the canes to the trellis. For 
lying, any soft string or stout woolen yarn, the 
shreds of old gunnies, may be used ; some ob- 
tain their tying material from basswood-bark, 
soaked for two weeks or longer in running 
water. Others plant the Golden Willow, and 
use its small twigs for tying purposes. Tie 
closely, and as young canes grow keep them 
tied, but, in all cases, take care against tying 
too tightly, as the free flow of sap may be ob- 
structed. 

The ground is now plowed and hoed again, 
as before. One (6 ') deep plowiug in spring, 
taking care, however, not to cut or tear the 
roots of the vines, and two more shallow (3" or 
4") plowings in summer. From each of the 
buds left at the last pruning (as shown in the 
preceding tigures), canes can be grown during 
the third year, and each of these canes will 
probably bear two or three bunches of fruit. 
There is danger of their being injured by over- 
bearing, on which account the bunches should 
be thinned out by taking away all imperfect 
bunches and feeble shoots. In order to secure 
future fruitfulness of the vine, and at the same 



time to keep it in our convenient control, we 
should allow no more wood to grow than we 
need for next seasons' bearing, and for this 
purpose we resort to spring pruninrj, generally, 
though improperly, called 

SUMMEB PBtlNINO. 

The time to perform the first summer pruning 
is when the young shoots are about six inches 
long, and when you can plainly see all the 
small bunches— the embryo fruit. We com- 
mence at the two lower spurs, having two buds 
each, and both started. One of them we intend 
for a bearing cane next summer, therefore 
allow it for the present to grow unchecked, 
tying it, if long enough, to the lowest wire. 
The other, which we intend for a spur again 
next fall, we pinch with the thumb and finger 
to just beyond the last bunch or button, taking 
cut the leader between the last bunch and the 
next leaf, as shown in Fig. 69, 
the cross line indicating 
where the leader is to be 
pinched off We now come 
to the next spur, on the op- 
posite side, where we also 
leave one cane to grow un- 
checked, and pinch off the 
other. 

We now go over all the 
shoots coming from the arms 
or laterals tied to the trellis, 
and also pinch them beyond 





Fig. "jfl. 



Fig. 70. 



the last bunch. Should any of the buds have 
pushed out two shoots, we rub off the weakest ; 
we also take off all barren or weak shoots 
which may have started from the foot of the 
vine. 

The bearing branches having all been 
pinched back, we can leave our vines alone 
until after the bloom, only tying up the young 
canes from the spurs, should it become neces- 
sary. Do not, however, tie them over the bear- 
ing canes, but lead them to the empty space on 



44 Pruning. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Pruning. 



both sides of the vine, as our object must be to 
give the fruit all the air and light we can 
without depriving it of the necessary foliage, 
which is of greatest importance for the forma- 
tion of sugar in the berries. To do so the 
leaves must be well developed and healthy. 
Diseased, mildewed foliage, however, will not 
promote the sugar formation, but rather im- 
pede the same. 

By the time the grapes have bloomed, the 
laterals will have pushed from the axils of the 
leaves on the bearing shoots. Now go over 
these again, and pinch each lateral back to one 
leaf, as shown in Fig. 70. In a short time the 
laterals on the fruit-bearing branches which 
have been pinched, will throw out suckers 
again. These are again stopped, leaving one 
leaf of the young growth. Leave the laterals 
on the canes intended for next years' fruiting 
to grow unchecked, tying them neatly to 
the wires with bass or pawpaw bark, or with 
rye straw. 

If you prefer training your vines on the hori- 
zorttal arm system (Fig. 68) the mode of sum- 
mer pruning will in the main be the same. 
Pinch off the end of each upright shoot as soon 
as it has made two leaves beyond the last 
bunch of fruit ; the shoots after being stopped 
will soon start, and after growing a few inches 
should be stopped agaiu, as we wish to keep 
them within the limits of the trellis, and the 
laterals should be stopped beyond its first leaf 
Thus we try to keep the vine equallj' balanced 
in fruit, foliage and wood. It will be perceived 
that fall pruning, or shortening-in the ripened 
wood of the vine, and summer prunhig, short- 
ening-in and thinning out of the young growth, 
have one and the same object in view, namely, 
to keep the vine in proper bounds, and concen- 
trate all its energies for a two-fold object, 
namely, the production and ripening of the 
most perfect fruit, and the production of 
strong, healthy wood for the coming season's 
crop. Both operations, in fact, are only differ- 
ent parts of one and the same system, of which 
summer pruning is the preparatory, and fall 
pruning the finishing part ; but while the vine 
will bear, without apparent injury, any rea- 
sonable amount of pruning during its dor- 
mant state, in the fall or winter, any severe 
cutting during the summer, is an unmitigated 
evil. G. W. Campbell, the well-known horti- 
culturist says : " All the summer pruning I 
would recommend, would be the early rub- 
bing out of superfluous shoots, upon their first 
appearance ; leaving only what is required for 
next year's bearing wood. This with the pinch- 
ing or stopping the ends of such shoots or canes 
as were disposed to be too rampant in growth. 



would be all I would ever consider necessary. 
Some of the most successful grape growers 
within my knowledge carefully prune their 
vines in fall or early spring, and then leave 
them entirely without summer pruning." The 
importance of this matter is so great that we 
subjoin — 

husmann's method of summer pruning. 

[Extract from the " Urape Culturist," Nov., 1870.] 

Without proper and judicious summer prun- 
ing, it is impossible to prune judiciously in the 
fall. If you have allowed six to eight canes to 
grow in summer where you need but two or 
three, none of them will be lit to bear a full 
crop, nor be properly developed. We prune 
longer in fall than the majority of our vintners, 
which gives a double advantage ; should the 
frost of winter have injured or killed any of 
the first buds, wo still have enough left ; and 
should this not be the case, we still have our 
choice to rub oft" all imperfect shoots, to re- 
duce the number of bunches at the first jDinch- 
ing, and thus retain only strong canes for the 
next years' fruiting, and have only large, well 
developed bunches. 

But to secure these advantages we have cer- 
tain rules, which we follow strictly. We are 
glad to see that the attention of the grape 
growers of the country is thoroughly aroused 
to the importance of this subject, and that the 
old practice of cutting and slashing the young 
growth in July and August is generally dis- 
countenanced. It has murdered more prom- 
ising vineyards than any other practice. But 
people are apt to run into extremes, and many 
are now advocating the "let-alone" doctrine. 
We think both are wrong, and that the true 
course to steer is in the middle. 

1. Perform the operation e.vrly. Do it as 
30on as the shoots are six inches long. At this 
time you can oversee your vine much easier. 
Every young shoot is soft and pliable. You do 
noo rob the vine of a quantity of foliage it can 
not spare (as the leaves are the lungs of the 
plant and the elevators of the sap). You can 
do three times the work that you can perform 
a week later, when the shoots have become 
hardened, and intertwined by their tendrils. 
Remember that the knife should have nothing 
to do with summer pruning. Your thumb and 
finger should perform all the work, and they 
can do it easily if it is done early. 

2. Perform it thoromjrdy and systematically. 
Select the shoots you intend for bearing wood 
for next year. These are left unchecked ; but 
do not leave more thVin you really need. Re- 
member that each part of the vine should be 
thoroughly ventilated, and if you crowd it too 



Pruning. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



Pruning. 45 



much none of the canes will ripen their wood 
as thoroughly nor be as vig'orous as when each 
has room, air and liglit. Having selected these, 
commence at the bottom of the vine, rubbing 
olf all superfluous shoots, and all which appear 
weak and imperfect. Then go over each arm 
or part of the vine, pinching every fruit-bearing 
branch above the last buuch of grapes, or, if 
this should look weak or imperfect, remove it 
and pinch back to the first perfectly developed 
bunch. Should the bud have pushed out two 
or three shoots, it will generally be advisable 
to leave only the strongest, and remove the 
balance. Do not think that you can do part 
of it a little later, but be unsparing in taking 
away all you intend to take this time. Destroy 
all the caterpillars and all the insects you find 
feeding on the vines, and the steel-blue beetle, 
as it will eat into the buds. But protect the 
lady-bug, manti-, and all the friends of the 
vine. 

After the first pinching, the dormant buds 
in the axils of the leaves, on fruit-iiearing 
shoots, will each push out a lateral shoot oppo- 
site the young bunches. Our second operation 
consists in pinching each of these laterals i.ack 
to one leaf as soon as we can gt;t hold of the 
•shoot above the first leaf, so that we get a young 
vigorous leaf additional opposite to each bunch 
of grapes. These serve as elevators of the sap, 
and also as an excellent protection and shade 
to the fruit. Remember, our aim is not to rob 
the plant of its foliage, but to make two leaves 
grow where there was but one before, and at 
a place where they are of more benefit to the 
truit. By our method, our rows of vines have 
the appearance of leafy walls, each liunch of 
the fruit properly shaded, and yet each part of 
the vine is properly ventilated. 

After the second pinching of the fruit-bearing 
branches, as described above, the laterals will 
generally start oneo more, and we pinch the 
young growth again to one leaf, thus giving 
-each lateral two well-developed leaves. The 
whole course should be completed about the 
middle of June here and whatever grows 
afterwards should be left. In closing, let us 
glance at the objects we have in view : 

1. To keep the vine within proper bounds, 
so that it is at all times under the control of the 
vintner, ivithoid iveakcning Us constitution by 
robbing it of a great amount of foliage. 

2. Judicious thinning of the fruit at a time 
when no vigor has been expended in its devel- 
opment. 

3. Developing strong, liealthij foliage by forc- 
ing the growth of the laterals, and having two 
young, healthy leaves opposite each bunch. 



which will shade the fruit and serve as conduc- 
tors of the sap to the fruit. 

4. Growing vigorous canes for next yearns 
fruiting and no more, thereby making them 
stronger ; as every part of the vine is thus ac- 
cessible to light and air, the wood will ripen 
better and more uniformly. 

5. Destruction of noxious insects. As the 
vintner has to look over each shoot of the vine, 
this is done more thoroughly and systematic- 
ally than by any other process. 

FALL OB WINTER PRUNING. 

This may be performed at any time, during 
mild days, while the vine is in a dormant state, 
generally from November to March, but should 
be done at legist a week before vegetation is 
likely to commence. Tender varieties should 
not be allowed to pass through our sometimes 
severe winters without the protection aflforded 
by a mulch of litter, leaves, earth, or other cov- 
ering, to prevent injury from alternate freezing 
and thawing ; the vines which are not hardy 
must therefore be pruned in November, when 
they are simply laid down on the ground and 
mulched lightly, to be uncovered again in 
spring, just before they are ready to put forth 
new growth from their swelling bi^ds. Far- 
ther north, the practice of covering up the vines, 
both tops and roots, is recommendable also 
with the hardy varieties. 

Different varieties will require somewhat dif- 
ferent treatment; some varieties (strong grow- 
ers") will fruit better if pruned to spurs on old 
wood than on the young canes, retaining the 
old canes and pruning the healthy, strong 
shoots or laterals they have to two buds, 
whereas others (only moderate growers) will 
flourish and bear best when pruned short and 
to a cane of last year's growth. 

The observing vintner will find some hints in 
our descriptive catalogue, but only by practice 
and experience can he learn the best method 
for each variety. 

The following correct views on this subject 
are from the "Grape Culturist," Nov., 1870 : 

" Some varieties will bear more readily and 
larger bunches upon the laterals of the young 
canes, some upon the spurs of a few eyes on old 
bearing branches, and some will fruit readily 
upon the principal canes. This should govern 
you in pruning. 

" Most of the strong growers of the Labrusca 
species (Concord, Hartford, Ives, Martha, Per- 
kins, etc.), as well as some of its more vigorous 
hybrids ((ioethe. Wilder, etc.), and especially 
some ^stivalis (Herbemont, Cunningham, 
Louisiana, Rulander), tvill fruit best on the late- 



46 



Pruninii. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Pruninfj. 



rals of the .young canes of last summer's growth 
provided they are strong enough, which they 
will be if they have been pinched according to 
our directions ; the fruit-buds at the base of the 
principal canes are seldom well-developed, and 
'will not bring much fruit. We therefore grow 
the fruit on the laterals, which can be shortened 
in to from two to six eyes each, according to 
their strength. All these rank growers should 
have plenty to do— that is, they should be 
pruned long, much longer than is generally 
done. Should too many bunches appear, you 
can easilj' reduce the number at the first pinch- 
ing. All the Cordifolia*, and some of the ^Esti- 
valis class (Cynthiana and Norton's Virginia), 
produce hcM on spurs on two or three year old 
canes ; they will also bear better on spurs on 
laterals than on main canes, but do not pro- 
duce their best fruit until they can be "spurred 
in" on old arms. For this purpose, select for 
your spurs strong, well-ripened shoots; cut 
them back two to three eyes each, and cut out 
all the small and imperfect ones. You may 
leave from thirty to fifty buds, according to 
the strength of your vine, and always bear 
in mind that you can reduce the number of 
bunches when summer-pruning. 

"A third class produces readily and abund- 
antly from the main canes. This comprises 
the varieties which do not grow very strong, the 
more tender Labrusca, and all of more or less 
Vinifera characteristics, viz.: the Alvey, Cas- 
sady, Creveling, Catawba, Delaware, lona, Re- 
becca. These will produce best on short canes 
of say six eyes ; short pruning and the old re- 
newal plan may be as good as any for them. 
There is also much more danger of overtasking 
this class than both of the others, and they 
should never be allowed to bear too much." 

From the above it will be seen that different 
methods apply to diflerent varieties, and we 
may add that they ought also to be modified 
according to other circumstances. Those, there- 
fore, who have recommended various and con- 
tradictory systems of training and pruning may 
each have been right; but were wrong in be- 
lieving their preferred method the only correct 
method in all cases, or equally well adapted for 
all species and varieties of grapes. Bearing this 
in mind, the intelligent vintner will soon learn 
how far one or the other system is best appli- 
cable in his case. 

SUBSEQUENT MANAGEMENT. 

We may now consider the vine as fully estab- 
lished, able to bear a full crop, and, when tied 



to the trellis in spring, to present the appear- 
ance as shown in Fig. 71. 



*Xo\v classiflfil as Riparia, or its crosses, as Taylor, &c. 




(Fig. 71. •) 

The operations are precisely the same as Id 
the third year, with this important difference, 
however, that the plowing should be shallow ; 
as soon as vines have become established, the 
cultivator should be used for the destruction 
of weeds and keeping the surface-soil mellow. 
The hoe will be needed to kill the weeds imme- 
diately around the plants, as before. At the 
last plowing in the preceding fall the furrow- 
slice should have been thrown towards the 
vines, thus aflTording additional protection to 
the roots— also facilitating the laying down and 
covering of the canes, if necessary Top dress- 
ings of lime, ashes, bonedust, &c., may, if 
needed, be best applied at the same time. In 
the following spring, therefore, the first plow- 
ing should be reversed, and the ground will be 
level. 

Plowing in the vineyard should never be sa 
deep as to injure the roots of the vines. 

If you train your vines on the horizontal sys- 
tem,' the upright canes, which were pruned 
back to two buds each, will now produce two 
shoots each. If more than one shoot should 
proceed from each of these tivo buds, or if other 
shoots should start from small buds near the 
arms, only the strongest one should be allowed 
to grow, and all others rubbed off'. Instead of 
ten to twelve upright canes, you will have 
twenty to twenty-four, and, allowing three 
bunches to each, you may get seventy bunches 
to every vine the fourth year after planting. 
These canes are now to be treated the same, as 
regards stopping, pinching laterals, etc., dur- 
ing each subsequent year of their growth. 

There are many other modes and systems of 
training, but the same general rules and prin- 
ciples prevail in nearly all. 

There is one well authenticated fact in the 
fruiting of the grape, viz : that the finest fruit, 
the best, earliest and largest crops are pro- 
duced upon the strongest shoots of the pre- 
vious years' growth. The only proper system 
of pruning will therefore be that which eueour- 



Training. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



Diseases. 



ages and secures an abundance of such shoots. 
By this general principle all new systems, so 
called, should be proved, and beginners in 
grape culture may be able to guard against 
receiving false impressions with reference to 
any mode which may fall under their observa- 
tion ; and this caution is the more necessary as 
young vines will bear good crops for a few 
years, even under very indifferent treatment. 
In all sytems of training whicli involve the 
retention of wood beyond Ave or six years, as 
in the case of spur pruning, and the methods 
with permanent liorizontal branches, it is ab- 
solutely essential to remove the older wood at 
certain periods, and replace it with younger 
wood from near the base of the plant. Fixed 
rules can hardly be given for an operation 
which requires so much thought and such 
close acquaintance with the growth and bear- 
ing habits of the diftereut varieties. 

If you desire to train your vines for arbors or 
on walls, set an extra strong young plaut, in 
rich, well-prepared soil ; leave but one shoot to 
grow during the first summer, and if necessary 
even during the second, so that it may get very 
strong. Cut back to three eyes in fall, these will 
each throw out a strong shoot, which should i_<e 
tied to the arbor tliey are designed to cover, 
and allowed to grow unchecked. These three 
canes will be cut back in the fall following, to 
three buds each, which will give us three prin- 
cipal branches, each producing canes the third 
or fourth season ; of each of these branches, cut 
next fall one cane to two eyes, and the others 
to six or more buds, according to the strength 
of the vine, then gradually increase the num- 
ber of branches and cut back more severely 
those which fruited. In this manner a vine 
can be made in the course of time to cover a 
large space, produce a large quantity of fruit, 
and get very old. 

Those who desire further information and 
directions on various modes of pruning and 
training, or on the culture of grape vines in 
glass houses, we refer to Chorl ton's Grape 
Growers' Guide; Fuller's Grape Culturist; 
Hoare's Cultivation of the Grape-vine on open 
Walls, and other books on Grape Culture, 
especially to an article on Pruning and Train- 
ing the Grape-vine, liy Wm. Saunders, U. S. 
Departnieut of Agriculture. Ueport, IStiG. 



DISEASES OF THE GRAPE-VINE, 

The vine, with all its vigor and longevity, is no less 
subject to diseases than all other organic bodies, and 
as we cannot remove most of their causes, and can 
even with the best care prevent and cure but few, our 
first attention must be given to the selection of healthy 
plants and liardy varieties. You have already been 
warned against planting the Grape-vine in heavy, wet 
soil, where water stagnates, or in places exposed to 
early and late frosts. You have been impressed with 
tlie necessity of clean cultivation, stirring the soil,* of 
proper training, and of tliinning tlie fruit. If you dis- 
regard these points, even the healthiest and most vig- 
orous varieties of vines will become diseased. 

But some of the diseases infesting our American 
grapes do not result from defects in the soil or want of 
cultivation ; tlieir causes are in fact unknown, except 
tliat tliey are produced by fungi — microscopic para- 
sitical plants, producing mildew, etc., of which there 
exist a great many different kinds, and aljout 
which our knowledge is as yet very deiicient. We do 
know, however, — alas, too well, — that these diseases 
e.xist, are promoted by atmospheric influences — un- 
favorable state of the weather— and seem as much 
beyond our control as tlio weather itself. The most 
formidable of these diseases, most prevailing in this 
country, and most disastrous to American grape cul- 
ture, are, the Mildew {Peronospora viticola) and the 
Rot or bl.\ck Rot (Phoma uvicola). 

[The first scientific description and proper distinc- 
tion of the two Ivindswe find in the Transactions of the 
Academy of Science of St. Louis, 1861, by Dr. Geo,. 
Engelmann (Vol. 2, p. 16.5). See also Am. Poraological 
Society, Session 1879. p. 41-48.] 

Just before going to press we are favored by Dr, 
Geo. Engelmann, with the following article on this 
most important subject : 

The Diseases of Gkape-vines 

are principally occasioned by animal or vegetable 
parasites. I leave others, who are more conversant 
with the subject, to treat of the former, and will mere- 
ly state here that our species have all grown up with 
the Phylloxera, and would long ago have been extin- 
guished, or rather never could have lived, if that insect 
had such power over them ; but they as well as the 
insect live on, the latter having no other nourishment 
than the grape-vines and their roots : j'ou may call it 
an accommodation between tliem. 

More important for us in America are the fungus 
di.seascs, which do our grape crops more harm tlian the 
Phyllo.xera. It is said that in Europe they have dis- 

• We are aware, of the fact tliat in certain seasons and 
peculiar soils neglected viney:iril.s. lilled with grass and 
weeils, have escaped diseasis and borne lull crops, while 
well hoed and cidtivated vini.'\ ards suffered severely, 
especially from rati but the rule, nevertheless, holds 
good in general. After a season of sevpre firouth, for 
instance, fall plowing may cause the evaporaiion oi the 
scanty remaining moisiui-e in the loosened soil and .ren- 
der the exhausted roots a prey to severe frosts, while 
the unplowed, baked surface would serve as a protection 
against both. Such exceptions have misled some grape- 
growers to advocate non-cultivation, or even grass- 
sowing, i:i their ^-ineyards; but after a few years a 
stunteil growth and unproductiveness of their vines was- 
the result. 



48 Mildew. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Hot. 



covered over 200 kinds of fungi which live on the differ- 
ent parts of vines, but fortunately only a few of them 
are really injurious. These are, above all, the mildew of 
the leaves and the black rot of the berries. In Europe 
besides our mDdew, which has lately been introduced, 
tliey have the Oidium and the Anthracnose. 

The Mildeic, Perononpora viiicola, appears in frost- 
like white spots on the under .side of leaves, hairy as 
well as glabrous ones, and may generally be observed 
Jiere in Missouri from the beginning of June, fostered 
by the sultry and damp or wet weather, usual at that 
season ; in the Eastern States it seems to come on later 
in summer and in the fall. Though most common on 
the leaves, it sometimes also infests the petioles of the 
leaves, the stems of the bunches, and the very young 
berries. But, even if it does not attack the latter, the 
effect on the leaves alone, which turn brown in spots 
and are eventually partially or completely killed, de- 
stroys the fruit, the berries slirivelling from the base, 
turning liglit brown without falling off. This is here 
•sometimes termed " brown rot." 

The fungus at tirst pervades the cellular tissue of the 
leaf; then, a few days later, the minute fungus stems 
protrude through the stomats (breathing pores) of the 
lower surface, forming little upright branching plant- 
lets, whicli might be compared to a miniature spruce 
tree, singly not visible to the naked eye ; at the end of 
the branchlets they bear the summer spores (conidia), 
which mature, are discharged, spread by wind or other- 
wise, and, when moistened, germinate with astonishing 
rapidity. Late in the season the fungus produces what 
are called the resting spores (oospoi'es) in the interior 
of the leaf-tissues, and, while the others propagate the 
parasite in summer, these larger and more enduring 
ones keep alive through winter and insure its growth 
in the following summer. Thus it is seen that the dead 
mildewed leaves, containing the resting spores, really 
do preserve the germs for the next season's mildew. 
These leaves ought to be destroyed by carefully ga- 
thering and burning them , or by burying them deeply 
in the ground. The direct destruction of the fungus 
has been often attempted, and by different means, 
especially by sulphur- sprinkling, but without any 
marked effect; a dry spellof weather, however, arrests 
it most effectually for the time being. 

The Peronospnra has since 1878 made its appearance 
in Europe — like the Phylloxera, accidentally intro- 
duced from this country — and has added another terri- 
ble infliction on the wine-growers there, threatening 
to be worse than the Oidium, which years ago used to 
decimate the grape crops of Europe. 

A few words about this Oidium may be in place 
here. This is a mildew-like fungus which appears on 
the outside of the upper surface of the vine-leaves, and 
bears its fewer spores on smaller, not much branched, 
stemlets ; it destroys the vitality of the leaves, and 
with it the crop, just as our mildew does. Its resting 
spores are unknown and with its life-history we are 
not so well acquainted, but we know that sulphur 
sprinkled over the leaves will destroy it. It made its 
first appearance, as far as it is known, about lS4.i, in 
graperies at Margate, near London, and spread rapidly 
and destructively over a great part of Europe and 
the islands, especially Madeira, where grape culture 
was almost annihilated by it ; but it seems now to be 
less common or less injurious than it was years ago, 



and may possibly have run its course, just as other epi- 
demics are apt to do. It is unknown where it origi- 
nally came from ; some suppose that it originated in 
America, but it has never appeared here in the form 
under which it is known in Europe ; whether in 
another form, is still questionable among our best 
mycologists ; at all events we have thus far only one 
destructive form of mildew here, the Peronospora. 

The second great fungus pest of our vineyards is the 
Black Rot, Phomauvicola. On. the berries, but never 
on the leaves or stems, generally about the time that 
they are full grown, in July or August, very rarely on 
half-grown berries in June, a light brown spot with a 
darker central point is observed on the side and not 
near the stem ; this spot spreads, and darker, shining 
nodules or pustules, plainly visible with the naked 
eye, begin to protrude above the epidermis ; at last the 
whole berry shrivels up, turns bluish-black, the pus- 
tules roughen the surface, and each one opening at 
its top emits a whitish worm-like thread, which con- 
sists of innumerable spores glued to.gether with a mu- 
cilaginous coating. In this condition the .spores are 
inert, but rain will dissolve the mucilage and liberate 
and wash down the spores, or they will fall to the 
ground with the dead berries. What then becomes of 
them, whether they enter the soil, or how they propa- 
gate the fungus, is as yet unknown. At all events it 
seems advisable to .gather all the affected berries, if 
such a thing can be done, and destroy them. 

In Europe they have another fungus disease of the 
grape, called in Germany Brenner, in France Anthrac- 
nose, and described under the name oi Sjihaceloma am- 
pelinum, which by some authorities has been siipposed 
to be another form of development of our Black Rot, 
above described ; this, however, seems very doubtful. 
We have, as it seems, never had the Sphacelovia,* nor 
they the Phoma. The former attacks all the green 
parts, leaves, young stems, or green berries, and forms 
open wounds which might be compared to ulcers; 
while our Phoma is restricted, as far as known, only to 
green berries, without breaking up the tissues or form- 
ing ulcers. The Sphaceloma seems to be an old disease 
in Europe, already known in the last century. Mycol- 
ogists are now carefully studying these questions. 



Had we known that we would be fiivored with the 
above article on the Diseases of the Grape-vine by so 
great an authority as Dr. Engelmann, we would have 
omitted some of the following lines, previously written 
by ourselves, in preparing this new edition of our Cata- 
logue. This circumstance and the importance of the 
subject will excuse what may seem a repetition ; and 
while the preceding will stand as the description of 
the fungus diseases by the scholar, the following may 
not be unwelcome as the practical grape-growers' 
views. 



* Unfortunately we have of late, also, the Sphaceloma 
in our vineyards. How or whence it c ime, we tlo not 
know; but, having observed the Anthracnose in France, 
we could not help recognizing the same here;— for- 
tunately, 90 far. to no serious extent. 



Mildew. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



Feronospora. 49' 



VITICULTUBAL REMARKS. 

Tlie American''' JIildew (Feronospora viticola) first 
presents itself in tlie form of spots resembling a small 
accumulation of powdered sugar, not larger than a 
lentil, on the underside of the leaf; but imperceptibly 
these spots extend and join until they cover a larger 
portion of the entire lower face of the foliage. Later 
still, the centers of attack dry up and take the color of 
brown or dead leaves, so that these mildewed, shriv- 
elled, dried-up leaves are often confounded with or 
taken for "sun-scald"; but on closer observation mil- 
dew can easily be distinguished from sun-scald. If 
the ett'ect of the latter, there is no white powdery 
mushroom vegetation visible on the lower face of the 
leaf. Mildew mostly attacks the foliage, sometimes 
alsd the young green stems ; rarely the small, young, 
never the full-grown, ripening berries. 

The important difterence between Ferenospora (the 
Am. mildew) and Oidium (the European mildew) is 
not only that Ferenospora appears on the lower, whUe 
Oidium appears on the upper surlace, but that the 
former penetrates the entire tissue of the leaf, while 
Oidium grows on its upper surface only. Humidity 
and dryness e.xert a preponderating influence on the 
development of the disease ; rain, dew, even fog, favor 
the spread and germination of the spores, while a pro- 
longed drouth restricts and kills them. 

As a Remedy sxilphurizing was long and strenuously 
recommended. In France and Germany mildew is 
successfully corabatted with sulphur, early and often 
applied; why should it not be the remedy here?(!) 
Many articles were published in all our horticultural 
magazines representing flour of sulphur as an infalli- 
ble cure of mildew, prescribing quantity, time, and 
mode of using it. Bellows were specially manufactured 
for this purpose. Wine-growers were found to testify 
to the efficacy of this panacea; none contradicted ;t 
so that we ourselves, failing to see its good effect after 
repeated trials, merely ventured to say in the former 

* To distinguish this from the Oidium (the European 
mildew) we call the /"e/'ono.s/jora "American mildew"; 
but this dangerons fungus Is by no means unknown in 
Europe ; and we doubt that it has come there from 
this country, though it showed itself here much soon- 
er. In Italy and also in Africa it has appeared in 
many places where no American vine had ever 
been grown, anil it has been discovered even on wild 
fiuropean vines. Rudolph Goethe, Director of the 
Royal Horticult. Inst, at Geisenheim, on the Rhine, calls 
it "false mildew." Victor Palliat, editor " Vigne Amer.", 
has' shown that it was known in France, long ago, under 
the name of" melin.'^ 

t The first honest testimony about the results of sul- 
phurizing, in this country, we found in the '* Vinoland 
Weekly " of Nov. U, 1877, in an excellent study of The 
Gkape Rot, by Col. A. VV. Pearson, from which we clip 
the following: 

•'Many, if not all, of those here who have used sulphur 
this year for the first time are much disapjiointed in the 
result. They either report no benefit whatever, or else 
positive injury. Tliose who were more zealous than 
prudent, and used sulphur liberally undiluted, of course 
burned up their foliage, doing harm instead of good ; — 
those, on the other hand, who used the preventive mo- 
derately, and, as they considered, thoroughly, will un- 
derstand, if this description of the disease has enabled 
them to appreciate it, that "thoroughly," under the 
atmospheric conditions of this summer, would almost 
re(iuire tliat a sentry should be posted by each vine, 
ready to scatter another sprinkling of the mixture be- 
tween showers. 

"As already stated, I sulphured mine thirteen times, 
and saved about one-thirdof the crop. Possibly by going 
over thena twenty-six times 1 might have saved another 
third.'' 



edition of this Catalogue, that "with our prices of labor 
it would scarcely be practicable — and it is best not to 
plant largely of those varieties which are very liable to 
this disease." 

Not unto this mildew (Peronospora) had also been 
observed and studied in France, where it was first 
noticed in 1878, and only within these last four years, 
during which it has spread all over Europe and parts 
of Africa, has it been recognized and fully established 
that sulphurizing is quite ineffective against Ferono- 
spora, owing to the fact that this parasite, unlike the 
Oidium, lives not merely on the surface of the leaf, but 
permeates its tissue. 

Nevertheless we are not without hope that some 
reraedj' will be found. Eminent scientists will now 
occupy themselves with this serious question, which 
concerns European grape culture the more as their 
varieties ( Vinifera) are all more subject to this disease 
than our Americans. We have now before us an "Es- 
s.\i SUR LE MiLDiou. p.iR A. MiLL.iRDET, Professeur b. 
la Faculte des Sciences h Bordeaux," Paris, 1882 ; he 
suggests, as a remedy, a mixture of powdered sulphate 
of iron, copperas (4 lbs.), with plaster of Paris, g.yp- 
sum (20 lbs.), which, according to reports, was applied 
(compte-rendu du congrfes international phylloxerique 
de Bordeaux), with marked success. Remedies of this 
kind must be used very cautiously : and until their 
efficiency and proper mode of appliance are estab- 
lished, our grape-growers will do best to select those 
varieties which are generally less liable to this disease. 
To aid in doing so, the following table, ■" based on many 
years' experience, may be of service : 

TABLE OF AMERICAN VINES (PRINCIPAL VARIETIES) WITH 
UEfJ.VRD TO THEIR RESISTANCE TO MILDEW (PeronOS- 

para) . 

I. Category : almost entirely exempt, even in unfa- 
vorable seasons and localities. 

^stivalis, Northern Division ; Cynthiana, Nor- 
ton's Virginia. 

Labrusca, Northern Division: Concord, Hartford, 
Ives, Perkins; also. Champion, Cottage, North 
Carolina, Rentz, Venango. 

Riparia and its crosses with Labr. : Elvira, Mis- 
souri Riesling, Montefiore, Noah, Taylor. 
II. Category : suffering somewhat, but not seriously, 
in exceptionally unfavorable seasons and local- 
ities. 

JEstivalis, Southern Division : Cunningham ; 
Northern Division : Hermann, Neosho. 

Labrusca, Northern Division : Dracut Amber, 
Lady, Martha, N. Muscadine, Telegraph, Ma- 
son's Seedling. 

Riparia and in its crosses with Labr, : Black 
Pearl, Blue Dyer (Franklin), Clinton. 

Bybr., Labr. and Vinifera. Goethe. 
III. Category : suffering seriously in unfavorable 
seasons, and not recomnie^idable Jor localities 
usually exposed to mildew. 

JEstivalis, Southern Division ; Devereux, Herbe- 
mont, Lenoir, Louisana, Rulander. 

jEstivalis crossed with Vinifera (?) Alvej'. 

Labrusca, Southern Division : Catawba, Diana, 
Isabella. 

• " Quelques Observations sur le Mildew, par G. E, 
Meissner," at the (Jougres internalional de Bordeaux. 



50 



Mildew. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



not. 



£iparia crosses with Labr. : Amber (Rommel's), I 
Marion, Uhland. 

Hi/br., Labr. and Vinifera, Labr. and Hybr., and 
Vinif. with Rip.; Black Eagle, Brighton, 
Brandt, Herbert, Lindley, Triumph, Wilder. 
IV. Category; suffering seriously even in normal 
seasons ; enlirehj unreliable, except in some few 
favored localities, which are free from mildew. 

JEstlvalis, Elsinburg, Eumelan. 

Labrusca, South. Division ; Adirondac, Cassady, 
Creveling, Isabella, lona. Mottled, Masataw- 
ney. Union Village, Rebecca, Walter. 

Undetermined Class: Delaware. 

Hybr. of Vinif. and Labr, : Agawam, Allen's 
hybr. Amenia, Barry, Black Defiance, Croton, 
Irving, Massasoit, Merrimack, Salem, Sen- 
asqua. 

Hybr. of Vinf. and Rip. Autuchon, Canada. 
Cornucopia, Othello. 

Varieties not sufficiently tried, and especially new 
Tarieties, we would not presume to classify ; but one 
may safely judge of their resistance to mildew by their 
parentage. The seedlings of the Concord, such as 
Moore's Early, Pockliugton, Worden's Seedling; or of 
the Taylor and Clinton, such as Bacchus, Montefiore, 
Pearl, will most probably suffer very little, if at all, 
from mildew, while the seedlings of the Catawba, the 
Delaware, the Eumelan, or the Isabella, and all hy- 
brids (of Vin.) give but faint hopes for their success in 
localities usually infested by mUdew. It is further 
noteworthy that all Grape-vines, planted in city-gar- 
dens, especially il trained to buildings, under the 
shelter of their projecting roofs, are generally exempt 
from mildew, even in unfavorable seasons. 

It is supposed that this immunity from the disease 
is due to the sulphuric coal-smoke-laden atmosphere 
in our cities, which may prevent fungoid growth, and to 
the shelter which protects the vines from heavy dews, 
consequently from the development of the parasite. 
Wm. Saunders, the eminent Superintendent of the 
Experimental Gardens of the United States Depart, 
ment of Agriculture at Washington, D. C, long ago 
demonstrated and reported that varieties inclined to 
mildew can lie grown to perfection, when they are 
protected from heavy dews, either by artificial or nat- 
ural expedients, such as those of covering the trellis 
upon which they are tied by a canopy of boards, can- 
vas or glass . But grape growers will rarely resort to 
such expedients, and generally jirefer to select varie- 
ties which are less subject to mildew. 

The black Rot (Phoma vricola) makes its appearance 
on the nearly full grown berries, exhibiting, in the first 
stage, a small discolored (whitish) round spot, which 
soon expands in circumference, surrounded by a dis- 
tinct aureole of darker hue and shading off to a light 
brown; the surrounding berry turns darker brown, and 
exhibits (under a magnifier) a pustulous surface ; then, 
gradually, the berry shrivels, dries up and turns black. 
In midsummer, when the weather is sultry and oppres- 
sive, thunder storms and rain showers frequent, the 
horizon at evenings illumed by continuous flashes of 
lightning, and when the vines are dew-drenched in the 
morning, then rot appears, and often disappears (or is 



rather interrupted in its progress) and re-apjicars with 
these phenomena. We may look and wonder, power- 
less, yet knowing 

" Tbat the bright hopes of to-day 
May be dispelled by next morn I" 

The disease is generally preceded by the appear- 
ance of numerous spots of brown color on the surface 
of the grape leaves ; later these spots turn to a deeper 
brown, and finally hojes appear in their places. In 
this respect it is quite similar to the disease known as 
Anthracnose or Charbon in France, as the Scluoarze 
Brenner (black burner) in Germany, Switzerland, etc. 
But while, there, this disease attacks the young shoots 
and stems, leaving wounds as if eaten out by insects, 
causing the drying up of the epidermis, producing a 
deep slit on one side of the berry and leaving the other 
half of the same apparently healthy, fully coloring 
and ripening ; the brown spots j>receding our Rot rarely 
attack the shoots or stems of our grape-vines, and the 
black Rot of this country never produces mere slits, 
but always completely destroys those berries which 
are once touched by it. While the Anthracnose weak- 
ens the vine and causes the foliage to turn yellow 
and dry up, the black Rot seoras not to affect the 
vigorof .the vine nor its foliage in the least. Of late, 
however, it attacks not rarely from one to three- 
fourths of all the grapes in the vineyards of the 
Ohio, Mississippi and lower Missouri valleys, and 
is there the great obstacle to successful grape- 
culture. Thirty years ago it was supposed that the 
Catawba, more than any other grape, was subject to 
rot, but now nearly all varieties (except Delaware, 
Cynf hiana, Nortons) are often more or less attacked by 
this baneful parasite. It infests the most vigorous 
vines as much, if not more than weak growers. The 
Concord has of late proved as unresisting to the black 
Rot as the Catawba. The theory that a plant can be 
attacked by fungoid diseases only when in a debilitated 
condition, does not hold good as to Rot ; nor has the 
exliausfion of the soil any influence upon this scourge. 
Rot is found as much in vineyards planted on rich soil 
as in those growing on poor land. The theory that 
Kofis induced by Phylloxera (root lice) is entirely un- 
founded. 

Atmospheric electricity, humidity and dryness, may 
materially influence the spreading or stopping of the 
disease. The nature of the soil and the exposure of 
the vineyard may have something to do with the ap- 
pearance of this malady, which especially rages on 
low, damp places, with a cold, compact soil ; but rot 
sometimes also commenced during very dry weather, 
and stopped, strangely enough, afler the first rains of 
the same season, and it was also sometimes foiuid in 
elevated positions, with a warm, dry soil. As a rule, 
however, dry seasons and localities, blessed with a 
purer atmosphere and superior drainage, are more 
exempt from rot. 

The late M. B. Bateham (died August 5, 1880), 
wrote in his last report to the Ohio Hort. Society, re- 
ferring to an essay read at the Am. Pomol. Society 
meeting, 1879, as follows ; " As to Grape Rot, my ob- 
servations of more than twenty years have led me to 
the same conclusions, in the main, as those of my 
friend, Mr. Bush. The difficulty is certainly not in 
soil or cultivation, or in the vine, or in the effect of 



£ot. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



lioL 



5 



insect ravages. * * * This disease commenced 
in Soutliern Ohio more than twenty years ago,* and 
in a short time ruined the noted Catawba vineyards 
of Nicholas Longworth and those of a score of other 
planters. Then, for a time, it was thought that the 
Ives grape, and especially the Concord, would prove 
«xempt from tlie destroyer ; hence these were exten- 
sively planted. But now scarcely any variety is fonnd 
able to resist attacks of the rot, or if any chance to do 
so, like the Delaware, they suffer badly from mildew. 
Many different theories have been held respecting the 
nature and causes of rot, each pointing to different 
measures for its prevention, but with little benefit 
as to results. Not deeming other theories worthy of 
space, I will say that, after twenty years of careful 
observation and experiments, the following facts and 
deductions are the result : 1. The disease is not pe- 
<-uliar to any variety or class of vines, though some 
are more liable to it than others, and such as have 
been some years in bearing are more liable than 
younger ones. 2. Thekindsof soil and culture have no 
effect in causing the rot ; but a rich soil, or too much 
fertilizing, by producing luxuriant growth of the vines, 
increases their liability to the disease, and wet soil or 
lack of drainage has a similar effect. 3. Methods of 
pruning and training, whether long or short, do not 
cause the rot ; but it is mostly prevented by training 
against buildings where tbe vine is largely sheltered 
from rain and dew. 4. The disease is of a fungus na- 
ture, generating from minute spores which float in the 
atmosphere, where they are quickened into life and 
growth by heat and moisture, combined with a plethora 
of sap, which is at the time in a morbid condition, 
owing to the stoppage of evaporation and assimilation 
by the leaves. * * * * * Such being the nature 
and causes of the disease, it is easy to see that the 
means of its prevention are not largely within human 
control. It is found, however, that something can be 
done in the way of avoiding the malady." 

Bateliam's suggestions to avoid the rot, however, are 
partly not very practicable, except on a very small 
scale, such as training vines against buildings, on poles 
twenty feet high ; and partly, they need further e.xperi- 
raents before they can be recommended as remedies. 
To plant vineyards on as high and open a position as 
possible, with perfect drainage ; to allow plenty of 
room on the trellis by planting the vines apart, or 
cutting out every alternate one when they begin to 
crowd, are, of course, necessary, in order to keep the 
soil and roots as dry as possible in summer, and to 
secure the free access of sun and air, so as to dimin- 
ish, at least, if not to prevent the disease. 

Mulching the soil, preventing an excess of heat, is 
recommended by some, to lessen the liability to rot. 
Mulching the ground beneath the vines with bitumin- 
ous coal-slack is said to have been tried with much 
advantage. We have tried other materials as mulch 
with no particular results. Some recommend sul- 
phuring, others a board nailed over the trellis, as 
protectons from rot; but both are of no avail against 
this cryptogam. Saunders himself said that he had 
recommended a coping as a protection against mildew 
only — not against rot. 

♦Should read, "more than thirty ytiars ago,^' KvU 
dently a typographical error, as Bateham certainly 
knew that Longworth wrote about it in ISiS. 



We are still hoping that some more practical mode 

to prevent rot, or to hinder the development of the 
disease, may be discovered ; but until that is found we 
should plant only varieties which are less subject to 
rot, unless we are fortunate enough to be in localities 
which are exempt from the disease. Vineyards which 
are yet free from rot this year, may become infested 
the next. Who can tell ? 

We trust, however, that this disease, like other epi- 
demics, may cease, or at least temporarily disappear, 
as it has already done in some localities. There are, 
no doubt, several kinds of grape-rot, variously desig- 
nated by botanists. For the practical grape grower, 
the one kind here desi-ribed is the only one of great, 
sad importance, whether they call it black rot or 
brown rot. 

[Those who desire to read more exhaustive descrip- 
tions and observations on this subject, we refer to Dr. 
E. C Bidwell's and Col. Pearson's articles in the Vine- 
land Weekly, and lately, al.so, in the Xew York Sun, 
copied by various horticultural journals, and deserving 
to be published in pamphlet form. But after study- 
ing them all, we arrive at the conclusion that we know- 
very little, practically, to our advantage about the 
subject.] 

For those who desire to grow fine grapes, on a small 
scale, for table use, for the market, or for exhibition, 

THE BAG METHOD OF I'ltOTECTING GKAPES 

should be mentioned. Common manilla paper bags, 
as used by grocers, about six inches wide and nine 
inches deep, are put over the bunches before they are 
half grown, and are fastened by two pins. They should 
also have a small slit in the bottom, to let water run 
through it. The cost of bags, pins and labor is about 
half a cent per bag, and is well repaid by the result. 
Others found a better protection from insects, birds 
and diseases, in covering each bunch of grapes with a 
bag made of cheap crossbar mosquito netting. This 
kind of bag is slipped over the bunch and tied around 
the stem with a string ; it interferes less with the nat- 
ural coloring and perfect ripening of the fruit. In 
France a specially prepared net bag is made for this 
purpose, which is stronger than mosquito net. keeps 
its shape better, and is far more durable— sufficiently 
open to admit air and partial sunlight, attbrding 
perfect protection against Ijirds, and with all other ad- 
vantages, which paper bags could have, without their 
objections. We used the latter and found them excel- 
lent, but not a perfect protection against rot. 



52 



Insects. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Insects. 



INSECTS. 

[Our limited space only permits ustobrieflj' refer to 
a tew of those insects which we have found most inju- 
rious in our own vineyards. These are, however, for 
the most part unnoticed in any of our standard treati- 
ses on the Grape-vine, and for the facts regarding them 
we are indebted to Prof C. V. Riley's valuable " Ento- 
mological Reports of tlie .State of Missouri.]" 

The Grate Phylloxera. 

(Phylloxera vastafrix.) 

Amongthe insects injurious to the Grape-vine none 
have ever attracted as much attention as the Phyl- 
loxera, which, in its essential characteristics, was 
unknown when the first edition of this little work on 
American Grape-vines was written. The gall-inhabit- 
ing type of this insect, it is true, was noticed by our 
grape-growers many years ago (especially on the Clin- 
ton), but they knew nothing of its root-inhabiting type. 
Even Fuller — who informs us that in Mr. Grant's cele- 
brated grape nurseries (as far back as 185S) the men 
were in the habit of combing out, with their fingers, 
the roots of young vinos to be sent off, in order to get 
rid of the knots — never mentions anything of this, nor 
of any root-infesting insect, in his excellent Treatise on 
the Cultivation of the Native Grape, though 16 pages 
are devoted to its Insects. In the spring of 1869 M. J. 
Lichtenstein, of Montpcllier, first hazarded the opinion 
that the Phylloxera, which was attracting so much 
attention in Europe, was identical with the American 
Leaf-gall Louse (first described by Dr. Asa Fitch, State 
Entomologist of New York, by the name of Pemphigus 
vitifoliie) ; and in 1870 Prof. C. V. Riley succeeded in 
establishing the identity of their gall insect with ours, 
and also the identity of the gall and root-inhabiting 
types. The correctness of his views is confirmed by 
the subsequent researches of Professor Planchon, Dr. 
Signoret, Balbiani, Cornu, and other scietjtists in 
France ; lately also of Prof. Roessler, in Klosterneu- 
burg in Austria. 

After visiting France in 187 1, and then extending his 
observations here, some of which were made in our 
Bushberg vineyards, Prof. RUey first gave us every 
reason to believe "that the failure of the European 
vine ( V. vinifera) when planted here, and the partial 
failure of many hybrids with the European Vinifera 
are mainly owing to the injurious work of this insidi- 
ous little root-louse ; also, that some of our native 
varieties enjoy relative immunity from the insect's 
attacks" — M. Laliman, of Bordeaux, having previously 
noticed the remarkable resistance of certain American 
vines in the midst of European vines dying from the 
effects of Phylloxera. The importance of these dis- 
coveries to grape culture cannot be too highly appre- 
ciated. The French Minister of Agriculture commis- 
sioned Professor Planchon to visit this country in 
order to study the insect here — the harm it does to 
our vines, or the power of resistance which these pos- 
sess. His investigations not only corroborated Prof. 
Riley's conclusions regarding the Phylloxera, but 
gave him, and through him the people of Europe, 
a knowledge of the quality of our native grapes and 
wines, which dispels much of the prejudice against 
them that has so universally prevailed heretofore. 

Prof, Riley's recommendations to use certain Amer- 
ican vines, which he found to resist Phylloxera, as 
stocks on which to grow the more susceptible Euro- 



pean vine, has induced us to send a few thousand 
plants and cuttings, gratis, for testing, to Montpellier, 
France, and the success of these has resulted in an im- 
mense demand for the resistant varieties. 

To discuss this subject as it deserves ; to give a his- 
tory of the Grape Phylloxera— the progress and extent 
of its ravages— the exiierhnents made to prevent these ; 
to review the influence which it had and probably will 
have on American grape culture, would far exceed the 
scope of this brief manual. The literature of this sub- 
ject would fill a respectable library. We can here 
merely mention a few facts, and give some figures, which 
may enable the grape-grower to recognize and observe 
this minute, yet so important insect ; and we refer 
those who desire full and reliable information to Prof. 
Riley's Entomological Reports, from which we cull 
largely. It will be understood that the figures, which 
are from the same Reports and which were made by 
Prof. Riley from nature, are generally very highly 
magnified, and that the natural sizes are indicated by 
dots within circles, or by lines. 

The following figure of a grape-leaf shows the galls 
or excrescences produced by the gall-inhabiting type 
of the insect. On carefully opening one of the galls, we 
find the mother louse diligently at work surrounding 
herself with pale yellow eggs, scarcely (.01) the one- 
hundredth part of an inch long, and not quite half as 




Under side of Leaf covered willi fialls, iiaf. size. 

thick. She is about .04 inch long, of a dull orange color, 
and does not look unlike an immature seed of the com- 
mon purslane. The eggs begin to hatch, when 6 or 8 
days old, into active little beings, which differ from 
their mother in their brighter yel- 
low color, more perfect legs, etc. 
Issuing from the mouth of the 
gall, these young lice scatter over 
the vine, most of them finding 
their way to the tender terminal 
leaves, and commence pumping 
up and appropriating the sap, 
forming galls and depositing eggs 
Type Gallicola : c, as their immediate parent had 
ISfu'enlarK"™:?,*' done before. This process cou- 
sweiilng of tendril; tjnues during the summer, until 
the fifth or sixth generation. 
Every egg brings forth a fertUe female, which soon be- 
comes wonderfully prolific. 




Insects. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



Phylloxera. 53 




Fig. 74. 

Newlv hatchkd Gall-Louse: 
ventral ; i, duraal view. 




Fig. 75. MOTrreR Gall-T.ouse : 
ventral anil dorsal views. 



By the end of Sep- 
tember the galls are 
mostly deserted and 
those which are left ap- 
pear as if iniected with 
mildew, and eventu- 
ally turn brown and 
decay. The young lice 
attach themselves to 
the roots, and thus hi- 
bernate. It is an im- 
portant fact that the gall-inhabiting insect occurs only 
as an agamic and apterous female form. It is but a 
transient summer state, 

/^' ' "*X ^^^' 1? -^ "°* ^^ ^^^ essential to 
&' ' ' A ^'^ -T-'^^ the perpetuation of the 
species, and does, com- 
pared with the other or 
root-inliabiting type, 
but trifling damage. It 
flourishes mostly on the 
Riparia, more especial- 
ly on t!ie Clinton and 
Taylor; its galls have also been noticed on many 
other varieties. In some seasons it is even diflScult to 
find a few galls on the very vines on which they were 
very abundant the year before. 

The root-inhabiting type of tlie Grape Phylloxera 
hibernates mostly as a young larva, attached to the 
roots, and so deepened in color generally as to be of a 
dull brassy brown, and therefore perceived with diffi- 
culty, as the roots are often of the same color. With 
the renewal of vine-growth in the spring, this larva 
moults, rapidly increases in size, and soon commences 
laying eggs. These eggs, in due time, give birth to 
young, which soon become virginal, egg-laying moth- 
ers like the first, and, like them, always remain wing- 
less, rive or six generations of these egg-bearing 
mothers follow each other, when, about the middle of 
July, in the latitude of St. Louis, someof tlie individu- 
als begin to acquire wings, and continue to issue from 
the ground until vine-growth ceases in the fall. Hav- 
ing issued from the ground while in the pupa state, 
they rise in the air and spread 
to new vineyards, where they 
lay from three to five eggs, and 
then perish. In the course of a 
fortnight these eggs, which are 
deposited in the crevices on the 
surface of the ground, near the 
,^__^ I ^^^^ of the vine, and upon the 

j__LjS^^r\ Y leaves, especially on the under 
\ If, ^ ^ \«v\ ^''^''' produce the sexual indivi- 

\" duals, which are born for no 
other purpose than the repro- 
duction of their kind, and are 
without means oi flight or of 
are, however, quite active and 




Pig. 76. 



Male Phylloxera : 
ventral view. 



taking food. They 
couple readily. 

The female lays a single egg, which has been called 
the "winter egg," from the fact that it generally 
passes the winter unhatched. It may, however, hatch 
the same season that it is laid. It is generally hidden 
In the crevices and under the loose bark of the older 
wood, but may also be laid in other situations, and 
even on old leaves on the ground. There hatches from 



it the "stem-mother," which either goes directly on 
to the roots to found a root-feeding colony, or, under 
favorable circumstances, founds a gall-inhabiting 
colony on the leaf. 

PJvery piece of root having rootlets taken from an 
infected vine during August or September wQl pre- 
sent a goodly proportion of pup;e, and a glass jar filled 
with such roots and tightly closed will daily furnish, 
for some time, a dozen or more winged females, which 
gather on the side of the jar toward the light. We 
may gather some idea from this fact, of the immense 
number that disperse through the air to new fields 
from a single acre of infected vines, in the course of the 




Fig. 77. 

ng I 
which it is distluguisliea I'rom Ga/licola. 

late summer and fall months. We liave, therefore, the 
spectacle of an underground insect possessing the 
power of continued existence even when confined to 
its subterranean retreats. It spreads in the wingless 
state from vine to vine and from vineyard to vineyard, 
when these are adjacent, either through passages in the 
ground itself, or over the surface ; at the same time it 
is able, in the winged condition, to migrate to much 
more distant points. 

If to the above account we add that occasionally in- 
dividuals, under certain conditions, abandon their nor- 
mal underground habit, and form galls upon the leaves 
of certain varieties of grape-vines, we have in a general 
way the natural history of the species. 

The annexed figure (78) shows the abnormal swelling 
of the rootlets which follows the puncture of the root- 
louse ; they eventually rot, and the lice forsake them 
and betake themselves to fresh ones. As these decom- 
pose, the lice congregate on the larger parts beyond, 
until at last the root-system literally wastes awaj'. 

Duruig the first year of attack there are scarcely any 
outward manifestations of disease; only the second 
and third year — when the fibrous roots have vanished, 
and the lice not only prevent the formation of new 
ones, but settle on the larger roots, which also eventu- 
ally become disorganized and rot — do the outward 
symptoms of the disease become manifest in a sickly, 
yellowish appearance of the leaf and a reduced growtli 
of cane; and the vine dies. When the vine is about 
dying, it is generally impossible to discover the cause 
of the death, the lice having previously left for fresh 
pasturage. 

As is fiequently the case with injurious insects, the 
Phylloxera shows a jireference for and thrives best on 
certain species, and even discriminates between varie- 
ties, or what amounts to the same thing, practically, 
some species, or varieties, resist its attacks, and enjoy 
relative immunity f om its injuries. A knowledge ot 
the relative susceptibility ot different varieties to the 
attacks and injuries of the insect is therefore of para- 
mount importance. 



54 



Insects. 



BUSHEERG CATALOGUE. 



Phylloxera. 




Fig. 78. 

Type Uadicicola: a, shows a healthy root; 6, one on 
which the lice are working, representing the knots 
and swellings caused by their punctures; c, arootthat 
has been deserted by them, and where the rootlets 
have commenced to decay ; d, d, d, show how the lice 
are found on the larger roots ; e, female pupa, dorsal 
view; g, winged female, dorsal view. 

The editors of this Catalogue could not help, how- 
ever, to doubt the theorj* of a relative susceptibility, 
or a greater or less power of resistance, in various va- 
rieties of our American vines. The Catawba, the Dela- 
ware, were among those considered most sensitive to 
the attacks of the insect. But their very existence 
after so many years of their cultivation in the home of 
the Phyllo.\era, and their vigorous and healthy growth 
in some Phylloxera-infesteil localities in France, con- 
tradict this assumption. And now most of those who 
gave special attention to this question, and have had 
the opportunity to test it both here and in Europe, 
are firmly of the opinion that all purehj American varie- 
ties completely resist the Phylloxera, and can succeed 
in spite of the insect, provided they are placed in loca- 
tions suitable as to soil and climate. 

We see in the general rcsistibility of our purely na- 
tive American vines against the Phylloxera, a remark- 
able verification of that law which Darwin has so ably 
established and aphoiistically expressed, as "thk sue- 

VIV.iL OF THE FITTEST." 

Prof. Riley, in explaining "why the insect is more 
injurious in Europe than here," says; " There exists 
a certain harmony between the indigenous fatma and 
tlora of a country ; and our native vines are such as, 
from their inherent peculiarities, have best withstood 
the attacks of the insect. The European vine, on the 
contrary, succumbs more readily, not only because of 
its more tender and delicate nature, but because it 



has not been accustomed to the disease — there being, 
doubtless, a parallel between this case and the well- 
known fact that diseases and parasites which are com- 
paratively harmless among peoples long accustomed 
to them, become virulent and often fatal when first 
introduced among hitherto uncontaminated peoples. 
Thentheparticularnaturalenemiesof the insect which 
belong to its own class, and which in this country 
help to keep it within bounds, are lacking in Europe ; 
and it will require some time Ijefore the closely allied 
European predaceous species will prey upon and check 
it there to the same extent. The Phylloxera will, also, 
all other things being equal, have an advantage in those 
countries where the mildness and shortnessof the win- 
ter allow an increase in the annual number of its gen- 
erations. Finally, the difl'crences in soil and in modes 
of culture have no insignificant bearing on the ques- 
tion in hand. Though Phylloxera, in both types, is 
found on our wild vines, it is very doubtful if such 
wild vines in a state of nature are ever killed by it. 
With their far-reaching arms embracing shrub and 
tree, their climbing habit unchecked by the pruner's 
knife, these vines have a corresponding length and 
depth of root, which render them less susceptible to 
injur}' from an under-ground enemy. Our own method 
of growiEg them on trellis approaches more nearly 
these natural conditions than that cmplojed in the 
ravaged French districts, where the vines are grown 
in greater proximity and allowed to trail upon the 
ground, or are supported to a single stake." 

Again, after speaking of the large numbers of winged 
females rising from the ground during late summer 
and fall, he adds : " The winged female Phylloxera is 
wafted about, and will lay hereggs, or, in other words, 
deliver herself of her progeny, wherever she bapjiens 
to settle. If this be upon the grape-vine, well and 
good — the young live and propagate; if upon other 
plants, they perish. We thus have the spectacle of a 
species annually wasting itself away to a greater or 
less extent, just as in the vegetable kingdom most 
species produce a sujierabundance of seed, the larger 
portion of which is destined to perish. Thus in the 
thickly planted wine districts of France few winged 
insects would fail to settle where their issue could sur- 
vive, while in America an immense number annually 
perish in the large tracts of other vegetation interven- 
ing between our vineyards." 

Under the stimulus of a large reward (300,000 francs) 
appropriated for the purpose by the French Govern- 
ment, innumerable plans have been proposed and 
experiments made, but 710 remedy has yet been discov- 
ered which gives entire satisfaction, or is applicable to 
all conditions of soil.* Submersion is an efficacious 
remedj', btit to be effective the field must be covered 
with water one foot deep during eight weeks, Novem- 
ber and December being considered the proper period ; 
a less complete submersion is useless, and on most 
and especially on the best hilly vinelands such sub- 
mersion is impracticable. A large admixture of sand 
in the soil is also of service, as the root-louse does not 
thrive on sandy soils. This was first discovered by 



* La lutte covtre le jiht/Uorera. (The .sti-uggle against 
the Phyllo.xera) by .1. A. Barral, 1 vol., Paris," 1883, is the 
latest and most complete work on this subject. 



Insects. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



Phylloxera. 55 



LicHTENSTEiN ; and as a result of this discovery the 
sandy borders of the Mediterranean coast (Aigues- 
mortes), where formerly scarcely poor grass grew, are 
now, in many places, changed into beautiful vineyards, 
of great value. Sulpho-carbonate of potassa and coal- 
tar are mentioned as capable of destroying the Phyl- 
loxera, and Mr. Mares as President of the Ministerial 
Commission, in his report on the various (140) modes 
of treatment tried in 1872 to 1874, stated that manures 
rich in potash and nitrogen, mixed with alkaline or 
earthy sulphates, refuse of salt-works, soot, wood 
ashes, ammonia, or fat-lime, have given the best re- 
sult. Prof Roessler also believed in fighting the insect 
with manure and phosphates, ammonia and potash, 
which treatment succeeds in porous soils ; and to ob- 
tain this porosity he made use of dynamite, raising 
the soil (rom a great depth without injuring the vines. 
But the grape-growers seem not to believe in these 
medicinal insecticides, or considered f hem impractical, 
too costly, and tlieir application too laborious. Many 
preferred to resort to planting American vines, mo.stly 
with a view to graft tliereon their own varieties. And 
now the American vine has penetrated into all the 
vineyards of France — notwithstanding its many oppo- 
nents, both honestly and otherwise; nothwithstanding 
the ill-favor of tlic Government, where subventions 
had been reserved for the insecticides and the submer- 
sion. And tins result is not a passing one, but has 
gained a stronghold by the exceptional and growing 
vigorof the American vines themselves, under various 
■conditions of soil and in tlie midst of the most intense 
lavages of the Phylloxera. Tlie Medoc even opens 
now its doors to the most meritorious grafting stocks, 
the Rtparia, Solonis, York Madeira, being now con- 
vinced that their celebrated Medoc wines will not be 
in the least changed by grafting their varieties on 
American roots. It is the same in other famous wine 
districts, and even in tlie regions of the great white 
wines (Sauterne, Bommes, Barsac, &c.) which are as 
yet but little attacked by the Phylloxera. It will be 
the same in other countries, wherever the insect shall 
make its appearance, in spite of all precautionary mea- 
sures to protect them from infection. Already it has 
been discovered in Italy (first in 1879 in the Lomliardy 
and Porto Mauritzio, then in Sicily) , and is spreading 
rapidly over all the Mediterranean countries, and over 
Hungary. 

Riley and Planchon have established the fact that 
the insect is indigenous to the Korth American conti- 
nent east of the Rocky mountains, and there is little 
•doubt but that it was first imported into Europe on 
American vines. Yet it must not be supposed that 
our American vines are all necessarily infested with 
Pliylloxera, or that the insect has been introduced in 
every locality where our vines have been planted. On 
the contrary, there are localities where, from the iso- 
lated position of the vineyards, or the nature of the 
soil, it is diflBcult to find the insect, and, like many 
other indigenous species, it is in some years very nu- 
merous and injurious, in others, scarcely to be seen. 
There is comparatively little danger of its being im- 
ported from one country to another on cuttings. It 
should be recollected also that vines imported in late 
winter, or early spring, caimot possibly carry the in- 
sect, even if infected, in any other f lian tlie egg or larva 



form, as no winged insects are then in existence, to 
escape on the way, or upon opening the cases ; and aU 
danger of importing the insect would be avoided if the 
plants or cuttings, upon being unpacked, were placed 
in a bath of strong soapsuds. 

Prof. V. Matet, of the National Agricultural School 
at Monfpellier, advises the following precaution : — 
( Vignes Am., Dec, 1882.) "1. Never to keep the cut- 
tings in the soil, in whatever else we may preserve 
them for exportation ; clear fine sand would be prefer- 
able. 2. To fumigate the cuttings on arrival with sul- 
phur smoke, as the sulphuric acid infallilily kills all 
insects, without injuring the buds or vegetation ; ten 
minutes are fully sufficient for that. An old large box 
may serve as a receptacle for the fumigation." In an- 
swer to inquiries whether this would be sufficient also 
to destroy the eggs of the Phylloxera, the Professor 
emphatically declares (Vignes Am., May, 1883), that 
" we need not trouble ourselves about the eggs — none 
of these have ever been found on canes of one year's 
wood. And if ever any live insects were transported 
with cuttings, less than a quarter of an hour's fumiga- 
tion with sulphur would kill them on arrival." 

The greatness of the evil, however, seemed to justify 
the adoption of extreme measures, and the importation 
of both American vines and cuttings was strictly pro- 
hibited by the governments of Europe (except as to cer- 
tain already invaded districts of France). Thus they 
excluded — not the insect, but the best remedy. And 
■whilst it is now recognized and fully established that 
Phylloxera-destroyed vineyards can be reconstituted 
only by replanting with resisting American vines, be 
it for direct production or for grafting on them other 
preferred varieties, it is yet very difficult to get the 
prohibitions and restrictions repealed. Y. Babo, the 
celebrated Director of the (lenol. Institute of Austria, 
Klosternenburg, near Vienna, writes us (April, 1883) 
that " notwithstanding the unanimous declaration of 
the Commission in favor of American Grape-vines, the 
Government refuses to listen ; we .shall tarry until the 
Louse will have spread as a great calamity. Sulpho- 
carbonates are contiually used — at Government's ex- 
pense. The moment it shall have to be done at private 
expense nobody will use it, as the annual cost is out 
of proportion to the effect. In spite of my own most 
careful and thorough treatment with sulpho-carbon- 
ates my success is incomplete. Much as I was at first 
in favor of sulpho-carbonates, I am now fully convin- 
ced that our grape-cultnre cannot be carried on except 
by using proper Phylloxera-resisting stocks." 

The Revue des Dmx Mondes of June 1, 1883, contains 
a very interesting article on the Phylloxera question 
by the Duchess of Fitz-James, in which she says: — 
"Whilethe Philloxera continues to extend her sinister 
veil over beautiful France, the American Vine throws 
over it here and there a ray of hope. Happy the soil 
which, in receiving it, lays hold of its good fortune. It 
is this ray before which the desert will vanish. Those 
who are unconscious of it, try in vain to defend a past 
which has escaped ; for the chemical remedies, even if 
they were useful, are only exceptionally practical; and 
while thus many persevere in their ruin, pursuing a 
chimera, the American Vine covers with her verdant 
waves the last tri^ce of our misfortunes." 



66 



Insects. 



BUSHBEKG CATALOGUE. 



Insects. 




Fig. 79. 

The Gbape Leaf-hopper. 

{Erythroneura vitis.) 

V ery generally but erroneously called Thrips. This is 
one of the most troublesome insects the grape-grower 
has to deal with. It is a very active little thing, run- 
ning sideways like a crab, and dodging round quickly 
to the otlier side when approached. It jumps with 
great vigor, and congregates in great crowds upon the 
under side of the leaf, pumping up the sap, and thus 
causing numerous brown dead spots, and often killing 
the leaf entirely. A vine badly infested with these 
leaf-hoppers wears a speckled, rusty and sickly appear- 
ance, wiiile the leaves often drop prematurely and the 
fruit in consequence fails to ripen. There are several 
species which attack the vine — all belonging to the 
same genus, however, and only differing in color. The 
natural history of this insect is not recorded by ento- 
mologists, but Prof. Riley informs us that the eggs are 
thrust into the leaf-stems, and particularly along the 
larger veins of the under side of the leaves. Tobacco- 
water and soapsuds, to be syringed on the vines, are re- 
commended in the books as a remedy. Syringing the 
vines with the following mixture — one gill kerosene, 
two pounds whale-oil soap, one pound tobacco soap, 
and eighty gallons water — is said to destroy the green 
fly and thrip, and to be also a good remedy against the 
red spider and the mealybug. Fumigations of tobacco 
stems will also be found effectual for destroying aphis 
and thrip. But we would recommend passing between 
the rows with a torch in the evening, smearing the 
stakes in the spring with soft soap or other sticky sub- 
stance, and burning the leaves in the fall. The hop- 
pers fly to the light of the torch ; and as they pass the 
winter under leaves, loose bark of the stakes, &c., 
cleanliness in and about the vineyard is of the first 
importance in checking their ravages. The torch re- 
medy is most effectual when three persons work in 
company, one between two rows with the torch, and 
one on the further side of each of the rows to give the 
trellis a slight shake and disturb the hoppers. Tobacco 
stalks or waste thrown on the ground 
in a grapery effectually protect the vines. 

The Gkape Lf.af-folder. 

(Dcsmia maculatis.) 

This is a worm of grass-green color, 
very active ; wriggling, jumping and 
jerking either way at every touch. It 
folds rather than rolls the leaf, by fasten- 
ing two portions together by its silken threads. The 
chrysalis is formed within the fold of the leaf. The moth 
is conspicuously marked with black and white, all the 
wings being bordered and spotted aS'in the annexed 



Grapk Leaf-folder : 1, larva: 2. liead and thoracic joints, 



enlarged; 3, ciin'salls; 4,5, male and female mollis. 

figures. The male is distinguished from the female by 
his elbowed antennar, thickened near the middle, while 
those of the female are simple and thread-like, The 
moths appear in early spring, but the worms are not 
numerous till mid-summer. A good method to destroy 
the worm is by crushing them suddenly with both 
hands, within the leaf. The last brood hybernates in 
the chrysalis state within the fallen leaves, and much 
may be done towards checking the ravages of this worm, 
which during some years are very severe, by raking up 
and burning the dead leaves in the fall. 

The Grape-vine Fidia. 

{Fidia viticida.) 

This beetlCr often miscalled the 
Rose-bug, is one of the worst foes of 
the grape-vine in Missouri. It makes 
its appearance during the month of 
June, and by the end of July has 
generally disappeared. When nu- 
merous, it so riddles the leaves as to 
reduce them to mere shreds. Luck- 
ily this beetle drops to the ground upon the slightest 
disturbance, and thus enables us to keep it in check, 
by taking a large basin with a little water in it, and 
holding it under the insect. At the least jar the bugs 
will fall into the dish. When a quantity have thus 
been caught, throw them into the fire or pour hot water 
upon them. M. Poeschel of Hermann, raised a large 
brood of chickens, and had them so well trained that all 
he had to do was to start them in the vineyard, with a 
boy in front to shake the infested vuies, and he himself 
behmd the chicks. They picked up every beetle that 
fell to the ground ; and next •season he could scarcely 
find a single Fidia. 

The Gigantic Root-borer. 

{Prionus laticoUis.) 





Fig. 83. 

This large borer is often met with in and about the 

roots of several kinds of plants, such as the Apple, the- 

Pear, and the Grape, to which it is very destructive. 

It follows the roots, entirely severing them in many 



Insects. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



Insects. 



57 



instances, so that the vines soon die. When fully 
grown it leaves the roots it was inhabiting, and forms 
a smooth, oval chamber in the earth, wherein it 
assumes the pupa form. If the roots are larger, it 
remains within them to undergo its changes. The 
perfect insect is a large, dark brown beetle, which 
first appears towards the end of .Tune, and is very 
commonly found during the summer and fall months, 
rushing (often with a heavy, noisy flight) into lighted 
rooms. Prof. Riley has shown that this borer not only 
attacks living trees and vines, but that it also breeds in 
dead oak stumps, and can travel through the ground 
from one place to another ; from which fact he draws 
the important corollary that it will not do to leave oak 
stumps to rot on ground which is intended for a vine- 
yard — a fact which our experience corroborates. Lit- 
tle can be done in the way of extirpating these under- 
ground borers, their presence being only indicated by 
the death of the vine. Wherever you find vines sud- 
denly dying from any unknown cause, search for this 
borer, and upon finding one (in each case we have 
found but one at each tree or vine), put an end to its 
existence. 

The Grape-vine Flea-beetle. 

{Haltica chalybea.) 




«, larva, natural size; 6, 



Fig. 83. 



do. niagnified; 
enlarged. 



cocoon: rf, beetle, 



Like all Flea-beetles, this insect has very stout 
swollen high thighs, by means of which it is enabled to 
jump about very energetically, and is consequently 
very difficult to capture. The color of the beetle 
varies from steel-blue to metalic green and purple. 
The beetles hibernate in a torpid state under any 
shelter, such as loose bark, crevices of stakes, etc., and 
they are roused to activite quite early in the spring, 
doing the greatest damage at this early season by 
boring into and scooping out the unopened buds. 
As the leaves expand, they feed on these, and soon 
pair and deposit their small orange eggs in clusters 
on the \inder-side of the leaf. These eggs soon hatch 
into dark colored larva', which may be found of all 



sizes during the latter part of May and early part of 
June, generally on the upper-side of the leaf, which 
they riddle, devo\iring all but the largest ribs. A 
dusting of dry lime kills the larv.-e, but the beetle 
has to be caught and killed. 

The Grape-berry Moth. 

{Lobesia hotrana.) 




a, moth; h. worm; c, 



Fig. B4. 

hole made in berry: rf, rotting berry, 
caused by worm. 



This insect first attracted attention about fifteen years 
ago. About the first of July, the grapes that are at- 
tacked by the worm begin to show a discolored spot 
at the point where the worm entered. Upon opening 
such a grape, the inmate will be found at the end of a 
winding channel. It continues to feed on the pulp of 
the fruit, and upon reaching the seeds generally eats 
out their interior. As soon as the gr.ipe is touched 
the worm will wriggle out of it, and rapidly let itself to 
the ground by means of its ever-ready silken thread, 
unless care be taken to prevent it from so doing. The 
cocoon is often formed on the leaves of the vine, in a 
manner essentially characteristic : the worm cuts out 
a clean oval flap, leaving it hinged on one side, and, 
rolling the flap over, fastens it to the leaf, and thus 
forms for itself a cozy little house, in which it changes 
to a chrysalis. In about ten days after this last change 
takes place, the chrysalis works itself out of the cocoon 
and the little moth represented in the figure (hair-lines 
showing natural siza) makes its escape. As a remedy 
we recommend picking up all fallen berries and con- 
verting them into vinegar, as, upon racking off the 
juice and water, countless numbers of these worms are 
found in the sediment. This insect was named Penth- 
nia vitirorana, by Dr. Packard, in this country ; but 
Prof. Riley informs us that it is an importation from 
Europe, where it is known as Lobesia botrana. 

The Bose-chafer. 

(Macrodacfyhts subspinosus.) 

This is the true "Rose-bug," injurious to 
many plants, but especially hard on grape- 
vines during some years. In Prof. Rilfty's 
words : " It is one of those species whose 
larva develops under ground, and cannot be 
verj' well dealt with in this stage of its life. 
We must contend with it in the beetle form, and there 
is no other effectual means than by hand-picking, or 
by shaking into vessels and on to sheets. This work 
can be greatly facilitated by taking advantage of the 
insect's tastes and preferences. It shows a great predi- 
lection for the Clinton, and its close allies, of all other 




58 Insects. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Insects. 



varieties of the grape-vine, and will gather upon that 
variety and leave others unmolested, where it has a 
chance. Those who are troubled with this beetle will 
no doubt take the hint." 

The Grape-curculio. 

(Cseliodes iniequalis. 




I 




Figr. 86. a, berry, infested: 6, larva: c, beetle— tlie hair-line 
showing natural length. 

The larva of this curculio infests the grapes in June 
and July, causing a little black hole in the skin, and a 
discoloration of the berry immediately around it, as 
seen in the above figure. From the middle to the last 
of July this larva leaves the berry and buries itself a 
few inches in the ground, and by the beginning of Sep- 
tember the perfect insect issues from the ground and 
doubtless passes the winter in the beetle state, ready 
to puncture the grapes again the following May or 
June. This curculio is small and inconspicuous, being 
of a black color with a grayish tint. It is represented 
above, the hair-line underneath showing the natural 
size. This insect is very bad some years, at others 
scarcely noticed, being doubtless killed by parasites. 
It is thus that nature works : " Eat and he eaten, kill 
and be killed," is one of her universal laws; and we 
never can say with surety, because a particular insect 
is numerous one year, therefore it will be so the ne.\t. 

All infested berries should from time to time, as 
they are noticed, be collected and destroyed, and the 
beetle may be jarred down on sheets as with the Plum 
Curculio. 

There are several Cut-worms which eat the young, 
tender shoots of the vine, and draw them into the 
ground below ; they have destroyed, or kept back at 
least, many a young vine. The little rascals can be 
easily found and destroyed by digging for them under 
the loose clods of ground beneath the young vine. 

There are many other insects injurious to the Grape- 
vine — large solitary worms — insects which laj' eggs in 
the canes — others which make curious galls, etc., but 
the reader who desires an acquaintance with these, 
must refer to Prof. Rile}''s reports. 

It will be more useful to the grape-grower to close 
this chapter on insects with a brief account of some of 

THE BENEFICIAL SPECIES 

whicli he will meet with, and wliich he should cherish 
as his friends. 

Insects which are beneficial toman by feeding upon 
other insects that are injurious, may be divided into 
those whicli simply prey upon such injurious insects, 
without however being otherwise connected with them 
— the predaceous insects ; secondly, into those which in 
their earlier stages live in or on their prey — the true 
parasites. This last class is represented only b}^ two 
Orders, viz., the Diptera, or Two-winged flies, and the 
Hymenoptera (especially the families Ichneumonidse 





Fig. 88. 

MiCROGASTEIl. 



and Chalcididse). The egg is deposited by the mother 
parasite on or into the body of its victim, which is 
usually in the larva state, the parasitic larva feeding 
upon the fatty parts of its victim, and causing its death 
onlj' after it has itself reached full growth. 

The most important 
parasites among the 
Diptera are the Tachi- 
na-flies, which in gen- 
eral appearance are 
not unlike our com- 
mon House-fiy. Those 
among the Hvmenop- 
tera are by tar more 
, Fig. 87.— TAcBiNA-FLY. iiumcrous in species 

and more varied as to general appearance and mode 
of development. We select for illustration one of the 
most common forms, viz., a Microg.\stee of the family 
Ichneumonidie, a small inconspicu- 
ous insect which is known to prey 
upon a large number of worms, and 
among others, also on the Hog-cater- 
pillar of the vine. By means of her 
ovipositor the female Microgaster in- 
serts a number of eggs in the body of 
the caterpillar while this is still young. 
The Microgaster larva' develop within tlie caterpillar, 
and when full grown they pierce the skin of the latter, 
and work themselves so 
far out that they are held 
on only by the last joint 
of the body. They 
then commence spinning 
Shrunken larva ot cho;mocampa, small white cocoons- 

■witil MiCKOGASTEK cocoons, . ,. , 

standing on end, as rep- 
resented in Fig. 89, the caterpillar having by this time 
died and greatly shrunk. A week or thereabout later 
the Ichneumon flies begin to hatch from the cocoons. 

The Predaceous Insects include numerous species 
of all Orders, and we can here only select a few of the 
more important ones which have been observed in 
connection with the insects injurious to- the grape- 
vine. 

Ladybirds.— The Coleopterous faraOy CoccinellidEe, 
or Ladybirds, comprises in the United States more 
than a Imndred species, the larger of which may be 
readily distinguished by their round, convex form,- 
the upper side being usually red or pink, handsomely 
variegated by black spots, 
which greatly vary in number 
and position ; also a few spe- 
cies that are black with red 
spots, while the numerous 
smaller species are mostly of 
a more uniform dark color. 
With the exception of a few species which constitute 
the genus Epilachna, and a few allied genera, all Lady- 
birds are insectivorous, and, considering that many 
species occur in a large number of specimens and that 
the larva3 are very voracious, an idea may be formed 
of the great service performed by the Ladybirds in 
lessening the number of injurious insects. The Lady- 
bird larva' are especially fond of preying on the plant- 
lice, but they also feed extensively on the eggs and 





Fig. 90.— LADYBino. 



Insects. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



Insecis 



59 



j'oung larva: of all insects. Whenever other food fails, 
they will even devour the helpless jiuptc of their own 
kind. 

We select for illustration one of our commonest 
species of Ladybirds, viz., the Convergent Ladybird 
{Hippodamia convergent), Fig. 90, a representing the 
larva, h the pupa, and c the beetle itself. The eggs of 
Ladybirds greatly resemble in appearance those of the 
Colorado Potato-beetle: they are orange-yellow, and 
laid in small groups on the under side of leaves. The 
larv;i' are very active and most of them very hand- 
somely colored, those of the Convergent Ladybird be- 
ing blue, orange, and black. When full grown, they 
hang by the tail to the under side of a stalk or leaf and 
change to chrysalids. The perfect beetle is orange-red 
marked with black and white, as represented in the 
figure. It derives its name from the two convergent 
lines on the disc of the thorax. The larv;e of some of 
the smaller Ladybirds excrete a cottony matter, and 
one of them (belonging to the genus Sci/mnus) has 
been found to live underground, preying upon the 
root-inhabiting form of the Grape-phylloxera. 

Thiups. — These are yellow or black insects, hardly 
visible to the unpracticed eye, but with the aid of a 
small magnifying glass at once recognizable by their 
narrow wings', beautifully frhiged with long, delicate 
hair. The larvje resemble in general form their pa- 
rents, but difler not only in lacking wings, but in being 
of blood-red color. AVe refer to the Thrips and figure 
herewith given (Fig. HI), a black species with white 
wings (Tliripii phiilIo.<e)-:>\ Riley), because it is one of 




the most efficient enemies of the Grape-phyllo-xera, 
living within the leaf-galls caused by that pest, and 
doing more than any other species to keep the gall- 
inhabiting form of the Phylloxera within bounds. 
According to the recent classification the Thrips form 
a separate family, Thysanoptera, of the Order PaetKh- 
neuroptera. 

Lace-wing Flies. — These play a very important 
rille in the destruction of injurious insects, liut here 
it is only the larva which does the beneficial work, 
the imago not being predaceous. These flies may be 
easily known by their delicate, greenish or yellowish 
, wings, their brilliantly colored eyes, as well as bj' 
the peculiar, offensive odor emitted by them. The 
species represented herewith (Fig. 92) is the Weeping 
l.a.ce--wing (t'hri/nopa plui-i/iiimla, Fitch), but there are 
many other species of this and allied genera which form 
the family Hemerobiid;c of the Order Xcuroptera. 




The eggs (Fig. 92, a) are adroitly de]iosited at the tip 
of long, silk-like stalks fastened to leaves and tw'igs. 
Sometimes these eggs are deposited singly, sometimes 
as shown in the figure, in little groups. The larvae 
(Fig. 92, b) are verj' rapacious and move actively about 
in search of prey, which consists of soft -bodied insects 
and eggs of insects. When ready to transform, the 
larva winds itself up into a wonderfully small cocoon 
(considering the size of the insect which makes it and 
issues from it), as shown in Fig. 92, c. The imago 
issues through a neatly cut circular opening of this 
cocoon, also represented in the figure. 

Sykphus- FLIES. — Associated with the Lace-wing 
larvie we frequently find another class of larvic or mag- 
gots of quite different appearance. They are blind and 
without legs, slowly moving about by means of stiff 
hairs with which they are covered, while others adhere 
to the leaves by means of a slimy secretion and move 
by alternately contracting and stretching out their 
bodies. In coloration these larvic vary greatly, some 
being dirty-white or brown, while others are green or 
striped like caterpillars. Their prey is the same as 
that of the Lace-wing larvie and their work is just as 
thorough. These are the larva' of a large family of 
Two-winged flies, called Si/rj)h!il:i\ very numerous in 




Fig. m. 
Uont-loiisc Svnpnus-FLY: (I, lavAu: h, pupa; r. fly. 

species as well as in individuals. When ready to 
transform the larva becomes rigid, with the outer skin 
hardening and forming w'hat is called a puparium, 
while the real pupa lies within this outer covering. In 
due time the fly issues from this puparium. The spe- 
cies figured in the accompanying cut (Fig. 93) is Pipisa 
radi'c""?, WaLsh A'Eiley), a representing the larva, b 
the puparium from which the imago has escaped, c the 
fly itself. This species lives, in the larva state, under- 
ground feeding both on the Apple-tree Root-louse and 
on the Grape-root-louse. 

The Insidious Flower-bug. — This insect, of which 
we represent herewith a highly magnified figure (Fig. 
94), is quite commonly met with on all sorts of plants 
infested by injurious insects ; and anyone who cares to 



60 



Frnit Gathering. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Preservimj Grapes. 




observe this tiny, handsomely 
colored liug, or its larva, will 
have no trouble in convincing 
himself of its usefulness. It is 
really amusing to see how this 
small bug, and its still smaller 
larva, not only assiduously 
suck plant-lice and insect eggs 
of all sorts, but also pounce 
upon worms much larger than 
themselves and pierce them 
with their short, three-jointed 
beak. They roam about every- 
iNSiDious FLowER-BtTG. where on the plants in search of 
prey, and are frequently found within the Phylloxera- 
galls playing havoc with the lice. Tiie Insidious 
Flower-bug (Avthocori.i insidnostts, Say) belongs to the 
Order Heteroptera, or True Bugs, and may be known 
by its handsome coloration, being black, reddish-brown 
and white above. Its larva is orange-colored, and 
closely resembles in general appearance that of the no- 
torious Chinch-bug. 

Besides the insects, you will still have other enemies 
to combat ; foxes and birds, and, worst of all, some 
two-legged beings in human shape— thieves, who will 
steal your grapes if you do not watch and threaten to 
keep them off with powder and shot. We do. 

GATHERING THE FRUIT. 

Whether it be for the table or for wine, do not pick 
the grape before it is fully ripe. Everj' grape will color 
before ripe ; some do so several weeks before, but when 
thoroughly ripe the stem turns brown and shrivels 
somewhat. The finest qualities, the sweetness and 
aroma of the grape juice are fully developed only in 
the perfectly matured grape ; and we consider the late 
ripening varieties as far superior, especially for wine, 
to the early kinds, but, of course, only in such locali- 
ties where late grapes will mature. This noble fruit 
does not ripen, like some other fruit, after being ga- 
thered. Always gather the grapes in fair weather, and 
wait till the dew has dried off before commencing in 
the morning. Cut off the clusters with a knife or grape- 
scissors, and dip out the unripe or diseased berries, ii 
any, taking care, however, that the bloom be not rnb- 
hed off, nor any of the berries broken, if they are to be 
sent to market, or to be kept into winter. The bunches 
should be placed in shallow drawers or baskets, in 
which they are to be taken to the packing-shed, or 
some place under cover, and there assorted and packed. 

For packinrj grapes for market, shallow baskets or 
boxes, holding from three to ten pounds, and especially 
manufactured for the purpose in all the principal grape 
regions, costing about one cent per pound, are used. 
In packing in boxes, the top is first nailed on and a 
sheet of thin white paper put in ; whole bunches of 
grapes are first put in ; the vacant places left are filled 
with parts of bunches, of same kind and quality, so 
that all the space is occupied and the whole box pack- 
ed, as closely and full as possible, without jamming. 
Another sheet of paper is now laid on and the bottom 
nailed down. By this means, when the boxes are 
opened, only entire bunches are found at the top. The 
boxes are put in crates, or light large boxes, for ship- 
ment. Do not ship mixed inferior fruit— it will never 



pay ; while uniform, good grapes will establish a repu- 
tation and command the best prices. Skill in hand- 
ling and packing is only acquired by practice. 

Grapes could easily be preserved for months by 
means of a cool room or cellar, where the teuiperature 
could be kept between 35° and 40° F. In a warm , damp 
atmosphere grapes will soon rot. Fuller recom- 
mends, for preserving grapes, to briiig them first into 
a cool room, spread them out and let them remain 
there for a few days until all surplus moisture has 
passed off; then pack them away in boxes, placing the 
bunches close together, and thick sheets of paper be- 
tween each layer. When the boxes are filled, put them 
away in a cool place; examine them occasionally and 
take out the decayed berries, from time to time, as 
they appear. If the place is cool and the fruit ripe and 
sound, they will keep from three to four months. 

Another method by which grapes are sometimes 
successfully preserved till late in March, especially in 
France, is this : Cut a branch having two bunches of 
fruit attached and jilace the lower end, through a per- 
forated cork, in a small bottle of water ; seal the upper 
cut end of the branch and also the cork with sealing- 
wax. A little charcoal in the water ]ireserves its pu- 
rity. The bottles are then placed in a dry, cool room 
where the temperature is pretty even and never falls 
below freezing point, and are kept in an erect position 
(usually by a rack made for the purpose), care being 
taken that the clusters do not touch each other, and 
that every imperfect grape be removed as soon as it 
shows signs of failing. But very few persons, however, 
can bestow this care, and still less have a fruit room 
or cellar that can be kept so cool (40"). 

A simpler method to preserve grapes is the follow- 
ing, lately recommended by a practical grape-grower, 
which seems to us well worth trying : — About a week 
before the grape is fully ripe, the bearing cane with 
its clusters is bent down to the ground and laid into a 
ditch, about one foot (.30 cm.) deep, made for this pur- 
pose, without separating the cane from the vine. The 
bunches are dusted with flour of sulphur, then covered 
with soil to protect them from frost, and so made that 
the rain will run off. Grapes thus preserved were 
shown in March, which had retained their natural 
color and freshness, and tasted better than grapes of 
the same kind preserved in any other manner. 

We have seen and tasted Concord grapes kept fresh 
and beautiful in a porous, unglazed earthen jar, manu- 
factured for this purpose by T. J. Price, Macomb, 111., 
who says : The clusters are to be laid carefully in them 
as soon as picked, and then taken to the cellar or base- 
ment, or some cool place where they can have both 
ventilation and moisture. The pores of these jars are 
filled with a salt solution as they come from the kiln, 
then the inside coated with acommon thick limewash. 
The salt solution in the pores is intended to absorb the 
moisture and thus to produce a cool and even tem- 
perature inside the jar, and the lime is to prevent 
mould. These jars can be used again from year to 
year, only they should be first soaked in strong brine, 
and then whitewashed inside, before they are filled 
again with grapeS." 

Various other methods of preserving grapes fresh 
until late in winter have been recommended, but ex- 
periments have generally not been as satisfactory as 



Wine-inaking. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



Wine-makiiuj. 61 



<;ould be wished. Some varieties are found to keep 
better and longer than others, and in our Descriptive 
Catalogue the superior keeping qualities of our best 
kinds are always mentioned. In ice-houses, specially 
constructed for preserving fruit, grapes will keep in 
apparent good condition nearly all winter ; but the 
appearance is deceptive — they are almost always unfit 
to be eaten. 

The best mode of preserving the delicious juice of 
the grape, with its delightfully nutritious constituents, 
in a concentrated and almost imperishable form, is by 

WINE-MAKING. 

We have been urged to embody in this manual a 
chapter upon this subject, and, notwithstanding the 
assurance that, within the limited scope of this Cata- 
logue, we think it impossible to furnish anything 
that would be valuable, either as a guide to the inex- 
perienced or as a vadc mecum to the wine-maker, we 
have been called upon, again and again, by many of 
our customers for some concise information which 
might aid the intelligent farmer and the amateur 
grape-grower to transform their surplus fruit into that 
health-giving lieverage, " wine." The books on wine- 
making to which we have referred were either not 
accessible, or too costly, and contained so much that 
was unnecessary, to say the least, that we finally 
concluded to write this brief treatise, which, however, 
should be regarded as a collection of mere hints, being 
■onljf intended to give the inexperienced a correct idea 
of the general principles of wine-making, and to con- 
tain some plain directions tliat may guard against 
false theories and wrong practice. 

Those who intend to make wine, as a business, on a 
large scale, and who desire full information on all its 
branches, canjiot expect to find it in this brief manual. 
Moreover, wine-making is an art which, however sim- 
ple, cannot be acquired from books only, but must be 
learned practically ; and we can only repeat our ad- 
vice, given in the former editions of this Catalogue, 
viz., to engage some experienced "wine-cooper" who 
knows how to make and treat wines, who has learned 
and has been accustomed to attend to wines from his 
youth, and who will watch over and nurse them with 
the care and cheerfulness of a mother to her infant, 
until you or your son may have practically learned 
from him. Such a man you maj'' have to pay well, 
and you may think you cannot afford it ; but to learn 
from sad experience, unless on a very small scale, 
would prove, by far, more costly and unprofitable. 

Thus, without presuming to present anything new 
in this chapter, we hope that the grape-growers of this 
country may find therein as much information of 
practical value on so vast a subject as could be con- 
densed in so limited a space.* 

I. Wine, its nature and substances, its formation and 
classification. 
Wine is the properly fermented juice of the grape ; 
its unfermented juice is called must. The product of 

* There are l)ut few books on wine-making written in 
the Englisli hmjriuige. Haraszthy's " Grape Culture 
, and Wine-niakiuir" was puhlished (by Harper I't Broju., 
New York. ls(i2) more tliaii twenty years ago. Among 
tile many scientilic German works' on this subject, the 
new " Ilandbuch des Weinbaues und der Kellerwirth- 
schaft, von Frhr. A. v. Babo, iSc., Berlin, 18S3," is proba- 
bly the best and most complete. 



vinous fermentation of other saccharine juices of plants 
and fruits is also often called wine, but none contain 
the life-giving, restorative qualities, the exquisite taste, 
the delicate bouquet, that harmonious combination of 
substances that we enjoy in the properly fermented 
juice of the grape. At all events we, as grape-growers, 
have to deal with the product of grape-juice only, and 
it is of this alone that we intend to speak. 

However important it is to fully know the nature 
and chemical substances of wine and the law of fer- 
mentation, we must restrict ourselves to tlie aV)solutely 
necessary; it may also suftice, for most practical pur- 
poses, to know that the juice of the grape contains, 
chemically speaking : 

1. Sugar, which afterwards, by fermentation, is trans- 

formed into alcohol. Mo.st of the cellular sub- 
stances in the unripe grape have transformed 
themselves, during the process of ripening, into 
sugar ; the residue of these are thrown out during 
fermentation and sink to the liottom. The less 
ripe the grapes, the more of these substances and 
the less sugar will be contained in the must. 

2. Acids, — tartaric, tannic, and other acids, more or 

less, according to the degree of ripeness and the 
character of the grapes. ^ 

3. Albumen— 3. nitrogenous snljstance, plainly visible 

in the white scum of the must. Also : some resin- 
ous substances, gum, affecting the body and taste 
of the wine ; coloring matter, adhering to the 
skin, giving the color especially to red wines ; 
and so-called extractive matter. All the«c sub- 
stances, and many more, which have been chem- 
ically analyzed, are combined and dissolved in 
about three to four times their quantity of water 
in the juice of the grape. 
As long as this juice is inclosed in the skin, whicii 
protects it from contact with the oxygen ofatmospheric 
air, so long no fermentation can take place. As soon as 
the grapes are mashed, the influence of the air begins 
to act thereon. Spores of ferment are contained every- 
where in our atmosphere and develop themselves 
under certain conditions ; tlie.v grow and augment in 
the must (as can be seen by the aid of a microscope), 
decomposing the sugar, setting the fluid in motion, 
and forming alcohol ; at the same time the other sub- 
stances comliine, transform, and form new substances. 
Thus, however clear the unfermented juice may be, it 
becomes turbid by fermentation ; the albumen com- 
mences to oxydize ; the alcohol, while forming, sepa- 
rates the coloring matter from the skin ; carbonic acid 
gas is formed in the mass, pushing up the firm parts 
and forming a dense cover over the liquid : the gas is 
developed in increasing quantities and escapes with a 
bubbling noise, and the heat of tlie fermenting mass 
is augmented. Gradually all these phenomena dis- 
appear, fermentation becomes less stormy, and the 
undissolved substances and new-formed matter fall 
to the bottom. The ««» wine is formed ; by degrees 
it becomes almost clear, but fermentation still con- 
tinues, slowly, almost imperceptiljly ; there are still 
substances of the must, finely distributed, floating 
in the young wine, and these substances, under an 
increased temperature, create anew a stronger fer- 
mentive motion, untU the wine is clear and fully de- 
veloped. 



62 



Wiiie-makiini. 



BU8HBERG CATALOGUE. 



Wine-making. 



The more sugar grapes contain, the more alcohol 

will be developed in the wine under proper fermenta- 
tion, and the more durable will it be, from the fact 
that the floating yeast more effectually settles. The 
dural)ility of a wine depends largely on the quantity 
of the remaining undissolved substances in the same ; 
it is therefore necessary to free it from those substances 
as soon as possible. The more regular, uninterrupted 
and complete the first fermentation, the more of the 
dregs or lees will have settled and tlie better the wine 
will liecome ; particles of the sugar, however, remain 
floating undecomposed until after the second fermen- 
tation, usually during the time of the next blooming 
of the vines. Some of the acids, tannin, and albumen, 
are also generallj' precipitated and settle only during 
the second summer ; and not till then can most wines 
be considered completely developed. Even after that 
period there is a further change perceptible in most 
wines ; they become milder, and not only their taste 
but also their effects change. Old wines are considered 
less intoxicating and more beneficial ; but there is a 
limit to this improvement by age, and very old wines 
become rougher, and less palatable, unless younger 
wine is added from time to time. 

It is self-evident that the qualities of wine depend 
on the combination and proportion of the above 
mentioned substances in the must, and their proper 
developnrent during fermentation. From analysis of 
the best wines we find that a good wine should contain 
from 10 to VI per cent, of alcohol, from 1 to 3 per cent, 
extractive substances, and !;< percent (a to 6 pr. mille) 
acids, bouquet and aroma in proper proportions (which 
cannot be expressed or measured by any scale) . 

The alcoholic strength of wines can not be measured 
by any of the so-called wine-scales ; these show the spe- 
cific gravity, but never the alcoholic strength. A small 
distilling apparatus, Alambic SaUeron, would be re- 
quired for this purpose. ( Instructions in its use 
accompany this in,strument.) The wine-maker may, 
however, know in advance, from the sugar percentage 
of his must, how many per cent, of alcohol his wine 
will have, after complete fermentation, calculating 1 
per cent, of alcohol for every 2 per cent, of sugar, mea- 
sured by Oechsle's well known must-scale. For a cor- 
rect examination of the must, it should be clear 
(filtered), not yet fei'meuting, and its temperature 
about 65" F. (14" R. or 17^ C.) Tables showing the 
percentage of sugar for the various degrees of 
Oechsle's scale may be obtained with the instrument. 
To determine the acidity of wines, as well as of must, 
we have now in Twichell's acidometer a safe and 
practical instrun]cnt. 

Wines are generally classified (according to their .sac- 
charine substances) as follows : 

(1) Dry Wines, in which all the grape sugar has 
been absorbed or transmuted by fermentation. 

(2) Sweet Wines, which still contain a considera- 
ble quantity of sugar. 

The former might be called the Wines of the North ; 
the latter, the Wines of the South. The northern wines 
contain more acidity, and are consequently of a richer 
perfume, bouquet ; the southern wines lack acidity ; 
the spirituous element, sweetness, is predominating ; 
they generally have no bouquet, and even the strong 



muscadine flavor of some southern grapes disappears- 

in a few years. 

With regard to color, wines are classified as White 
and Red wines, though there are many shades between 
the two extremes, from the pale greenish-yellow ofthe 
Kelly Island Catawba to the deep dark red of our Nor- 
ton's Virginia. The intermediate shades are generally 
not as well liked. Sometimes wines are also classified 
as Still and Sparkling wines, a merely artificial 
classification, as the sparkling is simply the result of a 
peculiar mode of manipulation (by fermentation in 
closed bottles, so as to retain and hold the carbonic 
acid gas)— a manipulation too complicated to be here 
described, or to be of any practical use to most wine- 
growers. 

We shall now endeavor to proceed to the modus oper- 
11)1(1! of the grape-grower as a producer of still wines. 

II. — Gathering the Grapes — Mashinci ami Pressing. 

Some are impatient to gather their grapes for wine- 
making as soon as they color, others delay until they 
are over-ripe. Both are wrong. Not until the grapes 
have reached their full sweetness, the berries separate 
easily from the stem, the stems have lost their freshness 
and have become harder, dryer, Ijrown or woody, are 
they ripe ; but when they have reached that state of ma- 
turity gathering should not be delayed. It is impossi- 
ble to describe or determine with exactness the point of 
full maturity ; some varieties, csjiecially those deficient 
in acidity, will reach it sooner than others, and in bad 
seasons grapes will not reach a perfect degree of ma- 
turity. In such seasons it would be even more useless 
than in favorable years to wait for an improvement by 
"after-ripening," as, aside from the danger of their en- 
tirely spoiling by late rains and frost, the loss in quan- 
tity would be far greater than the gain in quality. 
Grape-growers cannot afford to risk a large portion of 
their crop for a little better quality, especially as long 
as the latter is not sulticiently appreciated and paid for 
in this country. The dangers of loss are, of course, 
greater in the northern than in the more southern 
States, and in some localities the fidl season is so con- 
stantly dry and warm that the above rule is thereby 
modified ; moreover, some varieties improve more than 
others by getting over-ripe, and are far better adapted 
for late gathering. As such, we would especially name 
the Norton's Virginia. 

To obtain a wine of superior (juality it is necessary 
to SELECT the best and most perfectly ripened grapes, 
of varieties best adapted for wine, and to press them 
separate from those which are poor in quality or im- 
perfectly ripe. But, instead of .sorting the gathered 
grapes, it is generall.v considered more advisable^ 
especially in seasons when the grapes do not ripen 
evenly — to sort them while gathering ; that is to say, 
to pick first the best and ripest grapes, and let the 
others hang on the vines several days to ripen more 
fully ; thus making two gatherings from the same 
vines. We here desire also to caution wine-growers 
not to plant too many varieties. A few kinds, suited 
to their locality, will pay best and make better 
wine. By this we do not wish to discourage the test- 
ing of different and new varieties, in small quantities, 
with a view to progress and improvement; but the 
planting of a great many varieties, each insufficient in 



Wine-making. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



Wine -making. 63 



itself, would necessitate the gathering of their grapes 
while some are not sufficiently ripened, others over- 
ripe, and these mixed together, cannot produce good 
wine. It almost seems unnecessary to say, that white- 
wine grapes and red-wine grapes should each l)e gather- 
ed and pressed separately. Grapes sliould be gathered 
with knives or scissors adapted to the purpose, and not 
torn from the vines merely by the hand. Some gather 
in baskets, others in hods, made for the purpose ; but, 
whatever kind of vessels may be used, it is important 
that these as well as all vessels used in wine-making 
should be perfectly cli:.\x. Plenty of fresh water for 
washing them is, therefore, an essential requirement. 
Some first use hot water, to which some lime and salt 
have been added, in order to remove every trace of 
fungus which may have formed, and, after leaving 
such water in the vessels about 24 hours, rinse the 
same with plenty of pure cold water. 

The grapes being gathered, we now come to — 

The mashing or crushing, which is generally done 
in a press-house. For this purpose we use a wine-mim,, 
consisting of two roughly notched rollers, so arranged 
as to be moved by a crank and cog-wheels in opposite 
directions, and having a hopper over them. Its con- 
struction is so simple tliat no explanation is required. 
The mashers should be so adjusted as to avoid the 
laceration of tlie stems and combs of the grapes, yet 
close enough to break each berry witliout crushing the 
kernels. Some wine-makers believe that the stems 
should be removed from the berries before mashing, 
which is done by the aid of sieves or rasps ; others con- 
tend that tlie wines are not materially improved there- 
by, and that for red wines especially it is better not to 
remove the stems; owing, probably, to the tannin 
which these contain. But when the grapes liave 
ripened poorly, and had to be gathered in that con- 
dition, it is necessary to remove the comb, which, 
being green, would still more increase the acidity and 
roughness. 

Tlie press-house or press-room need not be in or 
near the vineyard, but should always be close to, and, 
best, immediately above the wine-cellar. It might be 
divided into two parfs — one for mashing and pressing, 
the other for the fermenting-room. The press and 
mill should be placed in the centre of the press-room, 
leaving space enough to go all around the press in 
turning the sci-ew with the press-beam. 

The pressing, whereby the must ia separated from 
the mashed grapes, called the marc or pommace, can 
be done with any kind of a cider-press ; for large quan- 
tities, however, good screw-presses, specially made for 
wine, are generally used ; and the principal qualities 
of a good press are — to require but little force, and to 
afford abundant means of outflow to the juice. 

The mode and method of using the press, before 
and after iermentation, differs widely, according to the 
kinds of wine we intend to make. Before speaking of 
these, it is necessary to remark that the temperature 
of the room, while fermentation is going on, should be 
kept uniform without interruption : here in Soutliern 
Missouri at about 70' Fahrenheit (about 17° Reaum.);* 
in the South, where wine-making commences in Au- 
gust, it should be so arranged that it can be kept as 

* In Northern wine regions a lower temperature 
(about Ou" 1'. = \i° R.) will tavor a slower fermentation. 



cool as possible, and farther North so as to keep it ■ 
WARM — by the aid of fire, if necessary. A fireplace and 
kettle may also otherwise prove very usefid in the 
Press-house. 

To the necessary furniture of the press-house fer- 
menting-vats also belong, and may be ordered of any 
suitable size (not less than 100 gallons) from any expe- 
rienced cooper ; these are best made of poplar-wood ; 
then good pine or cedar tubs and pails, not forgetting 
the must-scale, heretofore mentioned; and, finally, 
sufficient hose to run the fermented wine down the 
cellar. A good common house-cellar, cool in summer 
and safe against frost in winter, will fully answer the 
])urpose. 

For those, however, who intend to make wine on a 
large scale, a separate winf-cellak will, of course, be- 
come a necessity. A good wine-cellar should be dry ; 
in damp cellars the casks become mouldy the wine 
gets a bad taste and spoils. The cellar should be well 
drained, that it may be daDy washed, for which pur- 
pose it must be amply supplied with water ; it should 
have a sufficient number of air-Iiolcs to regulate venti- 
lation and temperature. The temperature of a wine- 
cellar should not rise above 60"-' F. (12" R.) in summer, 
nor fall below 50" F. (8" R.) in winter. Such a cellar, 
with press-house and fer:nenting-room, store-room for 
casks, pumps and other tools, costs thousands of dol- 
lars, a'nd the additional expense of having plans and 
specifications made by an able architect or builder, 
well informed as to the requirements of a good wine- 
cellar, will be money well spent; it will protect you from 
great losses, which are the inevitable result of jioorly 
and incorrectly constructed wine-cellars. In places 
where deep cellars are impracticable or too costly, 
good wine-cellars can also be built above ground, on 
the system of the American ice-houses, whose double 
frame walls are tightly stuffed with straw, sawdust, - 
ashes, or other substances which are non-conductors 
of heat; the roof should be well projecting and heavily 
covered with straw. 

As necessary /«rHi(»rc and ioo/.s of a producer's wine- 
cellar must be mentioned: supports and layers of 
sound timber on which the I'asks rest, about IS inches 
above the floor and at least 1.5 inches from the wall, so 
as to enable you to examine and to clean the casks at 
all times. The casks should vary in size from 100 to 
500 gallons (the capacity to be distinctly marked on 
each). Very large establishments will, of course, also 
use larger casks. They should be made of good, well 
seasoned white oak wood. The larger sized casks 
should have so-called '■man-holes," through which a 
man can slip in and clean them thoroughly ; also, 
wooden funnels, pails and tubs, which can be obtained 
from any cooper ; faucets, funnels ; thieves for draw- 
ing samples out through the bunghole ; rotary pumps 
with rubber hose, to facilitate the drawing oft' from 
one cask into another; bunghole-borers, wooden ham- 
mers, and various kinds oC other tools; sulphur-strips 
and hooks, candles and candlesticks, gauge sticks and 
measures, wine-glasses for tasting ; small step-ladders, 
and other utensils which are demanded in the course 
of operations, and may be seen in any properly fur- 
nished wine-cellar. 

New casks, however, are not ready and fit to receive 
wine ; they must first be rinsed with boiling hot water 



"64 Wine-making. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Wine-making. 



— the casks must, however, he emptied again before 
the water gets cold — they are then filled with fresh 
water daily during several days, then again a few gal- 
lons of liot water, in which common salt (two ounces 
to each gallon) has been dissolved, are to b; poured 
into the empty cask, the bung firmly put in, and the 
cask rolled or turned until every part has been in 
contact with the hot salt water. After this operation 
(considered unnecessary by some) the cask is treated in 
like manner with two to four gallons of fermenting or 
boiling hot young wine. This is called making new 
casks ifine-green. Another process much in use, is to 
put in the cask a hot lime-wash, made of unslaked 
lime and liot water, forming a kind ot milk ; the cask 
is turned about, so that its entire inside becomes 
coated with the mixture; after wbich the cask is 
washed with clean water, and finally rinsed with hot 
wine, as before. If this last operation is not conven- 
ient, pour in a pint of pure alcohol, or brandy, and 
ignite it, leaving the bung .slightly open. The fumes 
of the burning brandy will free the wood from its un- 
pleasant taste, which would otherwise taint the wine. 
In large modern wine-houses steam is used to great 
advantage in this important operation. 

■WTien a wine-cask is emptied, and not at once refilled 
with other wine, it should be cleaned, and when dry 
a small piece of sulphur (about 1 inch square) should 
be burnt in the cask, which is then to be closed tightly 
by the bung ; when it is again to be used, it must be 
examined as to tightness, by pouring water into it, 
and, if leaking, is to be made tight by filling it with 
water and driving the hoops until it ceases to leak. 
It must also be examined as to the purity of its air, 
which can be tested by a small piece of burning sul- 
phur strip or paper. If extinguished when brought 
into the cask, this indicates the impurity of its air, 
from wbii'b it may be freed by the common small bel- 
lows, and by then washing it thoroughly, as above in- 
dicated. Old casks and barrels which are to be used for 
wine must be watered and treated in like manner as 
new casks to be made wine-green ; but never use a 
mouldy or sour cask ; better burn it up than to at- 
tempt its cure. 

WHITE WINES. 

The white wine grapes — and as a rule, no black or 
blue grajjes should be used for white wine— are to be 
mashed, as soon as they are hauled to the press-house. 
This is best done in a grape-mill, placed above the fer- 
menting vat. The vat is covered with a board or cloth, 
as soon as filled, and the mashed grapes are there 
allowed to ferment from 24to48hours. Thejuice which 
may then run off through the faucet inserted in the 
spigot hole near the lower end of the vat, is put into 
a well prepared, clean cask ; then the entire balance 
of the mashed grapes is pressed, and the juice which 
comes off from the press is added to that obtained 
without pressing. 

The cask into which the juice has thus been put 
should not be completely filled, nor the bung liole 
closed, as long as violent fermentation lasts. Dur- 
ing that time the (carbonic acid) gas which rises and 
fills that space, prevents any access of air, and the old 
method of closing the bung-hole by a grape leaf over 
which a small sand-bag is placed, is still preferable to 
any complicated syphon. Care must he taken that the 



sand-bags remain clean, for if soaked by the must or 
by wine, vinegar would form in them ; some, there- 
fore, use a cork stopper, holding a doubly bent glass- 
or rubber-pipe leading into a small glass jar, half- 
filled with water, through which the gas escapes with- 
out admiting the outer atmosphere. A funnel-shaped 
bowl with an air tube or chimney in the centre, cover- 
ed by an inverted cup or tumbler, which forces the 
escaping gas to pass through the water in the bowl, 
combines the same advantages and is less apt to break 
or get out of order. When the principal fermentation 
has ceased, or is no more perceptible, the cask should 
be filled up with similar young white wine, and then 
closed with a tight fitting wooden bung. Mohr re- 
commends a cork bung perforated by a glass tube 
filled with cotton, whereby the atmospheric air would 
be admitted witliout any germs of fungi. Babo re- 
commends an ordinary wooden bung, perforated by a 
few small air holes, so arranged that an india-rubber 
ring will close it against the air, yet permit the escape 
of any carbonic-gas by the elasticity of the ring. 

White wine can also be made from black or blue 
grapes, as the coloring matter is merely in the skin 
and is dissolved only during fermentation ; conse- 
quently, by pressing the grapes at once, as soon as 
mashed (or even without first mashing), and before 
fermentation commences, thus separating part of the 
juice of the husks, ^ white or light-colored wine is ob- 
tained. The pressings, still containing a greal deal of 
juice, are then thrown into the fermenting-vat, some 
sugar-water is added to replace the portion of the juice 
heretofore withdrawn by a light pressing, and, after 
fermenting for several days, they are pressed again, and 
a red wine is produced from the same grapes. While 
we do not recommend this method, and consider both 
the white wine and red wine thus made as inferior to 
what could have been produced from the same grapes 
had their juice been allowed to ferment altogether on 
the husks, it certainly does not deserve that vituper- 
ation which has been heaped on our producers, who, 
in view of the failure of the Catawba and other white- 
wine grapes, resorted to that method with the Con- 
cord. Hereafter it will scarcely be practiced by any, 
since there are a number of productive white-wine 
grapes planted, and especially since grape-juice is 
cheaper than sugar-water. 

After the main or violent fermentation the must 
will have become clear young wine, provided that 
fermentation has been uninterrupted and complete ; 
having become clear, in December or .Tanuary, it is 
drawn oflT, from its sediment into clean, properly pre- 
pared wine casks. By this drawing off the young wine 
again becomes cloudy, only to become clearer in March 
or April following, when it is again drawn off before 
its second fermentation. As soon as it is apparent 
that, with the rise of temperature, in May, this second 
fermentation approaches, the bungs must be opened, 
some wine drawn off from the full casks to make room 
for the inevitable expansion, and the sandbag or other 
apparatus is placed on the bung-holes until the term- 
ination of this second fermentation, when the yeast 
and other impurities will have been precipitated and 
settled, and the finished wine must be drawn off again 
into clean, well-prepared casks. The proper and fre- 
quent c/ra icih;/ q^f is one of the most essential opera- 



Wine-makin(/. 



GRAPE MANUAL. 



Wine-making. Sfr 



tions in wine-making. The object thereby aimed at 

is not merely to separate the young wine from its sedi- 
ment, the dregs or lees, but to bring it in contact with 
the atmospheric air— while in older wines such contact 
must be carefully avoided. In drawing off the young 
wine we use a vulcanized rubber hose, one end of 
which is placed in the wine, so as not to touch the bot- 
tom of the cask, and from the other end the air is 
drawn, by the mouth, until the wine flows through it 
into wooden pails or tubs below. By a mere pressure 
of the two fingers the hose is closed and the flow stop- 
ped at will ; tlie clear wine is filled into fresh casks by 
the aid of the wooden funnel, heretofore mentioned 
among the necessary tools. Rotary pumi-is, specially 
made for wine, are now generally used for drawing off 
older wines ; but, as long as the wine is not quite and 
permanently clear, contact with the air during the 
dravving-oflf process is necessary. Permanent clearness, 
however, is often reached only after the wine has 
passed si.x or more times through this process. 

This slow process of clearing or finishing the wines 
is accelerated by fining (with isinglass, gelatine, eggs, 
&c.), by filtering, by aerating, by heating (Pasteuriz- 
ing), and other artificial methods, which require spe- 
cial skill and apparatus, and which belong more to the 
manipulations of the wine-dealer's cellar than to those 
of the producer. 

RED WINES 

diflTer from white wines not merely in color, derived 
from the black or dark blue grape-skins, but these 
also contain other valuable ingredients, especially 
more tanin, which gives to red wines a peculiar char- 
acter and important hygienic qualities. 

The red-v/ine grapes need not be crushed as soon 
after picking as the white-wine grapes. Many author- 
ities recommend that their stems be first removed, as 
these contain and impart more acidity than is desira- 
ble in red wines. The grapes are usually fermented 
from one to two weeks in upright, firmly closed fer- 
menting vats, in which a perforated double or false 
bottom is placed, at about one-fourth the space from 
the top. This false bottom is to prevent the rising of 
the husks to the top of the liquid, as they would do in a 
fermentingtub without such double bottom, when they 
would have to be pushed down into the liquid several 
times each day, to prevent the formation of acetic acid 
in those husks, and to extract from them all the color 
and other valuable substances. The vat is, of course, 
first filled with the crushed grapes, then the double 
bottom is put in, so that it will be covered by about 
three inches of pure juice, which may be drawn off by 
the opening or faucet below, and poured in again after 
the double bottom is placed over the grape-mash. 
The fermenting bung or funnel is used the same as in 
white wines, to exclude the air and permit the escape 
of the carbonic acid gas. In various wine countries 
somewhat different methods are in use, but in all and 
every one of them success depends on a rapid, com- 
plete and uninterrupted fermentation, and this de- 
pends on the temperature of the fermenting room, 
which should be kept at about 75° F. (18-20" R.) by 
artificial heating if necessary. 

The further treatment of red wines is entirely the 
same as that of white wines, and red wines are gener- 
ally much sooner ripe and finished if at first well fer- 



mented ; but if this has not been well done, its after 

fermentation and cure will be the more difficult ; such 
red wines will receive a disagreeable sweetish-sour 
taste, and all the fining will sooner be harmful than 
beneficial. 



All wine-books contain more or less voluninous in- 
structions upon various methods of improving the 
must which is to be made from sour grapes, gathered 
during unfavorable seasons, and of curing wines 
which have suffered either from defective fermenta- 
tion, or through errors and neglects in their treatment. 

We do not pretend to condemn all these meth- 
ods, as many others do ; but while we consider it 
justifiable that the producer endeavor to improve his, 
wine by an addition of pure sugar to the must, if it has 
been insufficiently developed in the grape, or to add a 
little pure spirits to the wine, to make it more dura 
ble ; and while we cannot see anything reprehensible 
in the fact that wine-producers wUl try to extract from 
the pressed husk the large portion of wine-making 
properties which they still contain, to make a very 
good, wholesome and cheap domestic wine, — especi- 
ally as the revenue laws make their distillation im- 
practicable, — we do condemn the use of any and all 
foreign deleterious substances, and of all others, so- 
called, cellar mysteries. We would also warn the inex- 
perienced against the use of any and all other attempt* 
to improve or to add anything to their wine, as these 
manipulations require scientific accuracy and practical 
skill, otherwise the result will surely be no imrovement, 
aye, will most likely prove ruinous. Moreover, the 
knowledge of the chemistry of wine is as yet very im- 
perfect. Quite lately Adolph Reihlen, of Stuttgart, 
invented a process which upsets former scientific 
doctrines. He demonstrated that the fermenting 
properties exist exclusively in the grape-skins, and 
that old wines can be readily brought to a new fer- 
mentation and restored by the use of clean and pure 
grape-skins and by the action of heat, applied to 
the wine. But his method is patented, and, there- 
fore, cannot here be described. Neither is the 
manufacture of sweet wines, cordials or liqueurs, nor 
that of sparkling wines, within the scope of this brief> 
manual. 

A natural wine, the pure juice of the grape, pro- 
perly fermented and educated, will always be superior 
to any artificially improved wine, and the only neces- 
sary conditions to obtain such superior natural wine 
are : 

1. Good ripe grapes. 

2. Clean vessels and utensils. 

3. A proper, uninterruped high temperature dur- 

ing fermentation. 

4. Drawing oflf, as herein described, in December 

or January. 

5. Drawing off again in March or April. 

6. Drawing off after second fermentation. 

7. Keeping the casks full, by refilling from time to 

time with good similar wine. 
If these essential conditions are strictly complied 
with — and they are neither many nor very difScult — 
wine making wUl be a success. 



•66 Wine-making. 



BD8HBERG CATALOGUE. 



Wine-making. 



Spme, however, say that American wines are veiy 
inferior, " sean'ely flt to drinls" ! This was the precon- 
ceived opinion of foreigners and of a great many Amer- 
icans too; also, most American hotels and restaurants 
keep none but foreign wines— or else native wines under 
foreign names and labels; — and we are often asked 
whether we hoped ever to produce as good wines here 
as in Europe? Now, while we nre far from presum- 
ing that '* we can make Avines which will rival and sur- 
pass the best wines of France, Germany, and Spain,"* 
we do claim that we are producing some very good 
wines, and shall before many years, by planting our 
best varieties and l)y progressing in the art of wine- 
making, fully equal the average production of the wine- 
countries of Europe. This is no idle boast, no mere 
opinion of our own. The ynod qualities of American 
wines arc how appreciated by the best and most impar- 
tial judges. Prof. St Pierre, tlie late celelirated Director 
of the Agi-icultural School of Montpellier,t says in his 
" Memoir" (Extract from his Rapport) : 

" The study of wines furnished by .Vmerican varieties 

has engaged my whole attention since 1875 The 

The musts of the following varieties — lacqnez, Rulander, 
Cijnthiana, Jllack July, Elrira, and many others, are found 
to be sweeter and richer than the musts of our best 

southern varieties The flue mountain wines of 

the south of France find their equivalents in the Black 
July, Jacque-:, Norton., and Cynthiana; color, alcohol, sa- 
vor, body, and keeping qualities, none are missing, and 
their products are equal to the good wines of the Pro- 
vence or of RoussiUon Trade will also find .Vmeri- 
can wines for blending, similar to those of theNarbonne; 
the color and richness of the Jacquez, Norton, Clinton, 
&c., do not yield in the least to the deep-color wines of 
France. Of those named, none excejit thi' Clinton wines 
have a disagreeable taste; and even of Ihe Clinton we 
shall obtain, by blending, age, chiriiication, &c., a wine 
that is lit to enter into general consumption. 

In the categoiy of white wines, some American varie- 
ties offer equally valuable types. The wines of Diana 
and £?iira remind us of our good Piqneponls ; the Cun- 
ningham, made as a white wine, presents characteristics 

approaching our Grenache wine It is thus evident 

that besides grafting, which enables us to obtain our 
French wines on American stocks, the direct cultivation 
of many .\merican varieties can give us wines of true 

value I hope that the prejudice against these 

wines by persons wlio never tasted any others than 
Concord and /saftcita wine, will finally fall before the evi- 
dence of experience." 

May we not hope that the iirejudice of our own Amer- 
ican jieople will finally yield, and will rather trust to 
their own palates than to foreign labels and high prices? 

But we are aware that there exists still another pre- 
judice — one which condemns all wines, both native and 
foreign, from fear of their intoxicating effects. And we 
cannot close this chapter witliout a tew words on 

* Am. Wfue and Fruit <^ rower, Aup^iist. 1882, page 75, 
t He (lieil December, 1881. 



THE TEMPERANCE QUESTION. 

Wine IS itself an apostle of temperance. The best 
medical authorities, such as Dr. Lunier, Medical Inspec- 
tor of the Insane Asylums and Prisons of France, and at 
the same time Secretary of the Temperance Society, has 
shown by able researches and reliable statistics that the 
ratio of percentages of disease and crime, attributable to 
alcoholic excesses, decreased in proportion as in each 
district the consumption of wine and beer increases; 
that the evils of intemperance are worse in the districts 
where wine and beer are scarce; that natural wine and 
beer cures the thirst for distilled .spirits instead of 
exciting it. The Fiench Temperance Society aims to 
repress entirely the circulation and sale of bad spirits- 
discovering modes of detecting them, punishing adul- 
terations, and encouraging the use of pure, cheap wine, 
beer, tea, and coffee, as the best means of curing the 
thirst for distilled alcohol. 

.\merican travellers, returning from Southern Europe, 
who were strong opponents of wine before they visited 
tliose countries, now testify that where wine is most 
abundant, cheap, and generally used by the people, 
drunkenness does not exist. The French Temperance 
Society receives the hearty support of all the leading 
physicians, scientists, legislators, and of all intelligent 
men. Such a Society in America, if lu-ojierly organized, 
would receive similar support from all intelligent citi- 
zens of our country ; but our Temperance Societies here, 
aiming after absolute prohibition, regardless of the 
principles of personal liberty, injure the very cause 
which tliey advocate with more zeal than wisdom. 

From time immemorial the art of making wine and 
its uses have existed all over the world; and whereso- 
ever the attempt has been made to suppress it (as in 
China), the use of enervating opiates has taken the place 
of invigorating wine. Let wine and beer di'inking be 
prohibited, and the use of opium, the seci'ct tii>pling of 
strong drinks, the increase of vice and intemperance, 
would be the consequence. In all civilized countries 
there is scarce a festive board without wine. The churcli 
uses it in her sacred service as the syTubol of (iod's 
choicest gifts; the physician prescribes it as a health - 
restoring tonic to the sick and convalescing. We do 
not deny that wine is intoxicating if used to exces; but 
*' good wine is a good familiar creature if it be well 
used." 

Grape culture extends over hundred.-, of thousands of 
acres, the annual ]>i'oduction of wine has reached hun- 
dreds of millions of gallons ; a mere insignillcant pro- 
portion of the gi-ape i^roduction can be utilized for the 
table and culinaiy puriioses ; none of our American va- 
rieties are adapted for maicing raisins: thus, grape cul- 
ture is and will ever remain inseparable from making 
Wine— ";/m( makes glad the heart of man." — Ps. civ. 15. 



DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE, 



:i. 

i. 
5. 
B. 



10. 
II. 
1-2. 



NUTE TO TIIIO liE.VDER. — The loUowins Descriptive List of American (irapes includes all varieties which have 
ever received the attention of Viticulturists, and even all novelties of which we could obtain any reliable infor- 
mation. Tlie descriptions are pi-obably the most complete that have so far appeared, and are the best we could 
give with the resources at our command We are well aware, however, of their incompleteness, compared with 
the exact method of European Viticulturists. 
The international ampelographic formula for such descriptions demands — 

1. The name, synonyms, ori^^in, home of the variety, and where mostly cultivated. 
■2. History, literature of the variety, and its illustrations. 

J'ine, its general characteristics ; vigor of gi'owth ; fertility, hardiness ; j'esistanee to frost, to parasitic dis- 
eases, to insects; requirements of climate, soil, culture, &c. 
Wood, heavy or light, long or short-jointed ; color of wood ; character of e>'e ov bud. 
Shoots, pushing early or late, smooth or hairy, color, &c. 

Leaves — foliage, its size, shape, sinuosity, (lobed), upper and lower surface, (smooth, glossy, hairy, wooly.) 
Pe(«o/c— stem of the leaf, long or short, hairy or smooth, green or red. 
Leaf-fail, early or late, change of color, (to yellow or red, preceeding fjill.) &e. 
Bunch, size, shape, shouldered or not, compact or loose. 

Stem, peduncles, tendrils, long t>r short, smooth or warty, intennittent or continuous, &c. 
Berries, size, shape, skin, color, pulp or flesh, taste and use; for table or for wine, or both; keeping quality. 
Period of ripening, early, medium, late, — and other characteristics. 
^\MrELO<iRAPHv, the descrijition of gi-ape-vines, is comparatively a new science, and a complete description i>f 
American varieties according to this international formula is as yet impossible, and must be left to the future, 
to abler hands, to Ijotanists. It would require large subventions, such as the Governments of Kurope and her 
rich patrons of viticulture have bestowed on .Vmpelographie Works, illustrating them with large, tine, colored 
Plates, which are very costly. We have tried to furnish the best possible at a mere trifling cost, within reach of 
even the humblest grape grower. 
Moreover, we consider all description by words inadequate, and even "figures" seem but insuflicient aids. It is 
only by familiarizing one's self with the CHARAtTERiSTics of the species to which a variety respectively 
belongs that descriptions become thoroughly intelligible ; knowing the distinct characteristics which, by com- 
munity of descent, all varieties of a certain class possess, their minu(e description according to the European 
fomiula becomes almost unnecessaiy, as will be found by studying the excellent treatise of Dr. G. KNciEi.jiANS 
on the classification of the true Grape-vines of the United States, written for our Catalogue (pages fl-20). 
\A'e have, therefore, coupled with each Variety the species to which it is (or seems) most closely allied, or from which 
it orignated. First is given the stanuari) name in FULL-FACE type; then the synonyms in small capitals; 
then the species in italics, abbreviating them thus : {^Est.) for ,Estivalis, (Labr.) for Labrusea, (,Rip.) forHiparia, 
stating the parents from whicli it originated, as far as known x>v supposed. 
Tile description of leading varieties and of the most promising novelties is printed in larger type (Bourgeois) ; the 
description of varieties which are generally discarded, or planted only in some particular localities, and not 
very desirable except for amateur culture, also of new varieties but little known and not yet disseminated, are 
printed in smaller type (Minion). 
The descriptions of the moi'C impt)rtant varieties contain also some notes on their roots and wood-growth, based 
on our observations only; undei" different conditions of soil, climate. &c., these may vary materially ; as also the 
weight of must, which is intended to show the sugar in degrees on Oechsle's scale, and the acid in mills by Twicli 
ell's acidonteter, in favorable seasons, in our own vineyards. 
Of neiv varieties not yet sufficiently tested, we have given the descriptions as received from their originators, omit- 
ting what Tiiay in iuture prove to be undue exaltations, as several years of observation are necessary to deter- 
mine with accuracy the character and value of a variety ; and even the praises by impartial authorities, which 
we quote in the description of promising new varieties, must be received with some allowance. 
In order to bring the Illustrations of Grapes on the same or adjoining pages with their descriptions, slight deviations 
from the exact alphabetical order were unavoidable. If any viiriety is not immediately found, please refer to 
the Index. 



Adirondac, (Labr.) Originated at Port Hen- 
ry, Essex Co., N. Y. (first noticed 1S52). Prob- 
ably a seedling of the Isabella, being much 
like it in growth and foliage. Ripens very ear- 
ly, about the same time as the Hartford Pro- 
lific. Bmich large, compact, rarely shouldered; 
berry roundish-oval, large, oblong, black, cov- 
ered with a delicate bloom, transparent, with 
a tender pulp ; thin skin ; juicy and vinous ; 
quality best "when you can get it." 

Reports generally unsatisfactory. A slow, 
tender grower. Young vines have mildewed, 
and older ones need protection. Blooms early, 



and fruit destroyed by late frosts. Roots very 
weak and tender. An amateur grape only. 

Advance, {tfi/hr.) One of Eiekett's* earlier seed- 
lings, a cross between Clinton and Black Hamburg. 
" A superior grape, and at that time (1872), perhaps in 
advance of all his others. The berry is blaclc, with a 
slight blue bloom, roundish-oval; bmic/i large, long 
and shouldered ; flesh too good to describe, except 
pomologically, and then I thinlc it would read ' best.' " 
—F. H. Elliult, X. Y. 

Bunch large, berry medium, thin skin, scarcely any 
pulp ; sweet and very sprightly— decidedly one of the 

* See Rtckett's .Seedling Grapes. 



68 



Adelaide. 



BUSH BERG CATALOGUE. 



Alvey. 



best very early grapes we have yet met with. Vine 
healthy, vigorous and productive, but the iruit rots 
badly. Fully ripe .luly 30.— .sVim. 3Iilh'r, Bhifftuii. Mo. 

FoUufie much inclined to mildew in unfavorable sea- 
sons, more so even than others of the hybrids. Fruit 
much inclined to rot; consequently not recommended 
where these diseases prevail. 

Adelaide. One of Jas. H. Rickett's new grapes; 
a hybrid between Concord and Muscat Hamburg. It 
is described as of medium size ; berry of oval shape, 
black, with light bine bloom ; of a sweet but sprightly 
flavor ; purpled red flesh. 

Alexander. Syns.: C.\pe, Black Cape, Schuyl- 
kill MUSCADELL, CONSTANTIA, SPEINGMILL - CoN, 

.STANTiA, Clifton's Constantia, Tasker's Gkape, 
Vevay, Winne. Rotheock of Prince, York Lisbon. 
(Lahr.) This grape was first discovered by Alexander, 
gardener to Gov. Penn, on the banks of the Schuyl- 
kill, near Philadelphia, before the war of the revolu- 
tion. It is not unfrequently found, as a seedling from 
the wild Fox Grape, on the borders of our woods. 
American grape culture proper began with the plant- 
ing of this variety, at the beginning of our century, by 
a Swiss colony, at Vevay, in Switzerland Co., Indiana, 
on the Ohio River, i'i miles below Cincinnati. It was 
for some time supposed to be the famous grape of the 
Constancia colony, on the Cape of Good Hope. 

Whether John .Tames Dufour, the respected leader 
of that Swiss colony, shared that error, or whether he 
deemed it necessary to leave them in this error— while 
he had the sagacity to discover that their former fail- 
ures (in .TessamineOo., Ky., 1790-1801) were caused by 
planting foreign grape-vines, and intentionally substi- 
tuted a native variety— we do not know ; certain it is 
that this was the first successful attempt to establish 
vine-yards in our country. A very good wine, resem- 
bling claret, was made from the C'a/>e, and it was the 
favorite of former days until displaced by the Catawba. 
(The White Cape is similar to the above, diflering only 
in its color, which is greenish-white.) Downing de- 
scribes it as follows: " Bunehes rather compact, not 
shouldered ; berries of medium size, oval ; skin thick, 
quite black; flesh with a very firm pulp, but juicy; 
makes a very fair wine, but is quite too pulpy and 
coarse for taljle use, though quite sweet and musky 
when fully ripe, which is not tiU the last of October. 
Leaves much more doivny than those of the Isabella." 

W. R. Prince, in his Treatise on the Vine (N. Y., 
1830), enumerates eighty-eight varieties of American 
grapes, but " for profit can only recommend the Ca- 
tawba and the Cape ; one-tenth of the latter variety 
would be enough. Of the two recommended above, the 
Catawba is much the most productive, but the Cape is 
tesssuhject to rot. Both make good wines." 

Aletba. {Lahr.) A seedling of Catawba, originated 
at Ottawa, 111. ; said to ripen ten days in advance of 
Hartford Prolific. "£»7(c/ies medium size, stem long; 
berries hanging rather loosely ; skin thick, color dark 
purple ; juice nearly black, staining the hands and 
mouth. Flesh quite pulpy, with a decided foxy 
aroma; in foxiness and astringency it is much the 
same as a well ripened Isabella." Said to promise 
well as a wine grape for northern localities. Not dis- 
seminated, which is not to be regretted, judging from 
the above desription. 



Albino. Syn : Garber's Albino {Labr.) Raised! 
by J. B. Garber, Columbia, Pa., (supposed to be a 
seedling of Isabella). Bunch smaW; 6err_i/ nearly round, 
slightly oval ; yellowish or amber color. Flesh acid ■ 
tough ; too late for the north. — Chas. DowniTig. 

AUen'.s Hybrid. Raised by John Pisk Allen, 
Salem, Mass.; across between the Golden Chas- 
selas and the Isabella; the Jfr.^t of American 
hybrid grapes, exhibited Sept. 9, 1854, at the 
Massachusetts Horticultural Society meeting. 
Ripens early, aboutwith theConcord. Bunches 
large and long, moderately compact ; berries 
full medium to large; skin thin, semi-trans- 
parent ; color nearly white, tinged with amber ; 
flesh tender and delicate, without pulp, juicy 
and delicious ; has a mild, muscat flavor ; 
quality best. The leaves have a peculiar 
appearance, and partly foreign character It 
is apt to mildew and rot, and can not be recom- 
mended for general culture, though it is worthy 
a place in amateur collet-tious. From a union, 
of Allen's Hybrid with Concord, the Lady 
Washington was produced. 

Alvey. Syn: Hagar (ITybr.) Introduced 
by Dr. Harvey, of Hagerstown, Md. Generally 
classed with ^-Est., but its characteristics point 
to a different species. Its erect growth, soft 
and short jointed wood, rooting very easily 
from cuttings ; the exquisite quality, pure 
vinous flavor — all point to the Vinifera, and 
force us to the conclusion that yl/ye^ originated, 
from an intermixture of Vinifera and ^Estivalis, 
crossed by natural hybridization. Bunches 
medium, loose, shouldered ; berries small, 
round, black ; sweet, juicy and vinous, without 
pulp ; a slow grower, making a stout short- 
jointed wood ; moderately productive ; roots 
medium thick, more inclined to the wiry 
character of the iEstivalis class, with a me- 
dium smooth liber. Canes remarkably straight 
and upright, gradually tapering, and not in- 
clined to ramble like most American varieties. 
Tendrils short and thin, often three-forked; 
buds covered with sliglit hairy down ; the 
dark, medium sized foliage has also a slightly 
downy, whitish lower face ; the tender young 
leaflets are very thin and almost transparent. 
Laterals few and feeble ; wood rather soft, 
with large pith and coarse bark. These char- 
acteristics, together with its thin skin and 
total absence of pulp, strongly indicate a 
foreign character. Excellent in quality, but 
apt to drop its leaves on southern slopes ; it 
makes a fine red wine, but too little of it, as it 
sets its fruit badly ; seems to prefer the deep 
rich, sandy loam of our nortlieastern or even 
northern slopes. Reports generally unfavor- 
able. 



Agavoam. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



Sogers'' No. 15. 69 




AGAWAM. 

Agawam. (Rogers' Hybrid No. 15.) Raised 
by E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Mass., and consid- 
ered by him as his best variety before the in- 
troduction of the Salem. It is a brownish- 
red or maroon grape, of the Hamburg cross ; 
bunches medium to large, compact, often shoul- 
dered ; berries very large, somewhat globular; 
skin thick; pulp soft; sweet, sprightly, of pe- 
culiarly aromatic flavor and a little of the 
native aroma; productive, and of great vigor 
of growth ; prefers long pruning ( " let the 



(Rogers' No. 15.) 

branches run as far as they will go"—Iiev. JS. 
Burnet, of Ontario); roots stout, fleshy and 
moderately fibrous, with a thick, smooth liber. 
Canes very stout, moderately long, with com- 
paratively few but strong laterals. Wood 
rather long-jointed, of average hardness and 
medium sized pith. Buds large and prominent. 
Ripens soon after the Concord. Reports gen- 
erally satisfactory ; succeeds well. In many 
localities it is inclined to mildew and rot, in 
others a decided success. 



70 



Alma. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Aminia. 



AMBER 




Alma. [Riparia-Kijbr.) A seedling of the 
Bacchus fertilized with a hybrid seedling from 
a cross between a hardy native variety and the 
"Purple Constantia," from the Cape of Good 
Hope(?), produced by Jas. H. Bicketts, who 
says, in presenting this new seedling grape : 
"I feel confident that it.willmeet the approval 
of the grape and wine-growers of America, as 
it is a pleasant dessert grape, and makes a 
splendid wine, with a rose and wintergreeu 
flavor most delicately blended. This variety 
is a fine healthy grower ; foliage large, lobed, 
slightly tomentose on the under side ; perfectly 
hardy and has never shown the least trace of 
disease. The must has stood by the scale 100- 
107; acid, 5-7." Ripens^with or soon after the 
Hartford Prolific. Bunch medium, compact, 
seldom shouldered ; bernj medium, black with 
blue bloom ; spicy andvery sweet. Vine vig- 
orous and healthy. How this will do in other 
sections and soils remains to be proved ; at 
Rickett's place it does well and is very fine. 

Amanda. (Lahr.) Description in our former edi- 
tion, copied from Catalogue of Bluti'ton Wine Co. (and 
Hort. Annual, 1868) totally differs from the fruit which 
we obtained from plants ot^same source. " It is a large 
black, thick-skinned, liard-pulped grape ; in taste and 
aroma somewhat similar to Ives and^Rentz ; the hunch 
is of medium size, compact, quite showy; the vine a 
most vigorous, healthy Labrusca. Esteemed for red 
wine by some; — may be the_same>s "August Pioneer." 



Amber [Riimria X). A sister of the 
Elvira, raised by Jacob Rommel, of 
Missouri, seems to be a cross between 
Riparia and Labrusca, having some 
characteristics of both species. Vine 
hardy, vigorous and moderately pro- 
ductive; Rommel says it should be 
fruited on spurs from old wood ; a 
rather long-jointed strong grower; 
dark brown wood, with large fo- 
foliage, some-what downy beneath. 
Bunches long, shouldered, moderately 
compact ; berry medium, oblong, pale 
amber when ripe, skin thin; pulp 
tender ; sweet, juicy and of fine flavor. 
Ripens later than Concord, and some- 
what earlier than Catawba. A table 
grape' combining good quality with 
attractive appearance, but too tender 
for shipping to distant markets ; may 
also make a very good white wine. It 
seems, however, not to hold its leaves 
as firmly as other Taylor Seedlings. 

Amber Queen (Bybr.). Described in 
EUwanger & Barry's catalogue (by the 
originator) as follows ; "Bunch large, shoul- 
dered like the Hamburg; berry large, fre- 
quently oblong; holds persistently to the 
bunch; amber colored at tirst, but grows 
darker till it becomes a purple grape ; flesh 
tender, rich, and seeds small ; plant a strong grower, 
with thick leaves, somewhat downy on the under side. 
Fruit always eatable in August, and with proper care 
will keep "all winter." (We have never seen this 
grape. B. &S. &M.) 

Aminia. (Supposed Rogers' No. 39.) In Fall 
of 1867 we tried to get those of Rogers' un- 
named hybrids, which we had not yet tested, 
and aware of the confusion existing as to their 
numbers, wo obtained a few of each number 
from difierent sources at the same time. Of 
those which we planted as No. 39 three sur- 
vived, but not two of them were alike. One 
of them proved especially valuable. To ascer- 
tain whether this was the true No. 39 we ad- 
dressed Mr. Rogers, to let us have a plant or 
a graft of the original No. 39, but were in- 
formed that the original stock was lost! 

One of our vines No. 39 proved so valuable, 
that we determined to propagate it, and 
planted fifty vines thereof, while we destroyed 
the other two. From the commendation given 
to No. 39 at the quarter-centennial session of 
the Am. Pomol. Society, by its president, the 
Hon. M. P. Wilder, we have the more reason 
to suppose that ours is the true No. 39 ; but to 
avoid confusion with others which may be sent 
out by other propagators, under this number, 
and which may or may not be the same, w& 
gave ours the name Aminia ; Mr. Rogers as- 



Anna. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



Autuchon. 



senting thereto. Bunches medium, slightly 
shouldered, moderately compact, more even, 
and better on an average than Rogers' grapes 
generally make ; berries full medium to large, 
dark purple, nearly black, with a fine bloom. 
Flesh melting, with but little pulp, sweet and 
of fine flavor, ripening very early, about with 
the Hartford Prolific. We consider it one of 
our earliest good grapes. Vine moderately 
vigorous, quite hardy, productive, but fruit 
inclined to rot. Deserves to be extensively 
cultivated as a table grape in rot-free localities. 

Anna. Seedling of Catawba, raised by Eli Has- 
brouck, Newburgh, N. Y., in 1852. G. W. Campbell, of 
Delaware, Ohio, describes it as very hardy and healthy 
and of a moderate growth. Biinc/ws rather loose, of 
medium size ; berries medium ; color light amber, with 
small dark specks, covered with thin, white bloom. 
Rather pulpy. Kipens with the Catawba. Not worth 
planting here; unhealthy and feeble. 

Antoinette (Lahr.), one of Miner's seedlings. A 
handsome, large white grape of the Concord charac- 
ter, with long, moderately compact bunches ; a strong 
growing, healthy vine, and very productive ; ripens 
earlier than Concord ; flavor sweet, rich, with little 
pulp, few seeds, and but little of the foxy aroma. May 
prove valuable as a good early white grape. 

Ariadne (or Areadine, incorrectly spelled.) (Rlpa- 
ria.) One of Ricketts' Clinton Seedlings, promising 
for red wine ; vine vigorous and healthy, immensly 
productive, much inclined to overbear; bunrh com- 
pact, resembling Clinton, but much better in quality ; 
very juicy, sweet ; producing a light red, heavy wine 
of fine flavor. These notes, taken at J. H. Ricketts' 
Experimental Grouiids several years ago, are some- 
what modified by his List of March, 1882, wherein he 
describes it as a Seedling of Clinton and a Newburgh 
Vinifera ; the wood short-jointed and only moderately 
vigorous; foliage medium, coarsely serrated; hunch 
small to medium^ compact ; herry small, round, black, 
witli a light blue bloom ; flesh soft, tender, juicy and 
sweet. It makes a very dark and rich wine, of good 
body, with the old Sherry flavor. Mr. Ricketts is 
quite confident that this grape will become popular 
for wine purposes, as soon as known. 

Arnold's Hybrids.* See Othello (No. 1.) Cor- 
nucopia (No. 2.) Autuchon (No. 5.) Brant 
(No. 8.) Canada (No. 16.) 

Arrot (or Arcott ?) (Lahr.) Philadelphia ; hunch 
and berries medium, white ; resembling the Cassady 
in appearance, but not as good. " Sweet and good, 
with a thick skin, good grower, and productive." — 
Hvsmann. 

* Chai-Ics Arnold, of Pari.s, Canada, h:iy been sncee.ss- 
tul in liis exiirriiiients in hybridizing the native Clinton 
witli tlie pollen of foreign varieties. His seedlings seem 
to be of decided promise in some localities. The Com- 
mittee of tlie Paris Hortieultural Society say in their 
report: "We tind tlie most prominent clianicteristics 
of them as a class are: first, pcrfcrt luudincss and vig- 
orous growth; second, early ripiMiin^- liotliof the fruit 
and wood, and as yet remariculjle freedom from disease, 
wjtli large, lianclsome foliage of a very distinct char- 
acter and not wooly; feMnc/*es lar^^e on the average; the 
berries larger than 'medium : skin thin, and in all the 
imnihcrs we tested, free-from pulp, witli a full, pleasant, 
sprightly flavor; our judgment being based not on a 
cursory examination, but trom having known them for 
the hist two seasons." 





AUTUCHON. 

Autuclton. (Arnold's Hybrid No. 5.) A seedling 
of Clinton, crossed with Golden Chasselas. Leaves 
dark green, very deep lobed and sharp pointed serra- 
tures; the unripe wood is very dark purple, nearly 
black. Bunches very long, not heavily shouldered, 
rather loose ; berries medium size, round, white (green), 
with a moderately firm, but readily melting flesh, and 
an agreeable, sprightly flavor, resembling the White 
Chasselas. Skin thin, without astringency. Ripens 
with the Delaware. Sam. Miller, the originator of the 
Martha, bestowed the following high encomium upon 
the new grape in 1869 : 

"I have always considered Martha the best white 
native grape, but since seeing and tasting the Autu- 
chon, I haul down my colors. If it will ripen like 
this in Canada, and I'f it improves by coming here like 
Rogers' and other Northern grapes, then it seems to 
me we have all that can be desired. It alone is a 
treasure." 

It is well that friend Miller qvuilificd his encomiums 
by " ifs," for the Autuchon did not come up to those 
expectations ; it proved tender and unreliable, in the 



72 Aufjhvoick. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Berks. 



West at least ; its fniit subject to rot and mildew, and 
notwithstanding its fine qualities, it will remain but 
an amateur variety and cannot be recommended for 
profitable culture in vineyards. 

We append an illustration which gives a truthful 
view of the bunch as grown with us, for we have never 
seen any so large as represented by the cut used in 
our first edition, and which was obtained from the 
originator. In localities and soUs favorable to this 
variety it may, however, attain more than twice the 
size of the bunch here figured. 

Aughwiclt. (ffi>.) Introduced by Wm. A. Fra- 
ker, .Shirleysburg, Pa. Bunches shouldered, similar to 
Clinton; hcrries larger than Clinton, black, juice very 
dark, of spicy flavor : said to make a very dark red 
wine, of superior quality, and to be entirely free from 
rot or mildew ; very hardy and healthy. We found it 
not as good as Clinton, and less productive. Should 
be discarded. 

August Giant (Hybr.) A cross between Black 
Hamburg and Marion, owned by Geo. A. 
Stone's estate, and described as follows: 
bunches very large with rather long and very 
strong stem; when shouldered the shoulders 
are very short and double ; berric! very large, 
somewhat oblong, often measuring U inch in 
diameter. Placed in a basket beside Black 
Hamburg, the August Giant can hardly be 
distinguished from it. Fruit when well grown 
has a decided Hamburg flavor ; quite tender 
to the centre, very rich and fine ; leaf strong 
and thick, and vine an enormous grower and 
bearer. Fruit ripe in August ; vine perfectly 
hardy. 

August Pi»neer, {Lahr.) Origin unknown ; one 
of the coarsest of native sorts; large, black, with a 
firm, hard, pulpy flesh ; fit only for stewing. Middle 
of AufT^st.— Downing. 

Baldwin I^enoir. {JEst.) Originated at West 
Chester, Pa. ; said to be a seedling of the Lenoir ; 
bunch small, rather loose; berries small, quite dark, 
almost black ; flesh somewhat rough, acid, brisk. Re- 
ported tlie richest in grape-sugar of t\venty-.six varie- 
ties tested by the chemist of the Agr. Department at 
Washington. In foliage and habit of growth, it is 
much like Lincoln. Bunch and berry similar to Nor- 
ton's, but less harsh and sweeter, when well ripened ; 
valuable for red wine. 

Barnes'. (Labr.) Originated with Parker Barnes, 
Boston. Mass. Bunches shouldered; berries medium, 
oval, black, sweet and good ; nearly as early as Hart- 
ford.— Sfrojij. We have not seen the grape. 

Bacchus. {Riparia.) A Seedling of the Clin- 
ton, produced by James H. Ricketts, of Kew- 
burgh, N. Y. Resembles the parent in leaf, 
bunch and berry, but is superior to it in qual- 
ity and productiveness. Buwh medium, com- 
pact, shouldered ; berry round, below medium, 
black with blue bloom, juicy and sprightly. 
Ricketts says : " With me it has stood all pos- 
sible tests for the last fourteen years, as to 



hardiness of wood, leaf and fruit. Its roots 
also have proved Phylloxera proof and reliable 
in every particular. Wherever tested, all 
agree in ascribing to it the peculiar qualities 
necessary in a perfect wine grape." The Bac- 
chus makes a dark brownish-red wine of great 
body. Must registered 95" to 110° for a num- 
ber of years. Some regard the Bacchus, as a 
wine-grape, with greater favor than any of 
Ricketts' many other valuable seedlings ; it 
grows well, and is free from mildew, even in 
most unfavorable seasons. 

The annexed cut of the Bacchus, specially 
engraved for our Catalogue, shows this grape, 
reduced to nearly one-half its natural size. 

Beauty. (Labr. x) One of Jacob Rommel's 
Seedlings ; a cross between Delaware and Max- 
atawney ; a vigorous healthy grower ; foliage 
heavy and healthy, yet subject to sunscald ; 
resembling Catawba (and we suppose it to be 
a cross between Catmvba and Maxatawney 
rather, than between Delaware and Maxataw- 
ney) ; bunch small to medium, well filled, but 
not too compact; berri/ in size and color be- 
tween Catawba and Delaware, oblong, cov- 
ered with lilac bloom ; thick skinned, and will 
carry well ; ripens between Delaware and Ca- 
tawba, and is of very fine quaUty, having ten- 
der pulp, sweet, with delicate flavor. A 
promising market and table grape, making 
also an excellent wine. In fact a sample of 
" Beauty " wine, at the Bordeaux Exposition, 
in Bept-ember, 1880, was pronounced by the 
French Commissioners " the best American 
white-wine on exhibition; having a very 
marked and agreeable bouquet." M. LespiatM. 
Its parentage, however, justifies the fear that 
it may be subject to mildew in seasons and 
locaUties not exempt from this disease ; it is 
also inclined to rot in wet seasons. 

Bclvidere. (Labr.) Originated by Dr. Lake, of 
Belvidere, 111. Was expected to be a valuable market 
variety, on account of extreme earliness; large size 
and fine appearance. In some localities was claimed 
to be an improvement in bunch and berry upon Hart- 
ford Prolific, but in quality is not much, if any better ; 
like Hartlord, it shows a tendency to fall from the 
bunch, especiallv if a little over-ripe. Being in ap- 
pearance much like Hartford Prolific, only not as 
large, a description is unnecessary. It is a vme of 
very vigorous growth, perfectly hardy and healthy, 
very early and productive; but so is the Hart- 
ford also, and, we think, we have more than enough 
in one variety of such poor quality. 

Berks, or lehigH. {Labr.) Bunch large, shoul- 
dered, compact; berry large, round, red, little pulp, 
good qualitv ; vine vigorous grower, similar to Cataw- 
ba of which it is a seedling, and perhaps an improve- 
ment in size and quality ; but also more subject to 
disease. 



Bacchus. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Bacchus. 73 




74 



Barry. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Black July. 







Barry. (Rogers' No. 43.) One of the most at- 
tractive of Rogers' Hybrids, "as handsome as 
the Black Hamhaig." Bunch large, rather broad 
and compact, short ; often larger than repre- 
sented on the annexed engraving ; berrij large, 
roundish ; color black ; flesh tender, of a sweet, 
pleasant flavor; skin thin, somewhat astrin- 
gent. Vine as vigorous, healthy and hardy 
as any one of Rogers' Hybrids. Very suc- 
cessful in western New York and some other 
localities. Very productive and early, earlier 
than the Concord, and keeps remarkably well. 
In this respect as well as in quality the 
Rogers' Hybrids possess a great advantage 
over the Concord. 

Baxter. (.Est.) Bunch large and long; hemj 
below medium, black; very late in ripening, hardy 



BARliV. (Rogers' No. 43.) 

and productive ; not fit for table, but may be valuable 
for wme. —Bliiffton Wiiie Co.'s Catalogue. 

BeautF of Minnesota. (Labr X) Originated 
(or introduced only) by J. C. Kramer, of La Crescent, 
Slinn. Described by him as a Seedling of Delaware 
crossed with Concord ; a good grower and healthy ; 
biiiir/i equal to Concord, but more compact; bcrri/ 
greenish yellow when ripe and of rich flavor ; recom- 
mended Ijy liim, and endorsed by many testimonials 
as the Ijest grape for the climate of Minnesota, ripen- 
ing there by the 1st of September. Not sufficiently 
tried elsewhere. 



Bird's Egg. (Labr.) Probably a seedling of Ca- 
taba, somewhat similar to Anna. Bunch long, pointed ; 
hernj oval, whitish, with brown specks ; flesh pulpy ; 
only good ; a curiosity. — Downing. 

Black July. See Bevereaux. 



Berckmans. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



Black Pearl. 



75 



Berckmans. A cross between Clinton and Dela- 
ware, originated by the late Dr. A. P. Wyiie, Chester, 
S. C. Vine very vigorous and prolific ; growth and 
foliage almost siniUar to Clinton. Bunches and berries 
larger than Delaware, of same color and quite equal in 
quality to this favorite variety. We were growing it 
under restrictions, not to propagate nor to sell or give 
any wood of same. It proved healthier, freer from 
mildew, than Delaware, and deserves dissemination. 
We are happy to learn that P. J. Berkmans, in whose 
honor it was named, has propagated it, and vines are 
now growing and fruiting in several localities North 
and South, fully sustaining our good opinion of it. 

Black Defiance. (Underbill's 8-8 Hybr.) A 
splendid, late table grape, about tbe best black 
table grape we have, with us more desirable 
than Senasqua. If we are rightly informed, it 
is a cross between Black St. Peters and Con- 
cord. Bunch and berries large, black, with a 
line bloom; three weeks later than Concord, 
and much better in quality. Succeeds well, 
and pleases also in France. 

Black Eag'le. (Underbill's 8-12.) A Hybrid 
of Labr. and Vinifera. A fine, early table 
grape, of best quality. The leaf is one of the 
most beautiful we know of, very firm, dark 
green, deeply lobed, of the shape of the foreign. 

The vine is of very erect and vigorous growth, 
hardy .ind healthy, yet subject to rot, as all 
other Hybrids of Labr. and Vin., in unfavor- 
able seasons and localities; roots straight and 
smooth, almost tough, with a medium liber; 
canes remarkably straight and upright, with 
numerous, but small laterals ; wood firm with 
medium pith ; bunch large, moderately com- 
pact; berries large, oval, black, with blue 
bloom ; flesh rich and melting, with little pulp. 
With Unclerhill the fruit set imperfectly, but it 
does not always show that fault, and may have 
been due to unfavorable weather during its 
florescence at Croton Point. "We consider it 
one of the most promising varieties. Camp- 
bell, of Delaware, considers it as "among the 
best of the hybrid varieties." Berckmans, of 
Georgia, Chairman of Fruit Committee, said : 
"Black Eagle we find to be unsurpassed in 
quality, productiveness and vigor. I have 
seen bunches that weighed a pound and three- 
quarters, grown at Macon, Georgia, three 
years ago." 

We give on the following page a full size 
figure of its bunch and leaf (the ribs of the 
latter incorrectly drawn, as usual). 

Black Hawk. A seedling from the Concord, 
raised by Samuel Miller. Bunch large, rather 
loose ; berry large, black, round, juicy, sweet ; 
pulp very tender ; ripens full as early as the 
Concord, and seems to be healthy and hardy. 



We find it sometimes a little earlier than Con- 
cord. It has the remarkable peculiarity that 
its leaf is of so dark a green as to appear 
almost black. 

Black Kin^. (Labr.) A hardy and vigorous 
early grape, of medium size ; sweet but foxy. — Strong. 

Black Pearl. (Rrparia.) Syn. Schraidt's 
Seedling. Originator, Caspar Schraidt, of 
Put-in-Bay, O. Probably from seed of Clinton 
or Taylor. Vine a vigorous, healthy grower, 
similar in appearance of growth and foliage to 
Elvira and Noah. It succeeds admirably on 
the islands and shores of Lake Erie, where it is 
very productive. In our lieavier clay soils and 
warmer climate it is less satisfactory both in 
quality and productiveness ; the bunch is not 
as large and handsome as on the islands and 
on the lake shore, where it far surpasses the 
Clinton in appearance, and makes a valuable 
DARK-RED u'ine. 

Dr. Warder considered it "an exceedingly 
promising grape, of the Clinton class." (Am. 
Pom. S. 1877.) So did we also consider it, after 
examining it for several seasons in Schraidt's 
vineyard ; and after transplanting a few vines, 
obtained from him, into our Bushberg vine- 
yard, and admiring its luxurious, healthy 
growth there, we secured from Mr. Schraidt a 
thousand cuttings, and disseminated this new 
variety, in 1877, with his consent, under the 
name of Black Pearl. (He first intended to 
call it "Biirgundi/" or " ScfiraidV sBnTguudy ," 
and claimed it to be a seedling from the Dela- 
ware.) Geo. W. Campbell, of Ohio, who is 
good authoritj' and had opportunities to ob- 
serve this grape in his own State, says : " It is 
a strong growing and very productive ^^ne, 
and is probably a valuable addition to the 
quite limited number of red-wine grapes." 
And as such only we recommend it for certain 
localities. 

In August, 1882, a season of unparalled de- 
struction through mildew and rot in the Miss- 
issippi Valley region, E. Baxter, of Nauvoo, 
reports the Black Pearl grape as exceptionably 
fine, leaf extra good.— A. Wehrle, of Middle 
Bass, the leading wine producer of Oliio, wrote 
to us last fall that he finds this wine grape un- 
surpassed in color ; must of good saccharine 
weight and proper degree of acidity ; but adds : 
" It suflers with us sometimes during the flow- 
ering season, otherwise it is a most valuable 
grape, and pays well to the producer." 

Black Taylor. (Riparia X or Rommels No. 19.) 
In many respects similar to his No. 14, or Montefioee, 
has not been sufficiently tried, and should not be dis- 
seminated unless it should prove sufficiently distinct 
or superior to this valuable novelty. 



76 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 




BLACK EAGLE. (Underhill's 8-12.) 



Bland. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



Brant. 



77 



Bland. (Lahr.f) Syn. Bland's Vikginia, Bland's 
Madeira, Bland's Pale Red, Powell. It is said to 
have been found on the eastern shore of Virginia, by 
Col. Bland, of that State, who presented scions to Bar- 
tram, the botanist, by whom it was first cultivated. 
Bunches rather long, loose, and often with small, im- 
perfect berries ; berries round, on long stalks, hanging 
rather thinly ; skin thin, at first pale green, but pale 
red when ripe; flesh slightly pulpy, of a pleasant, 
sprightly, delicate flavor, and with little or no musk 
scent, but a slight astringency ; ripens late ; foliage 
lighter green than that of Catawba, smoother and 
more delicate. This vine is quite diflicult of propaga- 
tion by cuttings. The above description of this old 
variety is from " Downing's Fruits of America." The 
Bland did not succeed or ripen well in the North, and 
has been lost and abandoned South. 

Blood's Black. (Labr.) Bunch medium, com- 
pact; berry medium, round, black, somewhat harsh 
and_ foxy, but sweet. Very early and productive. 
(Resembling Mary Ann, and has often been con- 
founded with it. 

Blue Dyer. (Rip.) Bunch medium ; berries small 
black, very dark juice, promises well for wine. — Mus- 
mcmn. (One of many unfulfilled promises!) 

Blue Favorite. {jEst.) A Southern grape. Vine 
vigorous, productive ; bunch above medium ; berries 
medium, round, blue-black, sweet, vinous ; much 
coloring matter; ripe South in September (does not 
ripen well North) ; said to be esteemed for wine making. 
— Downing. 

Blue Imperial. (Labr.) Origin uncertain. Vine 
vigorous, free from mildew, not productive. Bunches 
medium, short ; berry large, round, black ; flesh with a 
hard acid centre or pulp ; ripens with Hartford. In- 
ferior. — Downing. 

Braut. (Arnold's Hybrid No. 8.) Seedling 
of Clinton crossed with Black St. Peters. The 
young leaves and shoots dark blood-red ; leaves 
very deeply lobed, smooth on both sides. 
Bunch and berry resembling the Clinton in ap- 
pearance, but greatly superior in flavor when 
perfectly ripe; skin thin, free from pulp, all 
juice, sweet and vinous; seeds small and few ; 
perfectly hardy ; vine a strong, healthy 
grower and sufficiently productive. The bunch 
hangs firmly to the vine till fall, and the ber 
ries adhere well to the bunch. Our illustration 
of this variety la from a specimen of average 
size and shape. A very early and desirable 
grape, in fact the earliest of all with us, and it 
would be the most profitable if the birds would 
not destroy the bunches as soon as they ripen. 
For localities where grapes ripen later than 
with us, and where birds are less destructive, 
it is worthy of the attention of grape-growers. 
Our friend Champin gives us a very favora- 
ble report of this variety in Northern France 
(Drome), where the Brant and its sister the 
Canada deserve to be cultivated extensively. 



They resist so far the Phylloxera, although 
one of their parents is undoubtedly of the Vi- 
nifera class, and during the six years that he 
cultivated them they have increased from year 
to year in vigor and fruitfuluess. These two 
varieties have often been confounded with each 
other, and the following may serve to distin- 




BRANT. 

guish them : The Brant has the most sinuous, 
deeply-cut and indented-lobed foliage of any 
American variety, while that of the Canada is 
mostly but little indented and lobed, while 



78 



Brant. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Brighton. 




BRIGHTON, 



_young. But the form of leaves is very varia- 
ble, and uo reliable distinctive character can be 
made of them ; a more reliable characteristic 
is their color : that of the Brant is of a deeper 
green with a reddish tinge, while that of the 
Canada is a lighter green with a whitish tinge ; 
and so are the tendrils of the latter of a paler 
green and only two-forked, while those of the 
Brant are darker, longer, and often doubly bi- 
forked. The Brant has long-jointed red-wood ; 
the Canada's wood is rather short jointed, of 
less vigorous growth, green, brownish towards 
the sun. The bunches of the Canada are usu- 



ally shorter and more compact ; those of the 
Brant are not loose either, but not so very com- 
pact as to flatten the berries. The seeds of the 
Brant are very small, and rarely more than 
two in a berry. Both ripen very early, and 
give a wine of excellent quality and of very 
handsome red color. 

Brighton. {Labr.X). This handsome and 
fine grape, raised by Jacob Moore, of Brighton, 
N. York, is a cross of the Concord and Diana- 
Hamburg. Vine hardy, a rapid and vigorous 
grower, with ^medium to long-jointed shoots, 
which ripen early ; leaves large, thick, dark 



Bottsi. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



Canada. 



green, glossy, coarsely serrated, occasiona 
lobed. Very productive, and, if tbie small 
bunches were taken off early in the season, it 
would be a great benefit to the others. 

'^ Bunch medium to large, shouldered, moder- 
ately compact ; berries medium to large, round, 
light red at first, changing to a dark crimson 
or maroon when fully matured, sometimes 
almost black, and covered with a thick lilac 
bloom. The berries adhere well to the pedun- 
cle; skin thin but tough; flesh tender, very 
slight pulp, sweet, juicy, slightly aromatic, 
very slightly vinous, and of very good quality 
for an early grape. It has its best flavor when 
it is first ripe, but becomes pasty and loses its 
spriglitly flavor when fully ripe. Ripens nearly 
as early as the Hartford Prolific and before the 
Delaware." — A. J. Downing. 

One of the most promising and successful 
new varieties, largely cultivated in the Eastern 
States, where it is now the leauin*; table 
GRAPE. It is worthy of extensive planting 
wherever any of the hybrid grapes can be 
grown successfully and early grapes for table 
or market are desired ; requires protection in 
severe winters. The cut is a faithful copy of a 
photograph from a medium size bunch of the 
Brighton grape. In general beautiful appear- 
ance the'Brighton closely resembles tlie Ca- 
tawba, which ripens a month later. 

Bottsi. (^Est.) The local name for a very remark- 
able grape, grown in the garden of a gentleman of that 
name, in Natchez, Miss. It is said to tlirow all otlier 
grapes ever grown there (including the Jacquez) com- 
pletely in the background, and is claimed to be the 
true Herbcmont brought some fifty years ago from 
South Carolina. It differs from our Herbcmont in 
color, being of a light pink in the shade, a dark pink 
in the full sun. The impartial, trustworthy testimony 
of H. Y. Child, an amateur horticulturist, as to its ex- 
cellent quality and rapid growth, enormous fruitful- 
ness and freedom from rot, made us procure and plant 
some wood of this variety. — After several years' test- 
ing we found it unsuited to our locality, too tender 
and liable to mildew. In Texas it is found " a splen- 
did thing," but, as Mr. Onderdonk assures us, "just 
like the Herbcmont." 

Burnet. (Hybr,) The Burnet grape, raised by P. 
C. Dempscy, of Albany, Prince Edwards Co., Ont., 
from seed of the Hartford Prolific, fertilized by Black 
Hamburg. The vine is vigorous and healthy, hardy 
and productive ; leaves deeply lobed, thick, downy be- 
neath ; bunches large, well shouldered and well filled ; 
the ftemes large, oval,paTplish-6/acfc; flesh and flavor 
reseml)}inf; Black Hamburg, witliout any trace of fox- 
iness ; ripening earlier than Concord. — Burnet. 

Burrougbs'. (Rip.) From Vermont. Vine allied 
to the Clinton. Bxmeh small ; herry round, black, thick 
bloom ; flesh harsh, acid, austere. — Downing. 

Burton's Early. (Labr.) A large, early, poor 
Fox grape Unworthy of culture. — Downing. 




CANADA. 

Canada. (Arnold's Hybrid No. 16.) Raised 
from seed of Clinton, crossed with pollen of 
Black St. Peters. Resembles the Brant (No. 3) 
in appearance. [For characteristic difterences 
see Brant, p. 77.] Itis justly praised for its rich 
aromatic flavor and delightful bouquet by all 
who taste it. Bunch and berry above medium ; 
color black, with a fine bloom ; skin thin, free 
from harshness and from the acidity common to 
other native grapes. A moderate grower, with 
peculiar foliage; hardy, and matures its wood 
well. Valuable for wine in some localities. 

Like all of Arnold's Hybrids, it proves ten- 
der and unreliable in the United States, in 
most localities, while in France it is very suc- 
cessfully grown and proves Phylloxera-resist- 
ing. But this is not to be construed as a gen- 
eral and absolute condemnation for all parts of 
our country, nor as a recommendation for all 



80 Cambridrje. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Catawba. 



the different regions of viticulture in France. 
Thie Cornucopia and the Canada have perished 
at Nlmes, while they have been growing and 
succeeding finely during the last eight years in 
the valley of the Sa6ne. The principle of adap- 
tability to certain soils, aspects and localities, 
and not to others, appUes to hybrids in a 
greater degree even than to varieties of our 
native species. 

Cambridge. (Lahr.) Originated in the gar- 
den of Francis Houghton, Cambridge, Mass., 




CATAWBA. 



and introduced by Hovey & Co., of Boston, as 
"of the highest merit." They described it as 
follows : " It is a black grape, somewhat resem- 
bling Concord, but with more oval berries. 
Bunches large and shouldered ; berries large, 
with a very thin skin, covered with a delicate 
bloom, and adhering firmly to the bunch ; flesh 
rich, brisk, and refreshing; without pulp, and 
more nearly approaching the Adirondac in 
quality than any other native grape. Period 
of ripening a few days before the Concord. 
The vine has the luxuriance of 
growth and handsome foliage of 
the Concord, while it is quite as 
hardy, if not hardier, than that 
grape. 
• In some favorable seasons, as in 

1880, the Cambridge produced in 
our vineyards much finer, larger 
bunches than tlie Concord ; gener- 
ally, however, it is nearly identical 
in taste and appearance with this 
popular variety. 

Camden. (Lahr.) Bunch medium : 
herrii large, greenish-white ; flesh with a 
hard centre ; acid ; poor. 

Caitby's August. See York Ma- 
deira. 



Catawba. Syn. : Bed Mtjncy, 
Catawba, Tokay, Singleton. 
{Lahr.) This old and well-known 
variety is a native of North Caro- 
lina, and has its name from the 
Catawba river. It was transplanted 
to a garden at Clarksburg, Md., and 
introduced to notice sixty years ago 
by Major John Adlum, of Georg- 
etown, D. C. It has been for many 
years the standard wine grape of 
the country, and thousands of acres 
have been planted with it ; but 
owing to its uncertainty, on account 
of the mildew and blight, and 
its too late ripening in the Eastern 
and Northern States (in October), 
it is now discarded in many sec- 
tions, and other reliable kinds are 
planted instead. In localities where 
it will fully mature, and where it 
seems less subject to disease, there 
are very few better varieties. 

Contrary to the heretofore pre- 
vaihng belief that the Phylloxera 
was tlie main cause of the failure 
of the Catawba in many sections, 
and contrary to the opinion of 
some eminent scientists who still 
hold this view, we have now come 



Catawba. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



Centennial. 



81 



to the conclusion, based upon careful ob- 
servation, that the diseased and enfeeb'led roots 
of the Catawba are caused by the disturbed 
development of the mildewed tops, and not by 
the Phylloxera. Where mildew does not pre- 
vail, as ou the islands of Lake Erie, on the lake 
shore, &c., the Catawba is still and will de- 
servedly remain for years to come the leading 
variety for market and for wine. 

The late Dr. Warder truly said, that the 
beautiful banks of the Ohio might again be 
covered with vineyards, if we could onlj' dis- 
cover a grape, equal in quality to the Catawba, 
that would not be subject to mildew or rot.* 

Bunches large, moderately compact, shoul- 
dered ; berries above medium, round, deep red, 
covered with lilac bloom. Skin moderately 
thick ; flesh shghtly pulpy, sweet, juicy, with 
a rich, vinous, and somewhat musky flavor. 
Vine a vigorous grower ; in favorable seasons 
and localities very productive. Clay-shale soil, 
also gravelly or sandy soils seem best adapted. 
Hoots light, in comparison to the naturally 
strong growth of the vine, when in a perfectly 
healthy state, with a texture below average 
hardness ; thick liber, and not inclined to push 
young fibers as rapidly as other varieties ; 
canes straight and long, with few laterals ; 
wood of average hardness, with a pith a little 
more than the average size. 3fvst ranges from 
86° to 9.'")° by CEchsle's scale. 

The Catawba has quite a number of seedlings ; of 
7o«a and Diana, its two best, and oi Alctha, Anna, 
Mine, ilottlcd, etc., we give descriptions in their alpha- 
betic order ; but some are actually the same as Ca- 
tau'ha, and only pretended seedlings, to sell under a 
new name ; others are so nearly identical as not to re- 
quire description. To this class belong: 
Fancher, claimed to be an early Catawba. 
Keller's White; IfeacVs Seedling ; Mereernn. 
Mammoth Cataivba of Hermann, very large in bunch 

and berry, but otherwise inferior to the parent. 
Omega, exhibited in 1S67 at the Indiana State Fair. 
■Saratoga, the same as Fancher. 
Tekmyiah, a Missouri seedling of Cataioba. 
White Catau'ba, raised by John E. Mottier, and aban- 
doned by himself as being inferior to its parent. 

Cassady . (Labr. ) Originated in the yard of H. P- 
Cassady, Philadelphia, as a chance seedling. Bunch 
medium, very compact, sometimes shouldered ; berry 
medium, round, pale green, covered with white bloom ; 

* At the raoment that we are reading the proof of this, 
we notice in the Messager Agricole (Aug., 1883), the fol- 
lowing, which we translate: 

Certain Remeity against the Mitdete (Peronospora) . Jeau 
Gazotti, a im iciest Italian grape-grower, had the happy 
idea to sininkli- the foliajje of mildew infected vines 
with a solution of soda (2 kilos of soda in one hectolitre 
of water = 4i pounds dissolved in 26 gallons of water), 
and he had the good fortune to find, on the day after 
"such treatment, that the filaments of the peronspora 
were consumed. 

Wliile we scarcely venture to hope that this will be a 
certain remedy, it i.s well worth trying. May the results 
ht satisfactory! 



when very ripe its color changes to light yellow : 
skin thick and leathery, pulpy, but with a peculiar 
honeyed sweetness which no other grape posseses in 
the same degree. Ripens with the Catawba. Vine a 
moderate grower; a true Labrusca in habit and foliage ; 
immensely productive, so mucli so that nearly every 
fruit-bud will push out several branches, with from 
three to five bunches each. But after thus over-bearing 
it becomes exhausted for several seasons, the leaves 
drop prematurely, and the fruit will not ripen. 

This grape is now generally discarded, being re- 
placed by new and better varieties. It is said to be the 
parent of the "Niagara" grape. 

The "Arrott" resembles the Cassady very much. 

Catawissa. See CrevcHng. 

Centennial.'-' — .\. promising new grape, raised by 
D. .S. Mai-win, Watertown, N. Y., l>y him supposed to 
belong to the northern tj-pe of Vitis .Ustivalis (a seed- 
ling of the Eumelan. fertilized hy pollen from some La- 
brusca grape, probably lona or Delaware, certainly from 
NO foreign grape), and kindly .sent to us for testing. 

Xo plants of this variety were as yet offered for sale. 
(First figured in Rural New Yorker, 1S,S2.) 

Viiie described as a vigorous gi-ower, with heavy, 
durable foliage ; veiy fertile, inclining to overbear; has 
sometimes mildew on its leaf, but no signs of rot in 
the berries. The clusters are large, of tine conical 
shape, always compact; the berries are above medium, 
round ; sHn fii-m, of a peculiar handsome color, almost 
white with a light pink shade; flesli juicy, very sweet, 
vinous, resembling the Delaware in fl.avor. It ripens 
about the same lime with or a few days later than Con- 
cord and keeps veil for u-infer use. The Centennial prom- 
ises to be valuable both as a table grape and also for 
wine, its only apparent fault being that the seeds are 
rather large and numerous. 

When first introducing the Centennial (in fall of 1882) 
Marwin said: 

"I do not approve of multiplying varieties unless 
"they are improvements. During my many experi- 
" ments I have thrown away many seedlings superior to 
" many of ourold sorts. » * * I do not claim that the Cen- 
" tennial is perfect, * • * but for a winter grape I deem it 
" superior to all others*** The vine is about as vigorous 
" here as the Concord, and seems about as exempt 
" from mildew, sutfering much less than the Delaware. 
" * * * The reproductive organs seem perfect, there 
" being no emasculated clusters, so the vines bear 
" heavy crops. * *" * Persons who desire a higher 
■' quality ot fruit, will be gratified with the Centen- 
" nial ; and if, upon trial, it be found to succeed generally 
*' as well as it does in Northern New York, real progress 
" in grape culture will follow its introduction. 

" The grape was awarded silver medals, certificates, 
" money -prizes, and favorable mention, at many 
" fairs. » * * At the end of the season I shall be 
" able to give further proofs, but I feel like protesting 
" against this kind of proofs. Each new grape should 
" stand upon its own merits and the character of the 
" introducer. Horticulturists should be exempted 
" from giving certificates as to fruits that, from the na- 
" ture of the circumstances, they know little about." 

These remarks of the originator, so modest and un- 
assuming, give us greater confidence than we usually 
have in new varieties, and we recommend the Centen- 

* Not Co7i(inen(a?. as it Is erroneously named in the Am. Po- 
mol. Society-Report on new fruits, IfcSl. 



82 Challenge. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Clinton. 



nial, with our best wishes for its success, for trial in 
localities where its parent, the Eumelan, does not suf- 
fer from mildew. 

Challenge. Supposed cross between Concord 
and Royal Muscadine, grown by Rev. Asher 
Moore, N. Jersey. Very early and prolific; 
short compact hunches, shouldered; large, 
round berries, pale red, with flesh slightly 
pulpy; very sweet and juicy. Extra hardy 
wood and leaf. We consider it purely native, 
yet an excellent dessert and wine grape. 

Champion. Syn. : Early Champion, Talmax's 
Seedling, Beaconsfield. (Labr.) Ten years ago (1.S73) 
President Wilder asked, '-Does anyone know anything 
about the Champion?" And the late Dr. Swasey of 
Louisiana then informed us that it was a new grape, 
extra early, and one of the best in cultivation (Am. 
Pom. Soc. 1873, page B6), just sent out for the first time 
by some New Orleans nurserymen. In our Catalogue, 
edition 1875, we gave tlie best description we could then 
obtain, and said, -'We shall try to obtain this new, ex- 
traordinary grape for testing," &c. But while it W'as 
said that the Cliampion had originated in one of the 
city gardens of New Orleans, La., an accidental seed- 
ling, " where it has so magnificently llourislied and 
borue its splendid fruit," and "evaded the notice of 
our grape-growers for a number of years," we found 
that this was not so ; that R. J. Donnelly at Rochester, 
N. Y., and J. I. Stone at Charlotte, Monroe Co., N. Y., 
propagated and disseminated the "Early Champion," 
apparently the same grape, before 1873, and that un- 
der the name of Talman's Seedling, or Talmak, 
this identical variety had been grown for many years 
around Syracuse and other N.Y. localities. It has 
now been fully and largely tested, and, while it has 
actually proven the earlit-st market grape, and has been 
a very sure and profitable one to some growers, it is 
so poor in quality, that, the better known it is, the less 
saleable docs it become ; and it should be, and probably 
soon will be, discarded for better varieties. A few years' 
ago it was shipped to Montreal and other Canada mar- 
kets, commanding there high prices, and, as the vine 
was found to succeed well and to bear abundantly in 
the neighborhood of Montreal, young Donnelly, who 
was then manager of the Beaconsfield vineyards, plant- 
ed there several thousand of his father's Champion 
vines, and caused them to be planted quite e.xtensively 
in the vicinity. Thus it became known* as the Bea- 
consfield yrape. It was decidedly a profitable grape, 
selling at high prices on account of its earliness, before 
other grapes could be had — and until people became 
more appreciative oiqualUy. 

The Vine is a strong grower, thrifty, and perfectly 
liardy, with healthy foliage, entirely free from mildew, 
and very productive. Bunches large, handsome, com- 
pact, and shouldered. Berry round, bluish-black, near- 
ly as large as Hartford Prolific; skin thick, firm, and 
adhering well to the stem. Ripens nearly one week 
earlier than Hartford, but is as poor, if not poorer, in 
quality. 

This grape does the best on a warm, sandy, not very 
fertile soil. 



• (Irwas so named by the proprietors of tluit vineyard 
against Donnelly's protest. 



Under the name of Champion, as also the Golden 
Champion, another grape was introduced in California, 
which proves there a miserable failure. 

Charlotte. Identical with Diana. 

Charter OaR. (Labr.) A very large, coarse, na. 
five Fox grape, quite worthless, except for size, which 
makes its appearance as attractive as its musk}' flavor 
is repulsive. 

Christine. (Telegraph.) 

Claret. (?) A seedling of Chas. Carpenter, Kelly 
Island, (J. Biineh and bcrri/ medium ; claret red ; acid ;, 
vine vigorous; not valuable. — IJowniiiff. 

Clara. Supposed 
to be from foreign 
seed. A white (or 
pale amber) grape ; 
veiy tine for the ta- 
bic ; somewhat like 
Allen's Hybrid. 
Bunch long, loose; 
berrt/ medium round, 
yellowish green, 
transparent, without 
pulp, sweet and deli- 
cious, but verj' un- 
certain. Rather ten- 
der and requires pro- 
tection in the winter. 
Not worthy of culti- 
vation since we have 
so many superior va- 
rieties. Nevertheless 
we hear it praised in 
France as one of the 
American varieties 
doing remarkably 
well there, being vig- 
orous and produc- 
tive, appareDtly Phyl- 
loxenf-proot in tlie 
midst of badly infec- 
ted vines (in the 
vineyard of JI. Borty, 
at Roqueinarc). "Wo 
are inclined to be- 
lieve that the name is 
incorrect. The above 
figure of the Clara 

grape is reduced to one-fourth of natural size (one-half 

diameter). 

Clinton. Syn., Wobthington. {Riparia.) 
Strong says that, in the year 1821, the Hon. 
Hugh White, then in Hamilton College, N. Y., 
planted a seedling vine iu the grounds of Prof. 
Noye§, on College Hill, which is still remain- 
ing, and is the original Clinton. Bunches me- 
dium or small, compact, not shouldered ; berry 
round, below medium size, black with a blue 
bloom; skin thin, tough; flesh juicy, with lit- 
tle pulp, brisk and vinous; somewhat acid; 
sweeter the farther south it grows ; colors early, 
but should hang late (until after the first frost) 
to become thoroughly ripe. Vigorous, hardy, 
and productive; healthy, but an exceedingly 
rank, straggling grower, and one of the hard- 




CLAUA. ('4 SIZE.) 



Clinton. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



Concord. 83 



est vines to keep under control ; it requires a 
great deal of room and spur-pruning on old 
wood to bring forth its best results. Being one 
of the first to bloom in spring, it suffers some- 
times from late frosts. 

The leaf of the Clinton is in some seasons 
quite infested by the gall-louse (the Gallicola 
form of the Phylloxera), but its root enjoys a 
remarkable immunity from the puncture of 
this dreaded insect. The root-lice are found 
thereon, sometimes abundantly, but the vine 
does not suffer therefrom, while European 
vines by their side are quite destroyed. The 
Clinton was therefore recommended by us to 
Phylloxera-invaded France, and has been 
largely used there for several years, until the 
Taylor and, even more so, certain types of 
wild Riparia were found better adapted. 

L. Giraud, Pres't of the Syndicat Pomerol. 
(Gironde), writes May 4, 1883: "My grafts of 
1876, on the poor decried Clinton, give promise 
this year also of the most satisfactory returns. 
I have abandoned the grafting on Clinton, and 
prefer now the Riparia, on account of the large 
quantity of root-lice on the former, which 
makes it a bad neighbor for our French vines." 

The fact that Clintons, even when teeming 
with Phylloxera, are comparatively free from 
mildew and rot, while other varieties much 
less infected by the insect suffer either by rot 
or mildew, and some even by both, refutes the 
theory that these diseases might be caused by 
the Phylloxera. 

Roots thin and wiry, but very tough, with a 
hard, smooth liber, rapidly forming new fibers, 
or spongioles, and, though much infested by the 
Phylloxera, the insect seems to have little effect 
on the hard texture of the main roots. Canes 
rather slender, but long and rambling, with a 
full complement of laterals and strong tendrils. 
Wood rather soft and with a large pith. 

Makes a fair, dark red wine, resembling 
claret, but of somewhat disagreeable taste, 
which, however, improves with age ; must 93° 
to 98° and sometimes exceeding 100°. 

Clinton-Vialla. (Rip.) By some supposed to be 
iileuticalwith Frunklln; others say that the foliage of the 
N'ialla is larger auil darker, ami that it is more produc- 
tive aud of a somewhat better quality. It is not known 
heri! at all, but it is esteemed in France as a superior 
{^rafting stock. 

Clover-street Black. A Hybrid raised by Ja- 
cob Moore, from Diana, crossed by Black Hamburg. 
Bunches large, compact, shouldered ; berries large, 
roundish, black, with a dark violet bloom ; Hash ten- 
der, sweet. Vine moderately vigorous. Ripens with 
Concord. — Horei/'s Mag. 

Clover-street Red. Same origin as the preced- 
ing. Bunches larger than the Diana, loose, occasion- 



ally with a similar long stalk or shoulder appended to 
the top; berries large, roundish oval, crimson when 
fully ripe, with a slight Diana flavor. Vine a strong 
grower. Ripens with Diana. — Hovey's Mag. 

Coe. The Coe grape originated in Washington Co., 
Iowa. G. B. Brackett, chairman fruit committee, con- 
siders it as belonging to the Labrusra type, and kindly 
describes it for this Catalogue as follows: 

"Vine a strong and free grower; withstands the 
vicissitudes of our climate well ; it may be called an 
iron-clad ; canes rather short-jointed, with healthy, 
durable leaf. Bunches small, compact, rarely shoul- 
dered; icr/'ies small to medium, black, rather fleshy 
than juicy. Ripens a week to ten days before Concord. 
While berry and bunch are smaller than Hartford, 
the berries of the Coe are sweeter, and do not crack 
nor drop prematurely. Brackett considers it valuable 
mainly for a northern climate. 

Columbia. (Rip.) This grape is said to have been 
found by Maj. Adlum on his farm at Georgetow'n, D. 
C. A vigorous grower, productive ; bunch small, com- 
pact; berri/ small, black with a thin bloom, with very 
little hardness or acidity in its pulp ; not high-flavored, 
but plea.«ant and vinous ; ripe last of September. — 
Downinff. 

Concord. (Lahr.) This most popular Ameri- 
can grape originated with E. W. Bull, Con- 
cord, Mass., who exhibited it for the first time 
on the 20th of Sept., 1853, at the 25th annual 
exhibition of the Massachusetts Horticultural 
Society, on Boston Common. 

Bunch large, shouldtred, rather compact ; 
berries large, globular, black, thickly covered 
with a beautiful blue bloom; skin thin, tender, 
cracks easily; flesh sweet, pulpy, tender; col- 
ors about two weeks before the Catawba, but 
should be allowed to hang late, to develop all 
its good qualities, none too good at best. Not a 
good keeper, becoming insipid soon after being 
gathered. In some localities, however, espe- 
cially in East Tennessee and parts of Virginia, 
the Concord becomes so very sweet and rich as 
scarcely to be recognized. Hoots numerous, 
stout, above average hardness in texture, with 
medium liber, readily pushing new fiber.s un- 
der the attacks of Phylloxera. One of the best 
resistants among the Labrusca class, and was 
therefore exported as a grafting stock to South- 
ern France, but proving ill-suited to some lo- 
calities in that climate it was soon generally 
rejected ; the Taylor and other liiparia varieties 
being much preferred as stocks for grafting. 
Canes of average thickness, long, rambling, 
with numerous and well developed laterals. 
Wood of medium hardness aud pith. Vines 
very strong, rampant growers ; coarse, strong 
foliage, dark green above, rusty beneath ; has 
proved very hardy and healthy, and is im- 
mensely productive. This is well illustrated 



-84 



Concord. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Concord Seedlings. 




CONCORD. 

in the above engraving, from a pliotograph of 
a Concord grape-vine (cut from Jordan's vine- 
yard and exhibited at the St. Louis Fair). In 
some localities, however, the Concord is often 
subject to rot on old vines. Its beautiful ap- 
pearance makes it one of the most attractive 
market grapes; and, although its quality is not 
first rate, the popular taste has become so used 
to this variety that it is very much liked, and 
sells better than superior grapes of less attrac- 
tive appearance. More vines of this one variety 
are planted than of all other varieties together. 
The fruit catalogue of the Am. Pomol. Society 
says of the Concord, "successful over a wider 
range of soil and climate than any other varie- 
ty" (in 35 States of this Union) ; but it is now 
generally discarded in the southern central 
STATES, being found " unsuited to hot and dry 
climates." 

The Concord makes a light red wine, which 
is effectually becoming the laboring man's 
drink ; can be produced cheap enough, is very 
j)alatable, and has a peculiar, refreshing effect 
upon the system. A white wine may also be 
made of it by pressing the grapes without 
mashing them. Specific gravity of must varies 
from about 70° to 80°, according to location and 
soil, and in the S. A. S. its peculiar character 
(foxy taste) seems vastly improved. 



M. Lespiault, in a report on 
American wines at the Bor- 
deaux Congres, 1881, says, "the 
Concord makes a popular wine 
which in France also, at M. 
Guiraud's, has the approbation 
of the working men. By sep- 
arating the juice from the resi- 
duum (marc) before fermenta- 
tion, neuter (less foxy) wines 
can be obtained which resemble 
some French white wines." 

The hardiness, productiveness 
and popularity of the Concord 
induced many attempts to r.aise 
seedlings therefrom with a 
view to further improvements. 
Among those which have been 
named, some will remain almost 
unknown, except to their origin- 
ators, being neither sufficiently 
distinct, nor yet superior in 
quality to their parent. But 
it is the duty of a comjjlete 
Catalogue to mention the fol- 
lowing : 

The Black Hawk and Cot- 
tage are both earlier. {See 
their description.) 
Burr's Seedling Concord, 
orignated with John Burr, of Leavenworth, 
Kans. 
Balsigeb's Concord Seedling No. 2 resem- 
bles the best Concords and ripens later. 
The Eaton's Seedling, originated by the late 
Galvin Eaton, of Concord, Mass., ; attracts 
much attention at the northern fruit limits, 
producing very large, handsome bunches re- 
sembling Concord, but with much larger 6er- 
ries and less of the native odor. 
The Linden, by T. B. Minor, of Linden, N. J., 
is said to be better in quality, and keeping 
longer than the Concord, but smaller in berry 
and cluster. 
The Main grape was claimed to be earlier, but 
proved to be a Concord, only under another 
name. 
The MoDENA, raised by A. J. Caywood, of 
Poughkeepsie, N. Y., known to us by name 
only. 
Moore's Early, raised in 1872 by John B. 
Moore, of Concord, Mass., has taken the §60 
prize of the Mass. Horticult. Society as the 
best new early seedling in fall of 1877 ; it is 
from one to two weeks earlier than Concord, 
bunches not as large nor as well shaped, ber- 
ries larger but quality no better than Con- 
cord, nor as strong a grower. {See descr.) 



Concord Seedlings. 



DESCRIPTION OP VARIETIES. 



Concord Chasselas. 



85 



McDonald's Ann Akbob, originated with A. 
McDonald, Ann Arbor, Mich., in 1877, from 
Concord seed ; is also black, and ripens with 
Hartford Prolific. Vine said to be an extra 
strong grower, perfectly hardy and healthy. 
Bunch very large, shouldered ; ' berry extra 
large. 
New Haven, by J. Valle, of New Haven, Mo., 
resembling Concord in wood and foliage, 
ripens a week earlier. Bunch and berry 
medium, of very good quality. Deserves to 
be better known. 
The Paxton, by F. F. Merceron, of Catawissa, 
Penn., is said to be quite similar to Concord. 
Rockland Favorite, mentioned in Elwanger 
& Barry's Catalogue as a new seedling of the 
Concord ; claimed to be earlier and better 
than its parent, and a splendid bearer. 
Storm King, originated by E. P. Roe, Corn- 
wall, on the Hudson, N. Y. ; is a sport of a 
Concord vine, said to bear since many years 
large, heavy-shouldered bunches resembling 
Concord in every respect, but with berries 
nearly twice as la. ge, black, round, with but 
little foxiness. 
Woki)en"s Seedling (see description). 
Young America, by Sam. Miller, of Bluffton, 
quite resembles Concord. 
See also Cottage (page 86) and Una (ivhite), 
raised by E. M. Bull, himself, from Seedlings 
of his Concord — its grandchildren, as it were. 
By these experiments it was found that the 
Concord shows a strong tendency to produce 
white seedUngs, of which Martha was the ear- 
liest, and became one of the leading varieties. 
Eva and Macedonia, both raised by Sam. 
Miller from Concord seed, were similar to Mar- 
tha, and therefore abandoned by him ; though 
in some locaUties, as about Louisville, the 
Eva is considered much superior to Martha. 

Golden Concord, by John Valle, of New 
Haven, Mo., is a poor grower, inferior to Mar- 
tha ; we do not think that it deserves propa- 
gation as a distinct variety. 

Mason's Seedling is of far greater merit (see 
description). 

F. Muench, F. J. Langendorfer, J. Balsiger, 
and many others, have raised white Concord 
seedlings ; some of them may prove superior 
to Martha in quality. Balsiger's No. 32 has 
hardly any foxiness about it ; its must, weigh, 
ing 84°, was ripe on the 15th of August in our 
latitude, and hanging freely to the vine in good 
condition till October. 

The bunches and berries of these white Con- 
cord seedUngs are smaller in size, about like 
rsiartha ; but less subject to rot, it seems. 
The Lady (see description) is an improve- 



ment on the Martha in quality, and is recom- 
mended as such by good authority. 

Among the many pure Concord seedlings 
claimed to have better qualities than the pa- 
rent and to prove of great value, is also that 
large and showy neiv ivhite grape named 

PocKLiNGTON (see this variety). Also, the 

White Ann Arbor, raised from Concord 
seed by C. H. WoodrufT, of Ann Arbor, Mich., 
in 1870. It is said to come nearest to the Pock- 
lington in size and to be a very fine white 
grape, perfectly hardy, and earlier than Con- 
cord ; but it has the fault of dropping from the 
stem, and tbe committee on new native fruits 
of the Am. Pomol. Society, 1881, pronounced it 
too acid. The sample then exhibited may not 
have been fully ripe. 

Greater improvements, however, have been 
achieved by hybridizing the Concord with Eu- 
I'opean varieties ; but, while grapes of superior 
quality were thus produced, their hardiness, 
health and productiveness is generally doubt- 
ed. See "Hybrids," in Manual ; see, also, 

"Triumph" and "Lady Washington," in 
description of these varieties. 

Conqueror. A seedling raised by Rev. Archer 
Moore, N. J., and by him supposed to be a cross 
between Concord and Royal Muscadine. Very 
early ; bunches long, loose, shouldered ; ber- 
ries medium, glossy black with a bloom ; flesh 
slightly pulpy, juicy, sweet. Vine a free grow- 
er, hardy, healthy, and prolific. With us the 
Conqueror is doing remarkably well, proves 
less subject to rot than any other hybrid ; nor 
can we see any trace of foreign blood in either 
foliage, growth, or appearance ; it seems to be 
rather a cross between Concord and some Ri- 
paria variety, and is worthy of more extended 
cultivation. 

Corporal. (Hybr.) A new grape, originated by 
D. S. Marwiu, Watertown, N. Y. Bunch and berry medi- 
um; loose; color black; a showy, good grape. (Amer. 
Pomol. Society, Report on New Fruits, 1881.) 

Concord Chasselas. — A Hybrid grown from 
Concord seed, by Geo. W. Campbell, of Delaware, 0., 
who described it as follows : 

" Bunch rather long, usually shouldered, handsomely 
compact without being crowded; berries large, round; 
skin very thin but tenacious and semi-transparent; 
seeds few and vei-y small ; color, when tuUy ripe, a rich 
amber with a thin white bloom, almost identical in ap- 
pearance with the foreign Golden Chasselas ; flesh per- 
fectly tender and melting, just enough vinous acid to 
prevent cloying tbe most delicate palate ; wholly free 
from any vestige of foxiness, and a grape that will sat- 
isfj' the most fastidious taste formed upon the foreign 
standard. Ripens same time as the Concord. The vine 
is very vigorous iu gi'owth; large foliage, thick and 
abundant, resisting mildew in fully exposed locations 
here as well as the Concord. 



86 Cornucopia. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Cottage. 



Concord Muscat. (Hybr.) Also grown from 
Concord sei'J by Geo. W. Ciunpbell, of Deliiwarc, 
O., who gives the following description of it: 

" Bunch long, moderately compact, sometimes 
shouldered; berries very large, oval; skin thin, 
rather opaque ; seeds few and small; color light 
gi-eenish- white with delicate bloom ; liesh entire- 
Ij' tender and melting, with no pulp or astrin- 
gency next to the seeds; flavor rich, sugary, 
slightly sub-acid, witli tlie peculiar liigh flavor 
which is tlie distinguishingcliiirm and excellence 
of the foreign Sluscats and Frontignans. There 
are really tew grapes among tlie most admired 
foreign liinds which equal tliis variety in pure 
flavor and high quality. Vine veiy vigorous; 
foliage large and moderately thick; resists mil- 
dew, except in very unf avoraljle seasons . In this 
respect it is better than Eumelan, Delawai-e, or 
Rogers' Hyljrids, but not equal to Concord." 

Cornucopia. (Arnold's Hybrid No. 2.) 
A seedling of Clinton crossed with Black 
St. Peters. Vine much resembling the 
Clinton in appearance, but superior in 
size of berry and buuch, and greatly su- 
perior in flavor ; a healthy grape and a 
great bearer. The Paris (Canada) Hor- 
ticultural Society reported on it as fol- 
lows : 

"This is undoubtedly one of the best 
grapes in the whole collection of Arnold's 
hybrid grapes — a very promising grape." 
Bunch large, shouldered, very compact; 
berry above medium size, black with a 
beautiful bloom, flavor excellent, very 
sprightly and pleasant ; skin thin ; seeds 
large, bearing nearly the same proportion 
to size of berry as in Clinton ; flesh melt- 
ing, with very little, if any, pulp — seems 
to burst in the mouth ; all juice, with a 
little acid and astringency ; very produc- 
tive. Ripens with Concord. A good mar- 
ket grape and "a good keeper"; also 
valuable for wine. 

Cottag'C. [Labr.) A seedling of the 
Concord raised by E. W. Bull, the origi- 
nator of that variety. A strong, vigorous 
grower, with remarkably large and 
leathery leaves, and abundant strong, 
branching roots ; bunch and berries 
about the size of Concord, but of a somewhat 
darker shade ; ripens before Concord ; quality 
better than the parent, with less of the foxiness 
peculiar to the other, but also less suited to 
some soils and localities than the Concord. In 
the Bush berg vineyards it is giving better sat- 
isfaction than Tnost oth er Labrusca varieties 
while in some other localities it is not as strong 
a grower nor as heavy a bearer as Concord, and 
in some places even does poorly. 

Ml-. Bull, in his successful efforts to improve our na- 
tive gi'apes, began by sowing the seeds of a wild grape 




CORNUCOPIA. 

(V. Labrusca), from which he raised seedlings. He then 
sowed tlie seed raised from these and obtained others, 
among which was the Concord. He then raised 2,000 
seedlings before he got any tliat surjjassed the Concord. 
In the fourth generation, or grandchildren of the Con- 
cord, he obtained seedlings far superior to tlie Concord 
and nearly equal to the European grape (V. Vinifera). 
There seems to be no reasonaljle doubt that, as Jlr. Bull 
thinks, the wild gi-apecan,in a few generations, be made 
equal in quality to the European vine. — U. S. Agr. Report 
for 1867. 

Jlr. BuU's experimental garden is a sandy hiUside, 
soil poor in organic matter but rich in iron. He uses no 
rich manures ; his vines get a little ashes and bonedust, 
and good culture. Mr. Bull has not succeeded iu rais- 



Croton. 



DESCRIPTION OP VARIETIES. 



Cunningham. 87 




THE CROTON GRAPE. 

iug another seeilling which would fultill his sanguine 
hopes, tliough tliirty years liave elapsed since he raised 
the Concord. But to have raised this one is sufficient cause 
for satisfaction ; and it is s<i much more to the credit of 
Mr. Hull that he continued his efforts, as they were never 
rewurde<l by any pecuniary profits. 

Conran, or McCowan. (Rip.) Bunch and berri/ 
Micdiinn ; black; rather harsh and austere. Not desiru- 
l>h'. — Doicning. 

Croton. Hybrid cross between Delaware aud 
Ohasselas de Fontainbleau, originated by S. 
W. Underbill, of Croton Point, N. Y.; bore its 
first fruit in 1865. In 1868 and following years 
it obtained prizes at the New York, Pennsylva- 
nia and Massachusetts Horticultural Societies 
and other grape exhibitions, attracting marked 
attention. The late H.E.Hooker, of New York, 
said: "The Croton succeeds very well indeed 



in some localities, and it is certainly 
one of the most delightful grapes, 
when well grown, that I have ever 
raised." 

Buncli often 8 to 9 inches long, 
moderately compact, and shoul- 
dered ; the shoulder often nearly as 
large as the bunch, and the clusters 
frequently winged ; berries of me- 
dium size, of light yellowish-green 
color, translucent, and remarkably 
delicate In appearance ; flesh melt- 
ing and sweet throughout ; quality 
best, with much of the flavor and 
character of the Chasselas. Ripens 
earlj'. Some very prominent pomol- 
ogists say that it is one of the best 
hardy grapes they have tasted, and 
report the vine as hardy, vigorous, 
and productive ; others, that it does 
not succeed at all ; — even grafted 
on strong roots, it remained unpro- 
ductive and worthless with western 
growers. Our own experience has 
been very unfavorable, as the vine is 
very tender, a weak grower, with a 
tendency to mildew and rot. We 
cannot recommend it for general 
cultivation, but only as a valuable 
amateur fruit, oneof the most beauti- 
ful in appearance and exquisite in 
flavor. 

Cunningham. Syu., Long, (^st.) 
A southern grape, of the Herbemont 
class ; it originated in the garden of 
Jacob Cunningham, Prince Edward 
Co.,Va. Dr. D.N. Norton, the same 
who introduced to notice our in- 
valuable Norton's Virginia grape, 
made wine from the Cunningham 
in 1855, and furnished to the Elder Prince, 
of Flushing, Long Island, the stock from 
which this grape has been disseminated. In 
this latitude and farther south, the Cun- 
ningham is VERY valuable for southern slopes 
with poor, light limestone soils. Transplanted 
to southern France, it was there considered 
as one of the most valuable American grapes, 
the quality of which was admitted to be equal 
to that of some of their own favorite varieties. 
Bunch very compact and heavy, medium, long, 
not always shouldered ; berries small, purple- 
brownish black, juicy, and vinous. Vine a very 
strong grower, healthy, and productive ; to 
be so, however, it needs spur-pruning on later- 
als, and light winter protection. It should be 
planted only in favorable locations, where the 
Herbemont succeeds best. Boots of medium 



88 Cunningham. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Cynthiana. 




THE CUKKINGHAM GRAPE. 



thickness, inclined to be wiry, straight, tough, 
with a smooth, hard liber. The Cunningham 
is one of the best resistants to the Phylloxera. 
Canes not numerous, but very stout and vigor- 
ous, often attaining a length of 30 or 40 feet 
in one season ; wood hard with a medium 
sized pith, and a hard, thick outer bark adher- 
ing closely even on the ripe wood, a character- 
istic common to all the iEstivalis class. Ripens 
its fruit very late, and makes one of the most 



aromatic and delightful wine.-, of dark yellow 
color. i)/MS< 95° to 112°. 

Cynthiaua, Syn., Keu River, Arkansas. 
(^t^st.) Received by Husmann, in 1858, from 
William R. Prince, Flushing, Long Island, 
N. Y. Origin, Arkansas, where it was proba- 
bly found growing wild. It is a true ^stivalis 
in all its habits, and resembles Norton's Vir- 
ginia so closely that it is ixnpossible to distin- 
guish the wood or leaf, although the bunch is 



Cynthiana. 



DESCRIPTION OP VARIETIES. 



Cynthiana. 89 




THE CYNTHIANA GRAPE. 



perhaps somewhat more shouldered, the berry 
more juicy and somewhat sweeter, and the 
season for its ripening- earlier. This difference, 
however, and other points hereinafter men- 
tioned, are attributed by many viticulturists 
to difference of location, soil, and aspect, and 
are not deemed sufficient by them to justify its 
being considered a separate and distinct variety 
from Norton's Virginia Seedling. We are not 
fully prepared to decide, but are inclined to 
side with those who consider the Ch/nthiana 
different from and superior to Norton's. 



Suiwh of medium size, moderately compact, 
shouldered ; herry below medium, round, black 
with blue bloom, sweet, spicy, moderately 
juicy. Juice very dark red ; weighs very heavy 
on the must scale, even higher than Norton's 
Virginia, and, so far, makes our best red wine. 
It has as much body as Norton's Virginia, is of 
exquisite flavor, more delicate than Norton's, 
and can safely enter the lists with Burgundy 
wines. The Norton's, however, seems to pos- 
sess medicinal ingredients (tannin) in a higher 
degree. Vine vigorous and healthy, free from 



90 Creveling. 



BU8HBERG CATALOGUE. 



Diana Hambury. 



rot, productive, and as sure Aere in its crops of 
well ripened fruit as any variety we know, but 
very difficult to propagate, as its wood is very 
hard, with a small pith and closely adhering- 
outer bark. The fruit ripens some few days 
earlier than Norton's. Speciflcgravity of must 
from 98° to 112°, according to the season. We 
can confidently recommend the true Cynthiana 
as the best grape for red tvine which we have 
tried. 

Our Cynthiana wine was awarded the First 
Medal of Merit at the World-Exposition, Vi- 
enna, 1873, and is gaining the "blue ribbon'' 
at every test. The commission at the Con- 
grfes de Moutpellier, France, 1874, reported : 
"Cynthiana of Mr. Bush, a red wine of fine 
color, rich in body and alcohol, reminding us of 
old Roussillon wine." It says the same of 
Cynthiana exhibited by Poschel & Sherer. 
Nuesch, formerly of Dr. Lawrence's Ouachita 
vineyard, near Hot Spring, Ark., who got his 
plants from us, says : "We find the Cynthiana 
hardier than the Norton, and a few days ear- 
lier in ripening." Muench wrote us: "Too 
much cannot he said in praise of the Cynthi- 
ana ; its wine, two or three years old, cannot 
be excelled by the best red wines of the old 
world." We look upon it as our best and 
MOST VALUABLE grape for red wine, and have 
bestowed special attention on its propagation. 

CrcTeling. Syn., Catawissa, Bloom. {La- 
brusca, X) Columbia County, Pennsylvania. 
Bunches long, loose on young vines, but on 
old ones sometimes as compact as Concords ; at 
other times very loose, by imperfectly setting 
its fruit. Berries medium to large, slightly 
oval, black with blue bloom ; flesh tender, 
juicy, and sweet ; quality best. Ripens early, a 
few days later than Hartford, and before Con- 
cord. Vine a fair grower, healthy, and hardy, 
but not free from rot and mildew ; may be 
planted 6 by 6 feet apart, on northern and 
northeastern hillsides. Boots thick and warty, 
and comparatively few ; texture soft, with a 
thick liber, forming young fibers rather slow- 
ly; canes long and rambling, slender, long- 
jointed, and with few laterals; wood soft, of a 
reddish color, with a large pith. 

In all these characteristics there is scarce a 
trace of the .^Estivalis, for which class some 
would claim the Creveling. 

This grape for a time was rapidly growing in 
favor ; this it has not deserved, as it is often 
very unproductive, setting its fruit imper- 
fectly. 

Mr. Knight, proprietor of a vineyard of fifty 
acres near Philadelphia, is reported to have 
lately dug up five acres of the Creveling, be- 



cause he has found it unsatisfactory as a mar- 
ket grape; it would be still more unprofitable 
as a wine grape, and can only maintain its 
place as a fine family grape tor garden culture. 
Rev. Burnet, of Ontario, who has planted and 
cultivated the Crereling intermingled with 
Concord, says that he found it "everything 
that could be desired, both in regard to the 
bunch and the berry" — ascribing it to impreg- 
nation by the Concord. 

Cuj'nhoga. Syn., Wemple. (Labr.) A chiiin:e 

seedling loiintl jtnd grown by Weinple, of C'OUunier, 

Cuyalioga Co., Oliio. Vine a .'Dtroiig grower; require? a 
warm, sandy soil, and exposure, to make it desirable at 
the north; but when well grown it is of line nuality. 
South it casts its foliage and is not valuable. Bunch 
medium, compact; fterri/ medium, dull greenish-amber 
when full>- ripe; flesh tender, juicy, rich, vinous, sweet. 
Ripens with the Catawba or a little later. 

Dana. A seedling grown by the late Francis Dana, 
of Roxbury, Mas?., anil described in the " Massachu- 
setts Horticultural Transactions." Bunch medium, 
shouldered, compact, with a peculiar red .stem ; berries 
rather large, round, red with a rich, heavy bloom, so 
that when fully ripe tbey appear almost black ; Hesh 
as free from pulp as Delaware ; not so sweet, but more 
spirited and vinous, yet not an acid grape. 

John B. Moore & Son, Concord, Mass., who own the 
parent vine, say further of this grape, that the 
vine is a strong grower and perfectly hardy, the foliage 
clean(?) and healthy. Bunch as large as the Concord at 
its best ; similar to the Red Chasselas in quality and 
color, and supposed to be a imre native seedling. Ri- 
pens with Concord. 

Deinpsey's Seedlings, see Burnet (p. 79.) There 
are others designated by numbers only, and very little 
known outside of Ontario. 

Detroit. {Labr ) This variety is supposed to be 
a seedling of Catawba. It was found in a garden in 
Detroit, Mich. Not having seen the fruit, we copy from 
description in the Horticulturist; ' ' Vine very vigorous 
and hardy. Foliage resembling Catawba ; wood short- 
jointed ; bunches large, compact ; berries very dark 
rich brown claret with a light bloom, round and regu- 
lar ; flesh with very little pulp, rich and sugary. Ri- 
pens earlier than the Catawba." 

Diana Hamburg:, (Hi/br.) Said to be a cross 
between the Diana and Black Hamburg, originated 
by Jacob Moore, of Rochester, N. Y. ; bunches gener- 
ally large, sutKciently compact, well shouldered ; ber- 
ries above medium, slightly oval, of a rich fiery-red 
color when fully ripe ; flesh tender, of very sweet fla- 
vor, equal to some of the finer foreign sorts. Vine a 
weak grower, with short-jointed, firm wood, very ten- 
der; leaves of medium size, crimped, and sometimes 
rolled in ; subject to mildew. Its fruit ripens after the 
Concord, but before its parent the Diana. We may as 
well state that at least three independent parties are 
reputed to have made this hybrid, and several crosses 
of the foreign Black Hamburg on the Diana may 
e.xist. Ours is from J. Charlton, Rochester, N. Y., 
but it proved worthless. We might as well attempt to 
grow the Black Hamburg in open air. Its propagation 
should be given up — at least we have done so. 



Delaware. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



Delaware. 



91 



Delaware. Origin unknown. It was 
'found many years since in the garden 
of Paul H. Provost, Frenchtown, Hun- 
terdon Co., N. J., wtio had immigrated 
from Switzerland, and brought with 
him many varieties of foreign grapes, 
which he cultivated in his garden. It 
was first known as the "Italian Wine 
Grape," then it was supposed to be the 
"Red Traminer," or a seedling from 
this variety. We have strong reasons 
to believe it a hybrid between the Vitis 
Labnisea and V. Vint/era. 

This variety, first brought to notice* 
by A. Thompson, Delaware, O., is con- 
sidered to be one of the best, if not f/ie 
best, of all American grapes. It seems 

ENTIRELY FREE FROM ROT in all SCaSOUS, 

and its perfect hardiness and unsur- 
passed quality and popularity, both as 
a table fruit and for wine, places this 
variety at the head of American grapes. 
Unfortunately and from various causes, 
it does not, succeed well in many locali- 
ties; it should be planted in deep, rich 
soil, open and well-drained, here on 
northeast and eastern slopes, and re- 
quires good cultivation (thinning the 
crop) and pruning to short laterals. Its 
roots are slender, and not inclined to 
branch out much ; of medium tough- 
ness, with a rather soft liber. Canes 
proportionate, in length and thickness, 
with an average number of laterals. 
Wood hard, with a small pith. It is a 
slow grower Fourteen hundred and 
fifty vines may well be planted to the 
acre, 5 to 6 feet being a sufficient dis- 
tance. The Delaware is exceedingly 
hardy, enduring uninjured the sever- 
est winters, if the vines are healthy. 
In some localities it yields a sure and 
abundant crop, and is entirely without 
a rival for the production of a fine white wine. 
In some parts of Michigan (St. Joseph, Benton 
Harbor), for instance, it annually produces 
(since 1864 to this day) as many pounds to the 
vine as the Concord, and is even more certain. 
In Maine also it is considered "altogether the 
best grape we have." In other localities, how- 
ever, it has been found subject to mildew or 
leaf-blight, and this tendency is greatly aggra- 
vated by allowing the vines to overbear, which 
the Delaware, if permitted, is sure to do. Good 
authorities recommend a slight coping over the 
vines as a protection against mildew. Its root 

* Am. Pomol. Society, 18.55. 




DELAWARE. 

was supposed to be sensitive to Phylloxera, 
and its leaves are often covered with galls pro- 
duced by this insect ; but Reich of Armeillfere, 
the eminent grape-grower of the Rhone-Delta, 
has furnished proof that this variety also is 
successfully resisting the attacks of Phyllox- 
era. He artificially infected them with the 
insect, three times each year, without doing 
them any harm. 

Bvnch small to medium, compact ; clus- 
ters usually shouldered ; berries below medi- 
um, round ; skin thin, but tenacious ; pulp 
sweet and tender; juice abundant, rich, vinous 
and sugary, sprightly and refreshing ; color a 



92 



Delaware. 



BU8HBERG CATALOGUE. 



Downing. 



beautiful light red or purplish-maroon, covered 
with a thin whitish bloom, and very translu- 
cent. It is without harshness or acidity ^n its 
pulp, exceedingly sweet, but sprightly, vinous 
and aroiiiatic. Ripens early, about eight days 
later than Hartford Prolific. Quality best, for 
the table as well as for wiue. Must 100°- 118°. 
Acid 5 to 6 per mill. 

When the former editions of this Catalogue 
were published, seedlings from Delaware and 
its crosses with other varieties were but little 
known, though Innumerable attempts had been 
made to raise them. Expectations to pro- 
duce therefrom a grape of superior value, larger 
only in size of bunch and berries, yet of the qua- 
lity of tiie Delaware, seemed doomed to disap- 
pointment. Most of its seedlings showed more 
or less of the '^Fox grajie." This fact and other 
characteristics (see Manual — Table of Grape 
Seeds, &o.) convince us of its origin, in jiart, 
from this sjaecies, although many eminent hor- 
ticulturists and botanists class the Delaware 
with ^Kstivalts (others with Riparia). It is 
true that the Delaware leaf seems more closely 
allied to .aestivalis ; its wood is harder, more 
diflicult to propagate, and the tendrils are not 
continuous (nor are they regularly intermit- 
tent) ; but we find a remarkable parallel case 
in '^ &lhcp2iarcVs Delaware," raised from seed 
of Catawba by J. N. Sheppard, in 1852. From 
him Charles Downing received it, with its 
history, and says, "the vine and fruit are simi- 
lar in all res2^ects to Delaware." The "White 
Delaware," raised by G. W. Campbell from 
seed of Delaware, has large, thick foliage 
^^ resembling Catawba more than Delaware." 
Another White Delaware seedling raised by 
H. Jaeger, of Neosho, shows the same charac- 
teristics, and the fruit has a musky flavor ; 
probably it has not proved valuable, or else 
more would have been heard of it. Of late, 
however, several very promising hybrids of 
Delaware crossed with Concord and other 
Labrusciis have been produced, especially the 
Duchess. (<See Descr. of this Var.:, also List C 
of Hybr. in Manual, p. 28.) 

J. Rommel has lately produced a Black 
Delawake seedling which is very early, ot 
fine quality, and may become valuable, as it 
seems to do well in localities and soils where 
the old Delaware fails. Two WTiite Seedlings 
of Delaware, one named Kalista, the other 
Laccbissa, are reported by J. Sacksteder, of 
Louisville, Ky.; they aie said to be of superior 
quality, rich m flavor, better growers than 
their parent and to hold their foliage until fall. 



Deverenx. {^Est.) Syn., Black July, Lin- 
coln,? Blue Grape, Sherry, Thurmond, 
Hart, Tuley, McLean, Husson (Lenoir, 
incorrectly; the name Black July is also 
objectionable, being used by English ampelo- 
graphs for the IsciilA noiu, or Js'oiR ue Jiil- 
let, a PiNEAU variety — Vinifera — with which 
the Devereux has no resemblance.) A south- 
ern grape ; belongs to the same class as Herbe- 
mont and Cunningham. Where this variety 
will succeud it is one of our best wine grapes, 
producing a white wine of exquisite flavor. It is 
somewhat subject to mildew, very tender, and 
requires covering in the winter. North of Mis- 
souri it should not be tried, but here it suc- 
ceeds admirably on southern slopes, in very 
favorable' seasons ; never on wet, cold soils. 
Our southern grape-growers especially should 
Ijlant .some of it. Bunch long, loose, slightly 
shouldered ; berry black, l)elow medium, round; 
skin flue, tender; flesh meaty, juicy, without 
pulp, and vinous ; ((uality best. Vine a strong 
grower, and, when free from mildew, moder- 
ately productive ; wood long-jointed, purjiUsh- 
brown at first, of deeper purplish-red when 
ripe; with bi-forked, intermittent tendrils — 
these, as also the leaf-stalk, are tinged on their 
base with a purplish-brown hue, like the young 
canes ; the buds are covered with a russet 
down, unfolding with that rosy complexion 
peculiar to the young downy leaves of most 
^stivalis. The developed foliage is of medium 
size, entire (not lobed), considerably wrinkled, 
turgid, with somewhat abundant hair-tufts on 
the lower veins. 

Don Xunn. One of Rickett's Hybrid Seedlings, 
much like its parent lona. F. R. Elliott says: ''It 
is better than any known hardy grape of its color; is 
about the size, in berry, of Rogers' 15, a deeper color, 
and a larger and better bunch ; the flesh is vinous, 
sweet and sparkling." (See "Rickett's Seedlings.")" 

Doivniti^. or Charles Downing. A Hybrid ob- 
tained by .Tames H. Ricketts, Newburgli, N. Y., from 
the Croton fertilized by Black Hamburg. "Bunches 
large, sometimes shouldered ; berries large, slightly 
oval, nearly black with light bloom ; flesh tender, 
breaking somewhat Hke the foreign sorts ; in flavor it 
is first rate, being sweet, with just enough sprightli- 
ness to prevent cloying the palate." — Fuller. 

The vine is said to be a vigorous grower, with healthy 
foliage. Its parents forebode the reverse. According 
to other reports, it was produced from Israella crossed 
with Muscat-Hamburg. It has an unusually long 
bunch and large, oblong berries— a remarkable grape, 
Mr. Ricketts must have valued it highly, else he 
would not have given it the name of our revered great 
Pomologist. But it is not disseminated. 



Diana. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



Dunlap. 



03 



Diana. (Lubr.) A seedling of 
Catawba, raised by Mrs. Diana 
Creiiore (wlio still lives, at the 
age of 87!), Milton, Mass.; first 
exhibited in 1843, before the Mas- 
sachusetts Horticultural Socie- 
ty. Fuller justly remarks : 

"There is probably no one va- 
riety of grape in cultivation in 
regard to which there is a greater 
diversity of opinion, and its vari- 
ableness fully warrants all that 
is said about it. In one section 
it is really excellent, while in 
another, perhaps near by it, it is 
entirely worthless. This differ- 
ence is often observable in the 
same garden, and from no ap- 
parent cause." 

The Diana seems to do best in 
warm, rather dry and poor soil ; 
gravelly clay or sandy loam 
seems best suited to its wants. 
Is reported to do remarkably 
well in Georgia. Hunches me- 
dium, very compact, occasional- 
ly shouldered ; berries medium 
size, round, pale red, covered 
with a thin lilac bloom ; flesh 
tender, with some pulp, sweet, 
juicy, with a musk flavor that 
is very strong until the fruit is 
fully ripe, and then often offen- 
sive to some tastes. Colors its 
fruit early, but does not really 
mature much earlier than the 
Catawba. Vinea vigorous grow- 
er, requiring much room and 
long pruning, and increases in 
productiveness and good quality 
as the vines get age ; roots few, 
but long and thick, soft in tex- 
ture, and with a thick liber; 
canes" heavy and^ long, with" felv"latefals, and 
a very large pith. It is not as productive, 
nor quite as large in bunch and berry, as its 
parent, but some think it superior in quality ; 
unfortunately it is just as frequently suffering 
from mildew and rot as the Catawba. Its 
berries hold well, and its thick skin enables it 
to withstand changes of temperature better ; 
hence the Diana improves by being left upon 
the vine until after pretty severe frost. As a 
variety for packing and keeping, it has no su- 
perior. Eastern grape-growers claim it to 
be valuable also for wine. Must 88°-90° ; 
acid 12. 




DIANA. 

Dracut Amber. (Labr.) Originated by J. W. 
Manning, Dracut, Mass. Vine very vigorous. 
Regarded by us as but a slightly improved 
wild Fox grape; very early and productive. 
Bunch large and long, compact, often shoul- 
dered ; berries large, round ; skin thick, of pale 
red color, pulpy and foxy ; too foxy for our 
taste, and should be discarded, when so many 
better varieties can be grown. Yet some new 
varieties, quite similar, and but very little, if 
any better, are continually introduced. (See 
Wyoming Red.) 

Dunlap. One of Rickett's Hybrids, a fine red 
grape. Not disseminated. 



94 Duchess. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



El Dorado. 



Dunn. (jEst.) A new grape obtained from a Mr. 
Dunn in W. Texas, and named after him by G. Onder- 
<lonk, Mission Valley, Texas. Vine a vigorous grower, 
in habit and foliage precisely like the Ilerbemont, but 
bunches generally not shouldered, and berries above 
Herbemont in size and paler in color ; ripens about 
when th^ Herbemont is gone, which is a valuable feat- 
ure for southern Texas and similar southern climates, 
but makes it unfit for our northern and even for the 
central States. 

Further experiments make it doubtful whether this 
variety is sufficiently distinct from the Herbemont, 
and whether the difference in size and time of ripen- 
ing may not have been due to other circumstances, 
conditions of soil, &c. No plants will be sent out until 
this has been determined. 

Duchess, a new, fine white table-grape, raised 
near Newburgh, N. Y., by A. S. Caywood & Son, 
who states that "it was produced by crossing 
a White Concord Seedling with Delaware 
or Walter, the pollen of both being applied 
at the same time.'' The vine is a vigorous 
grower, with moderately short-jointed shoots ; 
leaves large, light green, rather thick, coarsely 
serrated, adhere to the vine very late in the 
season; vine abundantly productive. Bunch, 
medium to large (from i to I lbs. each), shoul- 
dered, occasionally double-shouldered, com- 
pact; berries medium, roundish, inclining to 
oval; skin rather thick, light green at first, 
but pale greenish-yellow when mature, some- 
times a golden yellow where fully exposed and 
gathered late, and covered with a thin whitish 
bloom; flesh tender, free from pulp, juicy, 
sweet, spicy, rich, and of excellent ijuality; 
the berries adhere strongly to the peduncle, 
and the fruit keeps a long time after being 
gathered. Ripens soon after the Concord. 
— Charles Doivning . 

John J. Thomas, recognized as good authority 
among pomologists, says : In quality, it is 
unquestionably one of the most delicious of 
all out-door varieties, and in growth the vines 
possess great vigor and hardiness, withstand- 
ing our winters uninjured. President Wilder, 
says: "The Duchess is as well adapted to 
exportation as the White Malaga, and is of 
much better quality; I think it is the begin- 
ning of the production of grapes for export." 
In a discussion on the new grape, at the Am. 
Poraol. Society meeting, 1.S81, Mr. Caywood re- 
marked "that the Duchess will not endure 
high feed. It grows rampantly, making thirty 
feet on the \ines at three years old. It is a 
grape for the poor man. It will grow without 
obliging him to spend all the money the grapes 
bring for fertilizers." He assures us also, that: 
"It rijjens with Concoi'd and carries better 
than any other known variety, having been 
sent to California and back again in good con- 



dition, and five weeks afterward the same 
clusters were sent to the exhibition at Atlanta, 
Ga. It keeps without difficulty until spring. 
All grapes that carry well keep well from the 
same general cause." Testimony as to the 
excellence of the Duchess grape has been re- 
ceived from many of the most eminent author- 
ities in the country. It is, in our opinion, one 
of the best white grapes and second to none 
for family use. 

Earl^ Datvn. (Ili/hr. ) An early black grape of 
fine quality which originated with Dr. Wm. A. M. 
Culbert, of Newburgh, N. Y., being a cross of Muscat- 
Hamburg &Israella; vine healthy, vigorous, and very 
productive; wood moderately short-jointed; leaves 
large, tliick and firm, roundish, broadly but not deep- 
ly serrated, sometimes slightly lobed. Bunch medium 
to large, long, shouldered ; berrj/ medium, round, black 
with a thick blue bloom ; skin thin but firm ; flesh 
tender, juicy, sweet, slightly vinous, rich, and of very 
good quality ; the fruit adheres well to the peduncle, 
keeps well, and is a valuable addition to the early 
grapes; either for the table or market. Ripens a week 
or more before the Hartford Prolific— CAas. Downing, 

P. M. Augur of Connecticut, 0. B. Hadwen of Mas- 
sachusetts, and some others, consider it one of the best 
early varieties ; a moderate grower, with a moderately 
good bunch. So far, it has not been tested in the west, 
and its parentage gives us no confidence in its value. 

Karly Hud8on(?). An early, round, black grape, 
of little value, except as a curiosity, inasmuch as some 
of the berries contain no seed. 

Elsinbiirgh. Syn., Elsinboro, Smart's El- 
SINBOROITGH. {^Est.) Supposed to have origin- 
ated in Elsinburgh, Salem county, N. J. An 
amateur grape, of fine quality ; ripens early. 
Bunches medium to large, rather loose, shoul- 
dered ; berries small, round ; skin thick, black 
covered with a thin bloom ; flesh without pulp, 
sweet, vinous. Leaves deeply flve-lobed, dark 
green, smooth ; wood long-jointed and slender. 
Subject to mildew. 

Elizabeth. {Labr.) Originated on the farm of 
Joseph Hart, near Rochester, N. Y., and described in 
the Rural New Yorker : -BitncAes large, compact; Jer- 
ries large, roundish-oval, greenish white with a jiurple 
tinge in the sun ; flesh rather pulpy, acid. 

El Dorado. Another of Ricketts' seedlings, pro- 
duced by crossing Concord with Allen's hybrid. Vine 
partakes strongly of the parent Concord in every par- 
ticular, whOe in fruit tlie bunch is very regular and 
much larger. Berri/ large, round, clear golden yellow 
with a thin white bloom, and few seeds. It is a. full 
sister to the Lady Washington (between which there 
exists a strong resemblance), ripens early, and is per- 
haps the highest flavored grape, either hardy or exotic, 
in existence- — possessing a delicate though decided 
aroma resembling pineapples ; foliage and habit of 
growth good, so far as tested. — Not tested by us. 



Duchess. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



Duchess. 95 




!)(i 



Early Victor. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Early Victor. 



Early Victor. (Labr.) A chance seedling of 
the Labrusca class, originated with John Burr, 
of Leavenworth, Kansas, about 12 years ago 
(1871). T we very hardy, healthy, vigorous, and 
very productive ; ivood dark gray, rather long- 
jointed ; foliage thick, medium, dark green, 
deeply lobed, partaking somewhat of the char- 
acter of the Delaware and Hartford Prolific— 
not as pubescent as the latter. The original 
vine has not been injured by the severe cold 




and sudden changes of our climate, and has 
shown no I'ot or disease. 

"Buncfi above medium, compact, often shoul- 
dered, sometimes double shouldered ; berry rae- 
dium, round, black with a heavy blue bloom ; 
adheres to the peduncle until it shrivels; flesh 
slightly pulpy, juicy, sprightly, and vinous ; 
agreeably sweet, without foxiness. Season at 
least a week earlier than Hartford Puo- 
LiKic." — Dr. J. Stayrnan. 

The above description 
is from the Third Appen- 
dix to Downing's "Fruits 
and Fruit-trees of Amer- 
ica" (ISSlj. This variety 
was not disseminated be- 
fore the year 1881, but has 
been tested in various 
localities. Geo. W. Camp- 
bell says: "I know of no 
black grape so well fitted 
to take the place of all 
the foxy abominations 
(Hartford, Ives, Talman 
or Early Champion, Janes- 
ville, Belvidere ) which 
have been tolerated on 
account of their earliness. 
I am glad to recognize in 
this variety a really good, 
very early black • grape, 
with a vine evidently of 
the healthiest and hardi- 
est type of the Labrusca 
class." 

The Early Victor is 
expected to take a high 
position as a popular and 
profitable grape for the 
market grower, as well 
as for the vineyard and 
garden, wherever vines of 
the Labrusca class can be 
grown successfully. In 
growth and general habit, 
as well as in the size and 
general appearance of the 
clusters, it resembles the 
Hartford ; but, unlike the 
Hartford, it is a grape of 
excellent quality, slight 
pulpiness, small seeds, 
free from foxiness, and 
the berry does not fall 
from the cluster even 
when overripe. 



EARLY VICTOR. 







ELVIRA 



IKOM NATURE yOR THE ?3TTSinJER(; (^AXVLOCEE, 



■IumM'; l\!llnr}. : '- ' •:::v.i:u->L:i;i. 



Elvira. 



DESCRIPTION OP VARIETIES. 



Elvira. 




ElTira, a seedling of the Taylor, raised by 
Jacob Rommel, of Morrison, Mo., flrst intro- 
duced and disseminated by us in 1874-75, is 
now one of the leading white-wine grapes. 
The accompanying illustration was made for 
this Catalogue from a photograph of a medi- 
um cluster. Bunches small to medium, shoul- 
dered, very compact ; herry medium, considera- 
bly larger than Taylor, its parent, round, pale 
green with whitebloom, sometimes tinged with 
red streaks when fully ripe ; sliin very thin, 
almost transparent ; it sets so very closely and 
the skin is so thin as to cause some of the ber- 
ries to crack ; pulp sweet; very tender and 



juicy, fine flavor. Ripens about ten days later 
than Concord. 

Vine a most vigorous, stocky grower, emi- 
nently productive, often bearing four to six 
consecutive bunches from one eye ; exceeding- 
ly healthy and hardy, liaving stood the hard 
winter of 1872-73, and even that of 1880-81, 
without protection. No rot to speak of, so far; 
foliage free from mildew in most unfavorable 
seasons. Roots like those of Clinton and Tay- 
lor, with the same immunity from attacks of 
the Phylloxera. Canes stout and long with 
well-developed laterals. Wood harder than 
the Taylor, with a medium pith. Foliage large 



Etta. 



BU8HBERG CATALOGUE. 



Eureka, 




and strong, somewhat rusty and woolly on 
the lower side. Since it has been established 
that the Taylor is itself a cross between 
Riparia and Labrusca, the characteristics of 
the Elvira are fully explained by its parent- 
age. (See page 20.) 

The Elvira makes a very good white wine, 
and is now extensively grown for this pur- 
pose, but is unfit for marketing on account 
of its thin, easily-bursting skin. This dis- 
position to crack and a tendency to over- 
bear, thereby injuring the health and vigor 
of the vine for future years, made its origin- 
ator wish to produce some still better grape, 
without these faults ; and he may have suc- 
ceeded in his "Utta." 

F,tta< (Rip-) Understood to be a descendant 
from Taylor in the third generation, a daughter of 
Elvira, raised by Jacob Eommell (first exhibited 
in 1879 as Elvira Seedling 
No. 3); resembles Elvira, 
but has larger berries with 
firmer skin, not disposed 
to crack, and is superior in 
quality. It ripens later. 
The vine is of very vigor- 
ous growth with strong, 
healthy foliage, hardy, and 
productive. This grape was 
awarded the premium "for 
the best bearing Cane of 
New Seedlings for TVine, 
quality and productiveness 
to rule," at the Mississippi 
Valley Horticultural Society meeting in 
St. Louis, September, 1880. 

We consider this the best of Rommel's 
white grapes, a great improvement over 
Elvira. The annexed illustration, copy of 
a photograph of this variety, may not do 
it full justice, as it was selected only for 
the peculiarity of often producing dou- 
ble bunches, or rather small bunches 
with shoulders equal in size with the 
main bunch ; the natural size is also 
fully one-third larger than in the en- 
graving. 

Eureka. (Labr.) A seedling of 
Isabella, originated by S. Folsom. 
of Attica, Wyoming Co., N. York, 
similar to its parent hi appearance, 
but claimed to be earlier, hardier 
and healthier, also of better tlavor, 
and to keep better than Isabella. 
Folsom has since raised eight seed- 
lings of the Eureka, which are said 
to be remarkable for earliness, few. 
ness of seeds, and other good 
qualities. Unknown in the 
West. 

Eva. (See Concord Seed- 
lings, page 85.) 



Empire State. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



Eumelan. 



99 



Empire State. (Lnbr. X Eip-) A new 
Seedling originated by James H. Rick- 
ETTS from seed of the Hartford Prolific, 
fertilized with the Clinton. We have 
seen and admired botli its beauty and 
excellence of quality at the Am. Pomol. 
Society's Exhibition at Boston, in 1881. 
The following letter of the originator 
to Geo. A. Stone, who bought the entire 
stock of this grape gives its description, 
and will otherwise be found interesting: 

Georce a. Stoxe, Nurseryman, Rochester, 
N. Y. 

Dear Sir : In regard to the Empire State, I 
will say tliat I believe it will satisfy a want 
which has long been felt — that of a good, 
very early white grape for home use as well 
as for market. The Empire State is a seetl- 
ling of the Hartford Prolific fertilized with 
the Clinton : fruited .'or the first time in 1879, 
and its first crop was 38 bundles, which it 
carried tlirough in fine order. Its crop of 
1880 was 48 bunchesof most magnificent fruit. 
Grafts inserted in two-year old vines in 1880 
produced in 1881 from 20 to 30 bunches jier 
vine, ripening with the Hartford Prolific and 
Moore's Early. Nearly all of the bunches 
shipuldered, and the finest shade of white ever 
seen in fruit. A good grower and fruiter in 
every respect. 

Bunches large, from 6 to 10 inches long, 
shouldered ; berry medium to large, roundish- 
oval ; color white with a very light tinge of 
yellow, covered with a thiclc white bloom ; 
leaf thick, smooth underside ; flesh tender, 
juicy, rich, sweet and sprightly, with a slight 
trace of native aroma, continuing a long time 
in use; vine very hardy. Its great pro- 
ductiveness, beautiful color, tine quality, extreme 
hardiness, vigor and healtlifulness of vine and foliage, 
size and compactness of cluster, and good shipping 
qualities, make it the best grape, all thmffs considered, 
that I have yet produced. 

None of these vines have been disseminated, and 
consequently in making the purchase you have secured 
the control of the entire stock ; and although it is true 
as you state, so far as I know, that $4,000, the price 
3'ou have paid for it, is the highest price I have ever 
heard being paid for a new grape in this country, I 
consider it cheap at that price, and believe you wUl 
find it a profitable investment. 

Very respectfully, James H. Ricketts. 

Vines, young plants, of the Empire State will not 
be ready for distribution until the spring of 1884. 

Essex. (Rogers' Hybrid No. 41.) B(mc/t of me- 
dium size, compact, shouldered ; herry reddish 
black with blue bloom, round, somewhat flat- 
tened, in this respect resembling its native pa- 
rent ; llesh tender and sweet, with a high aro- 
matic flavor. Ripens early, with Concord. Vine 
vigorous, healthy, and prolific. 




EUMELAN. 

EnDielan. ("(Jood black" grape.) {JSst.)* 
This variety was found as a chance seedling at 
Fishkill, N. Y., where it has been in cultiva- 
tion (in the garden of Messrs. Thome) for many 
years, yielding abundant crops of grapes, re- 
markable both for goodness and earliness. The 
original vines were purchased by Dr. C. W. 
Grant in 1866 (now Hasbrouck & Bushuell, 
lona Island), from whom we obtained plants 
of this valuable variety. We give the descrip- 
tion from the circular of its propagator, Dr. 
Grant, leaving out, however, all excessive 
praise, which, in our opinion, has damaged his 
success more than all his opponents. Bunches 
of good size, elegant form, and proper degree 
of compactness; berries large medium size, • 
round, black with fine bloom, adhering firmly 
to the bunch long after ripening ; flesh tender, 
melting, all going to wine-like juice under 
slight pressure of the tongue; ripening very 

* By a mere typofjravliioal error in onr first edition 
(1869) the Eumelan was tlesiguated as Labr., and to our 
regi'et this error has ever since been copied and repeated 
by many otlier.s who ouglit to have known better. 



100 Excelsior. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Flower of Missovri, 



early (even before the Hartford Prolific) and 
evenly to the center. Flavor very pure and 
refined, very sugary, rich and vinous, with a 
large degree of that refreshing quality that be- 
longs distinctively to the best foreign wine 
grapes. Boots abundant, thick, spreading, and 
of medium toughness ; liber thicli but firm. 

Vine a strong grower, producing remarliably 
short-jointed wood, with numerous and strong 
laterals ; buds large and prominent ; wood hard 
with a small pith ; leaves large, thicli, dark 
colored, firm in texture (it strikingly resembles 
Elsinburg), and, though subject to mildew in 
unfavorable seasons, we can recommend it as 
a very fine early grape. 

The Americau Horticultural Annual for 18C9 
says of the Eumelan : "This variety has been 
tested in several localities. It has proved with 
us, near New York, remarkably healthy in fo- 
liage, and has taken several premiums as the 
best black (j rape at several exhibitions. " Then 
again reports came from many localities, that 
it had failed to meet pubUc exjiectatious. In 
our vineyards at Bushberg, it has proved, in 
favorable seasons, all that was claimed for it, 
being early, productive, and of very flue quality; 
but, alas, unfavorable seasons came, and the 
Eumelans suflered severely from mildew, and 
since then they have not fully recuperated. 

Perhaps with no other variety is it su import- 
ant to set out only good and strony plants in the 
first place, as with this one; and we think that 
the great diversity <jf opinion now existing in 
regard to this grape is partly due to the fact 
that poor and feeble plants of this variety 
have been sent out which never came to any 
good thereafter, and never will do so. 

The Eumelan makes a superior red wine (ac- 
cording to Mottier, North-East, Pa., must 93°, 
and at the test held at Hammondsport as high 
as 104°, with ouly 4 per mille acid). 

We give a figure of a bunch and leaf reduced 
in size, and a single berry of full natural size. 

Excelsior. (Hybr.) A seedling of the lona fer- 
tilized with pollen of VinU'era, originated by Jas. H. 
Eicketts ; first ofiered in autumn of 1882. The vine is 
moderately vigorous, short-jointed ; leaves medium, 
moderately thick, lobed, coarsely serrated ; iimc/t large 
to very large, shouldered, often doubly shouldered, 
moderately compact ; berry medium to large, round- 
ish inclining to oval, skin pale red, sweet, slightly 
vinous with a rich aromatic muscat flavor ; the berries 
adhere well to the peduncle, and continue a long time 
in use. Ripens a little before the Catawba. 

Ricketts says that this is the finest grape in his col- 
lection ; that it withstood the winter of 1880-81 without 
any protection, but gives better results if protected. It 
is inclined to overbear, so much so, that every other eye 
of the fruitmg-cane sho\dd be rubbed out; to produce 
bunches of the highest quality and beauty, the fruit 
should be thinned to one bunch to a shoot. 



Faith. [Rip. X ) One of Jacob Rommel's very 
promising Taylor Seedlings. Vine a vigorous, 
healthy grower, sufficiently productive of long- 
shouldered medium size hunches ; berries small 
to medium, white or pale amber colored ; juicy, 
sweet, and purely flavored. Ripens very early, 
with or before the Hartford. Regarded by Rom- 
mel as one of his best varieties, and as not sub- 
ject to mildew and rot. 

Far ■West. {Jist.) The Nestor of Western grape 
culture, the late Frederick Muench (died in 1881), re- 
ceived from time to time grafts for testing of Sir. 
Herman Yaeger (Neosho, Mo.), who makes it his task 
to explore the forests of south-west Missouri for 
wild vines. Among these was a feeble graft which 
fruited after several years, and astonished him by the 
delicacy of the aroma of the wine made from same, S" 
much so that he considered it the most valuable acqui- 
sition, one "likely to inaugurate a new era of viticul- 
ture." He honored it by i\\e ivame " Far West," his 
own literary name de jilume. 

Muench described it as follows : "Vine of most vigor- 
ous growth, with unusually large, healthy foliage, per- 
fectly hardy, resisting (in my e.xperimental vineyard) 
all diseases in the most unfavorable seasons. Btmches 
shouldered and of good size. Berries somewhat larger 
than Norton's ; skin very tough, black with fine blue 
bloom. The pulp, or rather the flesh of its berries is 
soft, meaty, melting ; is of dark rich color, with few 
seeds, very sweet and spicy ; making a wine so mUd, 
and yet at the same time fiery and aromatic, as to sur- 
pass (to my taste) all other known wines. Requires a 
long season, blooming and ripening its fruit very late, 
conterapo.-aneously with Norton's;— wherever this 
standard variety succeeds the Far West may be confi- 
dently planted. Its propagation from cuttings seems 
almost impossible, but should be done by layering; 
the layers, however, not to be separated from the 
mother-vine untU after the second summer." 

Flora. (Labr.) Origin PhOadelphia, Pa. Bunch 
small, compact ; 6«/-n/ small, roundish, oval, purplish- 
red. Flesh somewhat pulpy, acid at centre, juicy, 
vinous. Ripens about with Isabella. Vine hardy and 
productive. — Downing. 

Florence. (Lahr.) Probably a cross between Un- 
ion Village m. and Eumelan/., originated by Marine. 
Avery handsome showy grape, of good quality ; bicnch 
large," with some of the Isabella character. Discarded. 

Flowers. Syn., Black Muscadine. (V. Rotund.) 
A variety of the Scuppernong type. Berries large,- 
growing in clusters of 10 to 20; black, sweet. Ripens 
very late ; hangs upon the vine untU frost. Said to 
make a rich, red, and delicious wine. Never faUs to 
produce a crop, and perfectly free from any kind of 
disease. It is much esteemed (in Georgia, Alabama, 
and South Carolina) on account of its lateness, as it 
does not come in until the Scuppernong is gone. 

Berckmans, of Georgia, says it is not quite as good 
as the Scuppernong and of about the same size. 

Flower of Missouri. A Delaware seedlmg, 
grown by Wm. Poeschel, Hermann, Mo. Not dissem- 
inated, and probably never will be. It possesses both 
the excellence and the defects of " Walter." 



Goethe. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



Goethe. 101 




GOETHE. 



102 Goethe. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Oolden Drop. 



Framinghani. Perhaps not identical with, but 
only a reproduction of, the Hartford Prolific — at least 
so closely resembling it that it .should not have been 
introduced as a new variety. 

Franklin. {Rip.) Vine has much the habit and 
growth of Clinton; not as good a bearer. Binuh small, 
not very compact ; berry small, black, juicy, quite acid, 
austere ; unworthy. — Downiny. 

Gaertner. (Rogers' Hybrid No. 14.) Hybrid 
between White Chasselas and a wild Labrus- 
ca. The Hon. Marssall P. Wilder described it 
as follows : bunch good size ; b^rry medium to 
large; color light brown or red; skin thin; 
flavor pleasant and aromatic; season rather 
early ; vine healthy and productive. 

Gazelle. Oneof Rickett's hybrids, produced 
many years ago but neglected, and remaining 
unknown until about ayear since. Sam. Miller, 
to whom he gave a plant or graft of this his 
almost forgotten child, says it is splkndid. 
Bunch large ; hcrry about the size of Herbemont ; 
color white or as nearly white as any grape 
could be, almost translucent ; sweet and deli- 
cious. Its growth last summer pleased us 
very much. 

Goethe. (Rogers' Hybrid No. 1.) This very 
valuable variety is, perhaps, more unique and 
shows in its fruit more of the character of the 
European species than any of Rogers' other 
sorts, and yet its vine is one of the hardiest, 
healthiest, and most productive we have. 
Late in ripening for northern localities, it does 
not always mature there ; but here with us it 
produces and perfectly ripens a large crop of 
beautiful clusters and berries, free from imper- 
fections of any kind, provided it has a good rich 
soil, and has not been permitted to overbear, 
which would ruin its health and productive- 
ness for years to come, if not forever. A sandy 
soil seems also favorable for its continued 
health, as the nmts of the Goethe, though thick 
— generally of a scraggy and warty exterior — 
are feeble, and in clayey soil may. perhaps, be- 
come a prey to the Phylloxera. The vine is a 
most vigorous grower, making stout and long 
canes, with well-developed laterals. Wood 
rather soft, with a moderate pith. 

At the Fall meeting of the Mississippi Val- 
ley Grape-growers' Association, Sept. 9, 1S68, 
we exhibited for the first time a few branches 
of the vine, each with several perfect clusters, 
which were much admired, and would proba- 
bly have astonished the originator, could he 
have seen them. The smallest ol them, being 
of a good average size, we had photographed, 
and an exact copy of it expressly engraved for 
this Catalogue. The bunches are medium to 
large, not cjuite compact, occasionally shoul- 



I dered ; b'rries very large, oblong, of a yellowish- 
green, sometimes blotched, with a pale, red to- 

i ward the sun and entirely red when fully ripe ; 
skin thin, translucent ; flesh ten'der and melt- 
ing throughout; few seeds ; sweet, vinous, and 
juicy, with a peculiar, delicious aroma. Spe- 
cific gravity of must 78° ; altogether a most 
DESIRABLE grape for the Middle Atlantic States, 
the Ohio and lower Missouri valleys, both 
for the table and for wine. 

Golden Clinton. Syn.,KiNG. {Rlj>.).A seedling 
from the Clinton closely resembling it, but with this 
difference, that its berries are greenish-irhi/e, and that 
it is far less productive. Campbell is perfectly correct 
in saying: "It does not sustain the character given by 
those who first introduced it. Bunches small, scanty, 
and irregular ; fterrtes small and of inferior quality. 
Xot desirable." 

Golden Drop. (Hybr.) A grape of recent intro- 
duction, described as an early white grape, raised by 
Pringle in 1869, from the Adirondac, fertilized by the 

Delaware. In 
size of bunch 
and berry it re- 
sembles Dela- 
ware. Col. yel- 
lowish-white, 
with a tinge of 
red when in 
the sun; bunch 
'cylindrical, 
seldom shoul- 
dered, small, 
close ; berry 
smallish, 
round ; flesh 
tender, though 
slightly p u I- 
py, juicy, very 
sweet and pure 
flavored, with- 
out the slight- 
est foxiness. 
The vine is a 
good grower, 
yearly loaded 
with fruit; 
leaves small, 
obscurely lob- 
ed, tomentose 
beneath, show- 
in g superior 
capacity to 
resist mildew 
and thrips. 

This purely 
native and 
hardy variety 
is admired by such as are fond of the sweet and deli- 
cate flavor of some of tlie foreign sorts. Its surpassing 
earliness makes it valuable for planting in our north- 
ern districts where none of the varieties in cultivation 
are sure to ripen thoroughly every year.— Bliss d Son.. 




GOLDEN DROP. (ActiKil size.) 



GoMen Gem. 



DESCBIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



HaskelVs Seedlings. 103 



Golden Berry. (Hybr.) A white seedling of the 
Martford Prolific and Gen. 3IarmoTa, originated by Dr. 
Culbert, Newburg, N. Y. ; hardy and a free bearer. 
Exhibited 1877. Not disseminated. 

Golden Gem. (Hybr.) A seedling of the Dela- 
ware and lona, a superb table grape, of golden color, 
produced by J. H. Ricketts ; first exhibited at the Am. 
Pomological Society meeting in 1881, and first offered 
for sale in the autumn of 1882. Vine moderately vig- 
orous ; wood short-jointed ; leaf small to medium, 
slightly serrated ; bunch small and sometimes shoul- 
dered ; berry small and of a rich golden color ; flesh 
tender, juicy and rich, with a fine rose flavor ; quality 
Tjest. The fruit ripens very early, even before Hartford 
Prolific, and continues a long time in use without 
losing any of its good qualities. Wherever either of its 
parents, the Delaware or the lona, can be successfully 
grown, this superior novelty deserves special attention 
and trial. 

Graham (?). An accidental seedling, introduced 
by Wm. Graham, of Philadelphia; bunch of medium 
size, not compact ; berry half an inch in diameter, 
round, purple, thickly covered with a blue bloom, con- 
tains little or no pulp, and abounds in juice of agrea- 
ble flavor. A poor grower and bearer. — Downing. 

Grein's Seedlings. A lot of Taylor Seedlings 
raised by Nicholas Grein, near Hermann, Mo., 
and by him supposed to have been pro- 
duced from seed of the European Riesling 
•which he had sown : 
No. 1— Missouri Riesling.* Vine hardy and 
very healthy; a moderate grower, compara- 
tively short-jointed ; with healthy, thick 
leaves ; very productive. Bunch medium, 
moderately compact, slightly shouldered ; 
■herry medium, round, greenish-white, but 
light red when fully ripe ; very Itender 
pulp, juicy, sweet, of fine quaUty, making 
an exquisite white wine ; and on this ac- 
count it is now largely planted by the wine- 
growers of Missouri and Illinois. Ripens 
ten days after the Concord. Subject to rot 
in wet seasons. 
No. 2— Grein's Golden. Somewhat similar 
to the former, but a stronger grower; bunch 
medium, not very compact, handsomely 
shouldered ; berries larger than most other 
Taylor seedlings, of a deep yellow golden 
color, bronzy toward the sun; sweet, juicy, 
with little pulp. Ripens with Concord. A 
very promising grape for family use, table, 
and market. 
No. 3 — much resembles his Missouri Ries- 
ling in bunch and berry; said to contain 
more sugar and to make a still better wine. 
No. 4 — also resembling the former, and said 
to make a very fine wine of a deep golden 
color and delightful flavor. 

* rronouiice: Ueesling. 



No. 7, or Grein's extra early. Vine a vigor- 
ous grower, moderately productive; bunch 
and berry resembling Delaware in size and 
shape but not in color, which herein is a 
beautiful greenish-yellow, with a distinct 
star-like speck on each berry. Ripening 
about same time as Concord. 

Hartford Prolific. (Lahr.) The standard 
for earliness among grapes. Raised by Steel, 
of Hartford, Conn., over thirty years ago. It 
is well-known, and generally planted as a very 
prolific early market variety ; ripens here early 
in August, about ten days in advance of the 
Concord ; but as soon as ripe it generally drops 
its fruit, and is of poor quality. The vine is 
very healthy and hardy, and produces im- 
mense crops. BimcAcs large, shouldered, rather 
compact; berries round, full medium, black; 
flesh pulpy, juicy, with a perceptible foxy fla- 
vor ; roots very abundant, branching and 
fibrous, of average thickness and toughness, 
and tolerably firm liber. Canes stout, with 
strong crooks at the joints, laterals well devel- 
oped, and having considerable down on the 
young growth. Wood hard, with a small pith. 
Wine has also been made from it, but it could 
not be recommended by us for that purpose. 
Only as a market grape is it considered valu- 
able by some, on account of its earliness and 
great productiveness, but even as such it is 
inferior to several others. 

Fbaminghaji and Seneca are almost iden- 
tical with Hartford ; the Pioneer is also 
similar to it, but considered as a better grape 
in all respects. N. H. Lindley, of Bridgeport, 
Conn., says, " we have discarded the Harttbrd 
and grow the Pioneer in its place." Let all 
grape-growers discard the Hartford, which 
only destroys the appetite for grapes, and thus 
injures the sale and price of all sorts ; while a 
really good very early market grape would in- 
crease the demand for all later varieties. 

Haskell's Seedlings. Of the very large number 
of hybrids produced by thelong-continuedand expen- 
sive labors of George Haskell, of Ipswich, Mass., he 
has selected forty varieties, designated by numbers 
only, which he offered for sale in 1877 ; but as he would 
not sell less than thirty vines to any one grape-grower 
or nurseryman at a price which, though low, consider- 
ing their cost to the originator, yet exceeds the ability 
of most grape-growers, —and as they are all hybrids 
between the foreiqn (Black", Hamburg, White Fron- 
tignan and White Chasselas) and native (the Black- 
fox, Amber-fox and Pigeon), and had not been tested 
in other localities, very few oi them have been distrib- 
uted. 

Our proposition to take five of these varieties, two 
plants of each kind, for trial, and to pay for them at 
the rate asked for the 30 vines, was declined, although 
Haskell savs himself in his very interesting "Account 



104 Sanoood. 



BU8HBERG CATALOGUE. 



Herhemont. 



of various Experiments for the Production of new 
and desirable Grapes," pnblislied by himself, that it 
cannot be desirable to propagate so many varieties in 
any locality. Thus the results of his long and meri- 
torious labors will probably forever remain in obscu- 
rity ; and while a pecuniary recompense was not, for- 
tunately for Haskell, "by any means a matter of ne- 
cessity" with him, it is to be regretted that the results 
he obtained, which might have been a benefit to the 
public and of value to this country, were thus lost. 
The fruit committee of the Amer. Pomological Society, 
and other authorities to whom Haskell sent some of 
these grapes for judgment, pronounced several of ex- 
cellent quality. 

0arAvood. (JEst.) Syn,, Improved Warren; ob- 
tained from Major Harwood, of Gonzales. Tex. ; simi- 
lar to Herbemont in every respect except size of berry, 
which is nearly double the size of that of Herbemont ; 
it also varies in color, sometimes being no darker tlian 
Diana ; ripens four or five days earlier than the Warren 
or Herbemont. It originated in the garden of Colonel 
Harwood, at Gonzales, Texas. This grape has short- 
jointed heavy canes, is not as rank a grower as Herbe- 
mont, and does not grow readily from cuttings. 

Hattic or Hcttle. There are three grapes under 
this name, or under conflicting descriptions. One 
originated with Mrs. N. R. Haskel, Monroe, Mich.; de- 
scribed as a bright, clear red, translucent grape; the 
other, introduced by E. Y. Teas, of Richmond, Ind., 
as a large, oval, black grape — "earlier, larger and bet- 
.ter than Concord and Isabella' ' ; and another of un- 
known origm. Bunch small ; berry black ; flesh some- 
what pulpy; a poor grower and bearer, but ripens early. 
All three are here unknown. 

Herbeiiioiit. Syn: Wabren, Hebbemont's 
Madeib.\, Wabrenton, Neil Gbape. {JEst.) 
Origin unknown ; as early as 1798 it was pro- 
pagated from an old vine growing on the plan- 
tation of Judge Huger, Columbia, S. C. Nicho- 
las Herbemont, an enterprising and enthusi- 
astic cultivator of the grape, found it there, 
and from its vigorous growth and perfect ac- 
climation at first correctly supposed it to be a 
native; he afterwards, in 1834, was informed 
that it had been received from France, and 
he believed this. But the same grape was also 
found growing wild (?) in Warren County, Ga., 
and is there known as the Warren grape. The 
best authorities now class it as a member of 
the ^Estivalis family of the south — a native 
grape, truly called by Downing, "Bags of 
Wine." One of the very best and most reli- 
able grapes for both table and wine, especially 
adapted for hill-sides on limestone soil. It 
flourishes in Texas, Georgia, South Carolina, 
and Florida, but generly only on poor hill-land 
Should not be planted further north than the 
Ohio and lower Missouri river, and even there 
should be covered in winter. For those who 
have gone to this trouble it has nearly always 
produced a splendid crop, and has been so 



enormously productive that it richly repaid 
the little additional labor, except where rot 
destroyed the crops, and it may be mentioned 
that the rot on the Herbemont and its family 
is different from the rot which attacks the La- 
brusca. To some of our Southern States this 
grape will be a mine of wealth. In southern 
Texas, where the Herbemont is a perfect suc- 
cess, grape culture is gradually but steadily 
extending, so that, at no distant future, vine- 
culture will become one of the leading in- 
dustries of its people. M. Lespiault reports: 
" Le vin de I'Herbemont fait en bhmc est excel- 
lent et peut rivaliser avec les vius blancs de 
nos meilleurs crds." At the exposition of the 
international Congress at Bordeaux, Oct., 1881, 
M. Lepine exhibited a Herbemont vine, whose 
two arms had forty bunches on the one and 
sixty bunches on the other, all perfectly 
ripened. The sight of this superb and im- 
mensely productive samjale made many con- 
verts of former opponents of the American 
vine. Bunches very large, long, shouldered 
and compact; berries small, black, witli a 
beautiful blue bloom; skin thin, flesh sweet, 
without pulp, juicy and high-flavored ; ripens 
late, a few days after Catawba. Moots of me- 
dium thicknes, with a smooth, hard Jiber, re- 
sisting to the Phylloxera in France as well as 
here. Canes stout, heavy and long ; laterals 
well-developed. Wood hard, with a medium- 
sized pith, and Arm outer bark. Vine a very 
vigorous grower, with the most beautiful foli- 
age; not subject to mildew, and but little to 
rot ; in rich soil it is somewhat tender, makes 
too much wood, and seems less productive, 
while in warm and rather poor limestone soil, 
with southern exposure, it is generally healthy, 
and enormously productive, except in very un- 
favorable seasons, when all half-tender va- 
rieties fail. Werth, of Richmond, Virginia, 
says : I have found the most uniformly 
abundant, healthy, and thoroughly ripened 
crop, for successive seasons, on low, imper- 
fectly drained, and rather compact soil. Eisen- 
nieyer, of Mascoutah, 111., finds summer prun- 
ing, promptly performed at the close of the 
flowering season, very eftective in preventing 
rot and in securing a fine crop of Herbemont 
grapes. The accompanying illustration gives 
an idea of the beauty and richness of the bunch. 
Specific gravity of must about 90°. The pure 
juice pressed, without mashing the grapes,, 
makes a ivhife wine, resembling delicate Rhen- 
ish wines ; if fermented on the husks about 
forty-eight hours, it will make a very fine pale 
red wine. The French wine-judges at Montpel- 
lier, pronounced it "assez agreable, rappellant 
le gout des vins de I'est de la France." 



Herbemonl- 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



-Seedlings. 105 




'^St'l^' 




THE HERBEMONT GRAPE. 



It seems that but very few seedlings of the 
Herbeuiout have been raised ; at least we know 
of none that were disseminated. One Herbe- 
niont seedling- is mentioned by Dr. Warder in 
his description of the "Long-worth School of 
Vines." The Pauline (see description) may 
by a seedling of Herbemont, as also the Kay's 
Seedling, from Kentucky, and the Muskogee, 
but little is positively known of these varieties. 

The MrKcr was looked upon as a Herbemont seed- 
Jing, with fruit larger than Herbemont and bearing 



about a week earlier, but now, after careful compari- 
son, it is pronounced as identical in every point with 
Herbemont. Onderdonk does not pronounce it to be 
the Herbemont itself, sliowing some difference bet-ween 
the two, such as by starting later in spring ; but even if 
this difference were permanent, and not produced by 
local circumstances or conditions of soil, it would not 
be sufficient to make it a distinct variety. 

If WE intended to raise new seedlings (which 
we do not), we would select the Herbemont as 
one parent in preference to almost any other 
variety. 



106 Hayes. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Hayes. 



Hayes. Syn., Francis B. Hayes — formerly 

Moore's No. 31. (Lahr.) This is out of the same lot 
of seedlings as the Moore's Early. It is a very early 
white grape, raised by John B. Moore, of Concord, 
Mass.; smaller than Martha, but better in quality; 
was awarded a first-class certificate of merit by the 




Mass. Hort. Society ,'.Sept. 14, 1880. Vine claimed to 
be hardy and a vigorous grower, prolific, free from 
mildew: "wood short-jointed; bunch longer than 
Prentiss, moderately compact, partly shouldered ; 
berry medium, globular, with a fine amber-yellow 
color ; skin very firm ; flesh tender, juicy, of a delicate 
texture~and fine flavor, free 
from all foxiness. Ripens 
from 7 to 8 days before 
Concord, yet holds its leaves 
after those of most other 
varieties arc killed with 
frost." 

This new white grape wOl 
be offered for sale for the first 
time in the fall of 1884, al- 
though it was first fruited in 
1872, and was first exhibited 
in 1874 at Boston, where it 
lias attracted special notice 
for excellent quality and 
earliness. The originator 
now introduces it with the 
following remarks: "It is 
our endeavor to place before 
the fruit growers of the 
country, a grape of quality, 
possessing certain desirable 
and distinct characteristics 
which are rare exceptions in 
grapes of this class. This 
grape is a pure native, pos- 
sessing hardiness and vigor 
to a degree seldom attained 
by other white varieties, and 
especially adapting it for cul- 
tivation in northern and east- 
ern sections..'' 

" It seems proper at this 
time to offer a word of warn- 
ing to purchasers of new va- 
rieties of fruits, etc. Since 
1876 thousands of vines of 
the Concord have been sold 
throughout the country for 
the Moore's Early. 

"Thelikething was done at 

the time of the introduction 

of the Worden, and .such has 

been the case with other new 

'«\j ' V varieties of fruits, and un- 

^jj^^ doulitedly will occur here- 

T t after. 

" Therefore it is absolutely 
necessary that purchasers, 
to avoid disappointment, 
should send directly to the 
introducer for new fruits, or 
else to long-established and 
reliable nurserymen." 



THE HAYES (or FRANCIS B. HAYES). 



Hermann. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



Hermann. 



107 



Hei-mann. (.jEsf.) 
A seedling of Nor- 
ton's Virginia, rais- 
ed by P. Langen- 
doerfer, near Her- 
mann, Missori. In 
1863 the original 
vine fruited abund- 
antly with its origi- 
nator, and grafts of 
it bore a large crop 
in 18t)4. It has been 
fully tested in vari- 
ous places & proved 
as to growth, foliage 
and fruit. On trying 
the must on Oech- 
sle's scale it showed 
94° to 10o°. Bunch 
long and narrow, 
seldom shouldered, 
compact, often nine'\ 
inches long; the 
shoulders, if there 
are any, having the 
appearauce of a secc 
oud bunch ; berrij 
small, about same 
size as Norton's, 
round, black with 
blue bloom, moder- 
ately juicy, rarely 
rots or mildews, and 
ripens very late, 
several days later 
than the Norton's. 
The juice is of a 
brownish -y e 1 1 o w, 
making a wine of 
the color of Brown 
Sherry or Madeira, 
of great body, and 
of fine flavor; satis- 
factory in the south 
central States. Our 
friend Sam. Miller 
says : There is a pe- 
culiar fragrance 
about the wine of 
the Hermann that 
no other American 
grape possesses; 
and, were I a teeto- 
taler in drinking, I 

should like to have wine of it just for the 
pleasure of smelling it." The French judges 
at the Congres Montpellier pronounce the Her- 
mann " bien droit de gofit, particulierement 
bon et corse." 




THE HERMANN GRAPE. 

Vine a strong grower and very productive, 
resembling the Norton's in foliage ; but the 
leaves are of a lighter color, the stems covered 
with peculiar silvery-white hair-like threads, 
and the leaves somewhat more deeply lobed. 



108 Highland. 



BU8HBERG CATALOGUE. 



II rjhlmifl. 



1 A'-V 




Highland. 



Hermann. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



Highland. 109 



It is, like its parent, very difficult to propa- 
gate from cuttiugs in the open ground. Roots 
wiry, very tougli, with a smooth, hard liber, 
defying all attacks of the Phylloxera. Canes 
of medium thickness, great length and vigor, 
and a moderate number of laterals ; the canes 
often branch off with a fork, having a double 
bud at the base — a freak of more frequent oc- 
currence with this, than any other variety we 
know of. Wood very hard, with a small pith. 

The Hermann was considered an important 
addition to our list of wine grapes. If produc- 
tiveness, general hardihood and health, can 
entitle a variety to consideration, this variety 
certainly deserves it at the hands of our vint- 
ners. Its wine is entirely different and distinct 
from anything else we have ; but the predic- 
tion " that it will produce a true American 
sherry, equal if not superior to anything the 
old world can produce," has proven idle talk 
and bombast. So far the Hermann has not 
grown in favor or popularity, and it will never 
be extensively planted. 

For our locality and farther south it may be 
desirable, but much farther north it will hard- 
ly attain the perfection requisite to make a 
superior wine, as it ripens so very late. It will 
be found specially adapted, we think, to south- 
ern slopes and limestone-soil. It is a true jEs- 
tivalis in leaf and habit. 

Lungendoerfer has also raised a a xohite feed- 
linfl of the Hermann, which is very vigorous and 
productive, resembling its parent in growth, 
and in form of bunch and leaf ; the latter, how- 
ever, is of lighter green. It is one of the Jirst of 
that class (^Estivalis) with white berries. The 
wine made from this variety is as excellent 
in quality as the grape is remarkable for its 
color. Some good judges who tasted the wine 
said, "it is exceedingly smootli and fine, in 
bouquet plainly showing Hermann origin." 

The originator does not intend to disseminate 
this new variety, and has not decided upon a 
name for this grape, as the very small size 
and very late ripening of its berries would be 
unfavorable to its introduction. In south-west 
Missouri and Arkansas, however, it seems to 
have given satisfactory results, and H. Jaeger, 
of Neosho, is now propagating it. 

Herbert. (Rogers' No. 44.) Labrusca impreg- 
nated by Black Hamburg. This is probably 
ihe. best of the black varieties of Rogers. Among 
all the hybrids none proved of greater merit 
than this one. The vine is very vigorous, 
healthy, and hardy ; bunch large, beautifully 
shouldered, rather long, and moderately com- 
pact ; 6err^ large size, round, sometimes a lit- 
tle flattened, black ; flesh very sweet and ten- 



der, purely flavored and free from coarseness 
or foxiness either as to the taste or smell. Early 
and productive. 

Campbell says : " It has so many good qual- 
ities, it should be better known and more ex- 
tensively planted both for home use and for a 
showy and excellent market grape. If I were 
asked to name another black grape, hybrid or 
native, that I consider equal in all respects to 
the Herbert, I could not do it !" 

Highland. (Ricketts' No. 37.) One of the 
largest and finest looking of Ricketts' Seedling 
Grapes; a hybrid produced by fertilizing the 
Concord with Jura-lNIuscat ; resembling the 
Concord in vine and foliage. A vigorous grow- 
er, with short-jointed, dark brown wood ; large, 
thick, coarsely serrated leaves, and very pro- 
ductive. Bunch large, long, moderately com- 
pact and heavily shouldered ; well-grown clus- 
ters sometimes weigh one pound. Berry large, 
round, black with a thick blue bloom ; flesh 
soft, slight pulp, juicy, sweet, slightly vinous, 
and very good. ^1 promising market grape. 
Ripens between Concord and Catawba. 

Its foliage has so far been free from mildew, 
and, considering the superior quality and 
beauty of this grape, it is justly regarded as 
one of the most promising hybrids. 

nine. Labr.) A seedling of the Catawba, raised 
by .Tason Brown (son of John Brown, the abolitionist), 
at Put-in-Bay, Ohio. It maizes a good sized, compact, 
slightly shouldered bimch ; berry medium, of a dark 
rich claret brown with a purplish bloom ; skin of me- 
dium tliickness ; flesh juicy, sweet, and almost without 
pulp; leaf large, thick, and whitish underneath ; canes 
reddish-brown, sliort-jointed ; buds prominent. Ri- 
pens with the Delaware, which it somewhat resembles. 
It took the first premium as the best new seedling 
at the Ohio State Fair, 18(!8. We cannot recommend 
it except as an interesting grape to amateurs. 

Holmes. A new chance seedling (Hybr.) which 
appeared in a garden in Galveston, Texas. Onder- 
donk kindly furnished us with the following descrip- 
tion of this grape for the Bushberg Catalogue : "The 
Holmes combines, in its growth and appearance, both 
JSstivalis and Labrusca blood. Its fruit is about the 
size and color of Lindley. I believe it to be a cross 
between the Southern ^Estivalis of the Ilerbemont 
Division and a Labrusca, and that it will, possibly, 
combine the hardiness of our iEstivalis with the pulp 
of the Labrusca" — just the combination we have been 
looking for. The original vine is enormously produc- 
tive and has been so for many years. It has not, so far, 
been propagated. 

Uonrell. (Labr.) Origin unknown. Bunch and 
berry medium ; oval, black ; skin thick ; fiesh with 
firm pulp, pleasant. Good. Middle of Septenber. — 
Downing, 

Hnber's Seedlings. T. Huber, at Rock 
Island, 111., an amateur grape-grower, has sent 



110 Iluviholdt. 



BU8HBERG CATALOGUE. 



Isabella. 



us a number of new grapes, of fair quality, 
said to be perfectly hardy and good bearers ; 
heijamed them Margerith (No. 6), Illinois City 
(No. 8), and Braendly (No. 14). 

Humboldt. (Rip.X) A very interesting seed- 
ling of the Louisiana, raised by Fr. Mueuch, 
who observed himself that it has no resem- 
blance to Louisiana; it has much more of the 
Riparia character, and most probably is an 
accidental cross between a Louisiana and some 
belated Riparia blossom. Vine of very vigor- 
ous growth, healthy and hardy, free from rot 
or leaf blight ; bunch below medium; berries 
medium, of light green color, changing to a rose- 
tint, almost lil<e Delaware, when fully ripe and 
exposed to the sun. It is sufHcieutly produc- 
tive and of fine (juality. 




HIVING. 



Huntingdon. ( Rip.) A grape of the Clinton 
class. £i<ncA small, compact, shouldered ; berry 
small, round, black, juicy and vinous. Ripens 
early. Vine a vigorous grower, healthy, hardy 
and productive, but unworthy of propagation. 

Hyde's Eliza. See "York Madeira." 

Imperial. (Hybr.) A wliite seedling from lona. 
and Sarbelle-lluscat, by Ricketts, of Newburgh, N. Y. 
Bunch large with slight shoulder ; berry very large, 
white with considerable bloom ; no pulp ; no seeds(?) ; 
splendid flavor with traces of the lona-Muscat aroma. 
Vine a vigorous grower, hardy; ripens about time of 
the Isabella. The finest white grape of Iticketts' col- 
lection, according to Williams, editor Horticulturist. 

IrTing. (Underbill's 8-20.) {Hybr.) A fine, 
most showy and attractive white grape, 
grown from Concord seed crossed with White 
Frontignan, which was planted by 
Steph. W. Underbill, of Croton Point, 
N. Y., in the spring of 1863; fruited 
first in 1866. 

The character of the very large clus- 
ter is seen by the engraving (about 
one-half reduced in size). The berry 
is large, considerably larger than 
Concord, of a yellowish-white color, 
slightly tinged with pink when very 
ripe. The vine is a moderately vigorous 
grower ; has large, thick foliage, with 
"down" on the under-side. Fruit 
ripens rather late, between the Isa- 
bella and Catawba, and keeps well in 
winter; it has a vinous flavor, and is 
quite fleshy when perfectly ripe. We 
considL-r this far more deserving of 
dissemination than his "Croton." 

Isabella. Syn., P.viGN's Isabella, Wood- 
ward, Christie's Improved Isabella, 
Payne's Early, Sanborton(?). (Labrusca.) 
Probably a native of South Carolina. About 
the year 1816 it was brought to the north and 
introduced to the notice of cultivators by 
Wm. Prince, who obtained it from Mrs. Isa- 
bella Gibbs, in honor of whom it was named. 
In the East, its great vigor, hardiness, and 
productiveness have caused it to be widely 
disseminated , but in the West it was found 
to ripen unevenly, and to be very liable to 
mildew, rot and leaf-blight. It lias justly, we 
think, been discarded by our western grape- 
growers since better and more reliable varie- 
ties have taken its place. Bunches large, 
loose, shouldered; berries oval, large, dark 
purple, nearly black when fully ripe, and 
covered with a blue-black bloom. Flesh 
juicy, with a rich, musky aroma ; tough 
pulp, and a great deal of acidity. Ripens 
irregularly, and the leaves seem to fall just 
at the time when they are needed to aid in 
ripening the fruit. 



lona. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



Ives. Ill 



In some localities it is still a favorite market grape. 
Must at Hammondsport 60''-79°; acid \2}i to 8 per m. 

The Isabella has a host of children, few of whom, 
it seems, have survived her. Those of her seedlings 
which acquired some repute are described under their 
proper names in this Catalogue — see Adirondac, Eure- 
ka, Hyde's Eliza, Israella, Mary Ann, To-Kalon, Union 
Village. 

Many of her seedlings differ so little in form, size, or 
quality of fruit, in growth and productiveness (some 
differ only in name), that we prefer to class them as 
sub-varieties. They are Aiken, Baker, Bogue's Eureka, 
Brown, Cloanthe, Carter(1), Hudson, Louisa, Lee's Isa- 
bella, Payne's Early, Pioneer, Nonantum, Sanbornton, 
Trowbridge, Wright's Isabella, &c. 

loiia. Originated by Dr. C. W. Grant, of lona 
Island, near Peekskil), N. Y. It is a seedling 
of the Catawba, and the leaf somewhat resem- 
bles that variety. Wood soft, short-jointed, 
with a pith above average size ; vine a strong 
grower, but not very hardy ; roots very few, 
straight, of medium thickness, and of no very 
Arm texture. Canes straight, not inclined to 
ramble, and of medium thickness, with few 
laterals. Here it is subject to mildew and rot, 
and reqviires careful protection in winter. 

The lona is a fine grape for the garden, and 
suited only to specially sheltered and protected 
localities ; it requires rich soil and good cultiva- 
tion ; in regions which are not subject to mil- 
dew (or leaf-blight, as it is sometimes called), 
the lona will yield a fine crop of large, splendid 
and well-developed clusters, especially when 
trained against buildings. We aro sorry to 
know that in open-field culture it does not ripen 
uniformly, and in some years entirely fails, in 
many localities. Wherever it will succeed, it 
is a most desirable variety, also for the vine- 
yard. 

Bunch usually large, long, and shouldered, 
not very compact ; berries medium to large, 
slightly oval ; skin thin, but tenacious ; pale 
red, with numerous deep red veins, which be- 
come quite dark when fully ripe; fine bloom. 
Flesh tender, with uniform character and con- 
sistence to the centre. Flavor rich, sweet, 
vinous ; quality best, equalling the Delaware. 
Ripens with or a few days after Concord, con- 
tinues a long time in use, and does not dete- 
riorate in keeping as most other grapes will ; 
with proper care it can be kept until spring, 
and still be good. Magnificent specimens 
were grown in a cold-house by Saunders, at 
the Experimental Gardens at Washington. 
Must 88° to 92°, and some recorded as high as 
101°; acid 6^%. 

lowa-ExcelsiorC?). Raised by Prof. Mathews, 
of Iowa, six or eight years ago. Sam. Miller 
describes it to us as "a large ked grape, fair- 



sized bunch, ripens before Concord, and to 
my taste as good as Rogers No. 15 (Agawam), 
which it slightly resembles." This grape 
might become valuable for the West, and we 
are surprised that no effort has been made to 
introduce it. 

Israella. Originated with Dr. C. W. Grant, who 
claimed for it that it was "the earliest good grape in 
cultivation"; but later he himself admitted that it was 
not as good as his " Eumelan." With us it proved 
later than Hartford Prolific. Vine a moderate grower; 
foliage subject to mildew ; bunches large, sliouldered, 
compact, and very handsome wlien well ripened : berry 
black with beautiful bloom, rather large, slightly oval, 
pulpy, not above second-rate in quality. It is now 
generally discarded. 

The Israella is probably a seedling of the Isabella, 
which it resembles in habit of growth and character 
of fruit. 

Ithaca. A Hybr. seedling, raised by Dr. S. J. Par- 
ker, Ithaca, y. Y.; described by its originator as larger 
than Walter in bunch and berry ; a pure greenish- 
yellow ; a rose-like smell, a high, Chasselas-Musque- 
like ilavor, and claimed to be a cross of Chasse- 
las on Delaware, ripening before Delaware. Said 
to be hardy, healthy and vigorous. Not disseminated. 
We only place it on record as one of the new varieties 
likely to be brought forward. 

Ives. Syn., Ives' Seedling, Ives' Madeira, 
KiTTREDGE. {Luhr.) Raised by Henry Ives, of 
Cincinnati (probably from the seed of a Hart- 
ford Prolific, certainly not from a foreign 
grape as supposed). Col. Waring and Dr. Kit- 
tredge were the first to make wine from it — 
about eighteen years ago (1865) — and now it is 
a popular red wine in Ohio. While we do not 
deem it entitled to the first prize "as the best 
wine-grape for the whole country" (awarded 
to the Ives at Cincinnati, Sept. 24, 1868), we do 
accord to it the great merit of having given 
a new impulse to grape-growing in Ohio, at a 
time when the repeated failures of the Catawba 
vineyards made it most desirable that a more 
reliable and productive grape should be in- 
troduced. 

Bunches medium to large, compact, often 
shouldered ; berries medium, slightly oblong, 
of a dark purple color, quite black when fully 
ripe. Flesh sweet and juicy, but decidedly 
foxy, and rather pulpy. Not desirable as a 
table grape, being of very poor quality, but 
nevertheless a popular mar ket grape, as it bears 
transportation better than most other kinds. 

It colors very early, but its period of ripening 
is later than the Concord. The vine is remarka- 
bly healthy and hardy ; generally exempt from 
mildew and rot ; a strong, coarse grower, in 
general habit and appearance closely resem- 
bling the Hartford ProUflc. Roots abundant. 



112 Ives. 



BU8HBERG CATALOGUE. 



Janesville. 




THE IVES GRAPE. 

thick-spreading, and of tolerably hard texture. 
Liber thick but firm ; pushes new spongloles 
■rapidly and oflers good resistance to the Phyl- 
loxera ; it nevertheless did not succeed at all 
4n southern France. It does not seem to be an 
earl,i/ bearer, four-year old vines of this variety 
producing the first crop ; however, it bears 
profusely when older. The Ives wine has a 
most beautiful deep red color, but a foxy taste 
and odor. Must 80°. 

Jaeger's selected .Etitivulis varieties Fif- 
teen years ago, llernian .faeger, of Neo8ho, southwest 
Missouri, sent to Frederick Wueuch some grafts of 
V. jEstivalis which he bad selected from among those 
growing wild in that region. Encouraged by the favor 
vwith wliicli our late friend JIuench viewed them (espe- 



cially the Neosho and the Far Wbst), and desirous of 
finding or prodticing some superior varieties of this 
hardy and healthy class of grapes (belonging to what 
we call the •northern nroup of V. JEstivalis), .Taeger 
continued to select some wild vines remarkable for 
their i|uality or size, and to cultivate them, as also to 
grow vines from their seed. They are as yet only desig- 
nated Ijy luimbers ; and he has kindly furnislied us 
(Aug., lS8:i) the following brief notes on those which 
he considers the most promising: 

No. — bunch large; berry below medium, fine, 
juicv, pure sweet; very prolific; rots in sultry 
weather. 
No. 12 — medium sized bunch and berry, very sweet, 
with a peculiar, very fine flavor; fruit healthy, 
so far. 
No. 13 — size of bunch and berry like lira; a marvel 
of health and productiveness; fruit of peculiar fla- 
vor and not pleasant to eat, yet, with same treat- 
ment that will make a fair wine from Concord 
grapes, a decidedly better wine can be produced 
from tliis (No. 13). 
No. 17 — bunch large; berries medium, good, sweet, 

and healthy. 
No. .32 — bunch and berry of medium size, very sweet, 
healthy ; dark brown wine, of Sherry character. 
No. 42 — bunch of Norton size, berry larger ; best in 
quality; very sweet, and juicier th.an most 
^stivalis, with a delicious vanilla-like aroma. 
Tlie finest flavored grape I know ; productive 
and healthy. 
No. 4.5 — bunch and berry of Concord size ; very pro- 
ductive and healthy ; may prove a valualile wine 
and market-grape. 
No. 52— ol still larger size; promising. 
H. Jaeger, in a letter to V. Pulliat (.Tuly.lSSS), writes 
that he also cultivates some hybrids of Cordifolia 
crossed with Rupestrh ; and that he succeeded in cross- 
ing the wild JSstiralis with Bupcstrh, which promises 
some meritorious varieties. He thinks that by cross- 
ing the sweet Cineren with a well-selected Bupestris, a 
grape could be jiroduced which, though small in size 
of the berries, would be good enough in quality to sat- 
isfy even the European taste, and at the same time 
would be perfectly resisting to the Phylloxera.* 
We wish him best success. 

Jacques. Syn., Jack, Black Spanish {Ohio, 
Cigar Box, &c.) See Lenoir. 

Janesfille. (Lahr. X Rip.), by some supposed to 
be a cross of Hartford and Clinton.) An early black 
grape, largely planted in Iowa and 'Wisconsin, but 
now generally discarded for better varieties. Viiie a 
vigorous grower, hardy, healthy, and iiroductive ; 
i«nc7i medium, compact; berry mediiun to large, black; 
skin thick ; flesh pulpy; quality about like Hartford; 
colors even earlier than this variety, but fully ripe at 
about same time. 

* M. Mnres, a distinguished member of the French 
Pliylloxera t'oniniission, I'eports tliat among his Kupes- 
tris he foniid one which the tliird seastin produced 1 kil. 
grapes, of niagniticent color, ripe on tlie -Jd of August, 
the must of whicli had an e.xcellent taste, weighing H'* 
Beaumi? (8;i^Oeflisle) scale, and made a very good wine. 
This variety may become the starting-point for niaiiy 
interesting "seedlnigs or hybrids; it is of reinarkubly 
^■igorous growth and unharnied by Fhyllo-xera, The 
tibrous roots of the Rupestris are long aiid strong, and 
defy drought even in less than ordinary soils. 



Jefferson. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



Lama. 115 



Jefferson. {Labr. X) This new, handsome, 
and excellent red grape was raised by Jarues 
H. Rioketts, Newburgh, N. Y. It is a cross 
between the Concord and lona. The foliage 
seems strong and healthy, not liable to mil- 



loiia grape upon a Concord vine, it 
is au achievement whoso value can 
hardly be over-estimated." 

Jessira. A newvery early wA»(e grape 
mentioned in Gardner's Monthly, Nov. 1882, 
coming from D. W. Beadle; apparently 
promising well. Not yet known. 




dew ; the vine is vigor- 
ous in growth and 
very liardy ; wood 
rather short-jointed ; 
leaves large, thick and 
downy ; said to be 
very productive. 

Biinrii large, shouldered, t^onic- 
times, double-shouldered, com- 
pact; Ijerru above medium, 
roundish-oval; skin rather thick; 
LIGHT RED with a thin lilac 
bloom ; flesh meaty yet tender, 
juicy, sweet, slightly vinous, 
aromatic. The berries adhere 
strongly to the peduncle, and 
the fruit maintaius its freshness 
long after being gathered. It is 
of fine quality ; clusters large, 
handsome, closely resembling 
the lona, which variety it also 
equals in quality and flavor. 



JEFFERSON. Reduced K- 



Kalamazoo. (Lahr.) Raised from 
seed of CataW'ba by a Mr. Di.von, an 
Englishman, at 8tenbenvillc, Ohio. 
The fruit is larger than the Catawba, 
and grows in bunches larger than 
those of that variety, and more 
niarUed in the peculiar richness of its 
deep blue bloom ; skin thick ; flesh 
soft, not quite tender all tlu-ough ; 
sweet, but not as rich as Catawba. 
According to the Amer. Pomological 
Society Report (1871), it is said to 
ripen ten ilays earlier, and according 
to the Dep't of Agriculture Report, 
1872 (p. 484), it is said to ripen ten 
days later than the Catawba ! We do 
not know which is correct, as we did 
not try this variety ourselves. The 
vine is said to be a vigorous grower, 
hardy, and very productive. 

Kay'it Seedling. See Herbe- 
mont. 



The annexed 
illustration shows the form of the bunch, con- 
siderably reduced in size. 

It is one of the finest red grajies, and very 
I'KoaiisiNG either for market or for home use. 
It ripens about the time of the Concord or soon 
after. Its beauty and very high character make 
it worthy of extensive trial. M. P. Wilder, 
in his address, as President of the Am. Pomol. 
Society, session of 1881, said, "the Jell'erson of 
Ricketts might with propriety be denominated 
and may yet be distinguished as the Muscat 
of America." Campbell, of Ohio, wrote in his 
paper on the •'■Improvement of our native Grapes 
by Crossing," "Concord and lona are said to be 
the progenitors of this grape, which has all the 
beauty, and I think more than the excellence, 
of the charming lona. If we really have the 



KiIving:ton(?). Origin unknown. 7?H«t'/i, medium, 
tolerably compact ; hernj small, round, dark red with 
abloom; flesh jmlpy. half tender, smown.—Duwniii'j. 

Kinj^sesNiiig. (Liitir.) Bunch long, loose, shoul- 
dered; 6t'/T)/ medium, round, pale red with abloom; 
flesh pulpy.— J3owm»m?. 

Kitchen. (Rip.) Seedling of Franklin; himcli 
and berry medium ; berry round, black ; flesh acid, 
juicy. — Downinu- 

I>abe(?). Bunch rather small, short, oblong; berries 
medium, loosely set, black; flesh; half tender, pulpy, 
sharp, sweet. — Downing. 

I^ama. A cross between Eumelan and some va- 
riety of the Labrusca, lately originated by 1). S. Mar- 
vin, Watertown, N. Y. Berries lilack ; clusters small ; 
of tine high flavor, vinous. A vigorous grower, with 
strong, healthy foliage ; ripens about same time as 
Delaware. Not vet disseminatetl. 



114 Lady, 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Lady. 




' LADY 



"Lady." (Labr.) A fine early white grape, 
purchased by Geo. W. Campbell from a Mr. 
Imlay, of Muskingum county, O. ; first offered 
to the public in the fall of 1874, and now de- 
servedly popular as a grape to be planted for 
family use and for near markets. It is unsuited 
for distant shipping or rough handling. 

It is a pure Concord seedling, and has almost 
the vigor, health and hardiness of its parent ; is 
like it free from mildew, but also subject to rot. 
The vine, in its habit of growth, foliage, and 
general appearance, is verj' similar to the Con- 



cord. It is unquestionably an improvement 
on the Martha grape, being larger in size, ear- 
lier, more productive, and better in quality, 
having less of that foxiness which renders the 
Martha objectionable to many. It will succeed 
perfectly in all localities where the Concord can 
be grown with good success. By reason of its 
early ripening it will be found specially adap- 
ted to northern localities where Concord does 
not always mature.* In size of bei-ry it is some- 

* The vines endured without injury the severe fold ol' 
the winter of 1872-7:i, IJ2** below zero. 



Lenoir, 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



or Jacques. 115 




LENOIR. (Syn., Black-Spanish, Jaeijues, etc.) 



times even larjier than Concord ; in size of clus- 
ter, rather small. In quality it is better flavored 
and more delicate than Concord. In color, light 
greenish-yellow, covered with white bloom. 
Seeds few and small ; skin thin ; pulp tender ; 
flavor sweet and rich, slightly vinous, and the 
foxy aroma of its class considerably chastened 
down. Although very early in ripening, it is 
late in starting its buds in spring, and thereby 
escapes the evil effects of late spring frosts. 



Lenoir. Syn., Black 
Spanish, El Paso, Bub- 
gundy, Jack or Jacques. 
(jEst.) A southern grape of 
the Herbemont class, from 
Lenoir Co., N. C. Bunch me- 
dium to large, shouldered ; 
under unfavorable circum- 
stances, or on badly pruned, 
overloaded vines the bunch- 
es are loose and not shoul- 
dered ; berries small, round, 
dark bluish-purple, nearly 
black, covered with light 
bloom; flesh tender, no pulp, 
juicy, sweet and vinous ; 
very rich in coloring matter ; 
a magnificent grape for the 
south, but too tender and 
too late in ripening for the 
north. In favorable locali- 
ties it will be found desira- 
ble for wine and table. Vine 
a fine grower, but a tardy 
bearer; foliage deeply lobed. 
This variety is mainly 
cultivated in Texas under 
different names, as Black 
Spanish, El Paso. Burgun- 
dy. Many years ago (about 
1859), some few vines, under 
the name of J a c q u e z or 
Jacques, were sent to France 
by Berckmans, of Georgia. 
In 1869 and following years, 
when the Phylloxera com- 
menced to devastate the 
vineyards of south'n France, 
these few Jacques viues con- 
tinued in luxuriant growth 
and perfect health. This 
caused a great demand for 
Jacques vines, the more so 
as its grape, on account of 
its pure vinous taste and 
deep rich color, pleased very 
much the French vignerons. 
But in vain did they apply 
to American grape-growers 
and nurseries for vines of this variety. Berck- 
mans himself stated (in 1871) that he had none, 
and that, so far as he knew, the culture of this 
variety had been entirely abandoned in this 
country. No one then knew that the Lenoir 
and the Black Spanish, cultivated in Texas, 
were identical with the Jacques. 

After considerable research for this variety, 
WE found thatG. Onderdonk, describing in his 
Catalogue the Lenoir, made the following re- 



116 Lf-.noir. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Lady Charlotte. 



mark: "the leaf and habit exactly resemble 
those of the Black Spanish." From this re- 
mark, and from the description of the " Ohio" 
in Doioninc/'s "Fruits and Fruit-trees of Amer- 
ica," we were strongly inclined to believe "Le- 
noir," "Black Spanish," "Ohio," "Jacques" 
identical, and the very variety which our 
friends in France were looking for. We so de- 
clared in the former edition of our Catalogue 
(1874-5, p. 70), although even Bercknians and 
Onderdonk then considered them distinct va- 
rieties, as may be seen from the following, 
written to us in August, 1876, by Onderdonk: 
"I had been diligently collecting every ^Esti- 
I'alis grape of promise I could find or hear of, 
believing tliat from this family nnist come our 
grapes in Texas. I had a grape called Lenoir. 

I found that Berckmans had a different grape 
uuder the same name, and that he insisted 
upon iiifj Lenoir being the "Black July" (or 
Devereux) ; so I sent for his Lenoir, and found 
that it resembled in growth and habit the 
Black 6'jKtyiish— so much so, that X supposed a 
mistake must have been made and that he 
had sent me the Black Spanish instead of the 
Lenoir." 

. "I had somehow got the idea that the Lenoir 
originated in Lenoir county, S. C. I wrote to 
Berckmans for further information and re- 
ceived his reply uuder date of Aug. 17, 1875, in 
which he says : 'The Lenoir and Black Spau- 
' ish are both native seedlings of the -^slivalis 
'type; both have colored juice. The Xenoir 
' has its bunches compact and shouldered ; the 
* Black Spanish, on the coutrary, has the bunch 
' very loose, cylindrical, growing to a length of 
' 18 inches. Of the two, it makes the darkest 
' colored wine. Both are, perhaps, the best 
' rod-wine grapes we have. * * » The Lenoir 
' originated in South Carolina, the Black Span- 
' ish in Natchez, Miss.' 

"I would say," continues Mr. Onderdonk, 
" that here (in S.W. Texas) the bunches of the 
Black Spanish, though remarkably long, have 
never yet reached a length of more than 10 or 

II inches. I also found that, uuder a care- 
ful system of summer pruning, the bunches 
became shouldered and grew as compact as 
the Lenoir ; and I have sometimes thought 
whether the difference in the fruit between 
these two varieties, on my premises, is, after 
all, any greater than even my Black Spanish 
differs from itself, or rather that the crops of 
■different years differ as nuieh from each other 
as they do from the Lenoir itself." 

But while we announced theidentity of these 
varieties as a probability only, a well-known 
French importer, less cautious and merely on 



the strength of our supposition, at once ordered 
thousands of cuttings from the Black Spanish, 
and offered them in France, at an exhorbitant 
price, as the Jacques, claiming its discovery for 
himself. Hundreds of thousands of cuttings 
of this variety were then sent to France and 
planted there since 1876, and their success, 
their immunity from Phylloxera, productive- 
ness, and quality, gave great satisfaction. The 
identity of the ./acryues. Black Spanish and Lenoir 
was there also fully established by Prof. Plan- 
chon, Pulliat, and other eminent ampelographs. 

As this variety cannot be successfully grown 
in our vineyards on account of its non-resist- 
ance to mildew and to frost, we requested our 
friend Onderdonk to test and observe it, and 
he now writes us (August, 1883), "lam solid 
on this Lenoir matter now, and have at last be- 
come settled in the belief that Jacques, Lenoir 
and Black Spanish are identical beyond doubt: 
this vai'iety is capable of very great variations 
under various special conditions." 

In France, also, the success and especiallj' 
the productiveness of the Jacques varies very 
much ; in dry soils it j'ields far less wine, un- 
less irrigation is resorted to. Of late years, the 
Jacques (as it is there still called) has suffered 
in some sections from theanthracnose. France 
has now more bearing-vines of this variety 
than can be fouud growing in the United States, 
and there is no more demand for cuttings of 
this variety from that country. 

Jacques wine now sells in France at 60 to 70 
francs per hectolitre, while their Aramon wine 
brings only 30 francs at the same places. It is 
very rich in alcohol and in color. 

Of late, however, California grape-growers 
have directed their attention to this remarkable 
grape, and are now planting thousands of the 
same variety, under its projjer name " Lenoir." 
It succeeds there very well, and is much liked 
both on account of the flue dark color of its 
vinous juice' and for its Phylloxera-resisting 
roots. This old, almost abandoned grape seems 
destined to become one of the leading varieties 
of both hemispheres. 

The annexed engraving represents a medium 
sized bunch of the Lenoir, rather smaller than 
usual, especially much shorter. 

I.ady Cliarlotte. This promising white grape 
was raised by Pringle, of Vermont, in 1S69, from the 
Delaware fertilized by the lona. It is described by the 
originator as follows: ■'Color light green, becoming 
amber or golden, with a reddish tinge in the sun ; bunch 
large, very broadly shouldered, narrow and pointed 
below, compact ; 6«rj-^of medium size, globular. Flesh 
with some pulp, but juicy and very sweet, without the 
least acidity in the centre or iiarshness or foxiness 
iu its flavor. Vine a rampant grower and a great 



I 



Lady Washington. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



Lindley. 117 



bearer, healthy: leaves very large, bearing much re- 
semblance to those of the lona. Time of maturity 
about with the lona." 

Lady Dunlap. One of Ricketts' new Seedlings, 
first exhibited in 1881. Berry mediviin, amber, vinous, 
quality very good. (Report on New Fruits, Am. Pom. 
Society, 1881.) 

Lady Wa.shington. (Hybr.) One of Ricketts' 
choicest and most promising seedlings ( '4 for- 
eign), produced by crossing Concord (/) with 
Allen's hybrid (m). Fine very vigorous, short- 
jouited; feat'es large, roundish, coarsely ser- 
rated, occasionally lobed, thick and downy, 
luxuriant and healthy. Bunches very large, 
shouldered, often double- shouldered, moder- 
ately compact; berries fully medium in size. 




round ; skin pale amber, yellowish with a deli- 
cate rosy tint where exposed to the sun, having 
a thin whitish bloom ; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, 
of very good quality and delicate aroma. The 
berries adhere well to the peduncle, and the 
fruit continues a long time in use. Ripens 
about the same time as Concord, or soon after. 
A most beautiful and promising variety. 

We have some vines of the Lady Washing- 
ton fruiting for the first time this season. We 
found it a strong grower, hardy, the foliage 
very g^od ; but tlie fruiting season was very 
unfavorable for all varieties. 

I^aiira. (Hybr,) One of Marvin's new grapes, 
hardly as good as most of his other seedlings. Bunch 
small, not very compact ; berry small, light amber, 
pulpy. (Am. Pomol. Society, New Fruit Rep., 1881.) 



Lindley. {Rogers' No. 9.) This 
beautiful and valuable grape 
originated by hybridizing the 
wild Mammoth-grape of New 
England witli the Golden Chas- 
selas. Bunch medium, long, 
shouldered, somewhat loose; 
berries medium to large, round ; 
color quite peculiar, and distinct 
from any other variety, rather 
more of a brick-ied than Cataw- 
ba color ; flesh tender, sweet, 
with scarcely a trace of pulp, 
I'lssessing a peculiar, rich, aro- 
matic flavor. Pres't Wilder de- 
I nominates this and the Jefferson 
grape the Muscats of America. It 
resembles the Grizzly Frontig- 
nan in appearance of bunch, and 
is regarded by some as fully 
equal to the Delaware in quality. 
The engraving represents a me- 
dium sized bunch of this variety. 

Boots long and straight, with 
a smooth liber of medium firm- 
ness ; canes slender for their 
length, with few laterals, and 
large, prominent buds ; vine of 
very vigorous growth, making 
rather long-jointed wood, medi- 
um in hardness and size of pith. 
The foliage when young is of a 
reddish color ; the fruit ripens 
very early and drops from the 
bunch. It makes, a splendid 
white wine. Specific gravity of 
must 80°. 

We recommend it as a fine 
table grape — one of the best of 
the red Hybrids. 



LINDLEY. {Rogers' No. 9.) 



118 Lincoln. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Marine's Seedlings. 



liincoln. Syn., HART-(iRAPE. Has been supposed 
to be identical with Devekeix, but J. F. Hoke, of 
Lincolnton, N. C, where it has been largely grown for 
many years, emphatically states that it is not the Dev- 
ereux or Black-grape (Le Noir), but was formerly 
known as the Hart-grape. Sam. Miller, who got cut- 
tings of this variety from Col. Hoke, tried it and re- 
ported that it is ditterent from Devereux, and, to his 
taste, superior. We could not get a proper description 
sufficiently clear to distinguish it from Lenoir, of which 
see description and tigure. 

r.inden. (Labr.) One of Miner's Seedlings (see 
page 121), described as a black grape ripening 
several days before Concord, with very large bunches, 
which hang on the vine a month after ripening. 

Lo^aii. {Labr.) A wilding of Ohio. Supposed 
to be a great acquisition, on its introduction, and 
recommended by the Am. Pomological Society as 
promising well ; but it has sadly failed to meet public 
expectation, and is now more generally discarded 
than the Isabella, to which it was deemed preferable. 
Bunches medium, .shouldered, compact ; berries large, 
oval, black ; flesh juicy, pulpy, insipid in flavor. Vine 
a slender grower, early and productive. 

Lous'. See Cunningham. 

Loiiisiaiiii. Introduced here by that eminent 
pioneer of western grape culture, Fredericli 
Miiiich, of Missouri. He received it from M. 
Theard, of New Orleans, who asserts that it 
was imported from France by his father, and 
planted on the banks of Pontchartrain, near 
New Orleans, where for thirty years it has 
yielded abundant and delicious fruit. Munch 
"firmly believed it to be of European origin. Fr. 
Hecker was just as positive that it was nothing 
else than the Clavner-grape of his native coun- 
try, Baden, Germany. Husmann and others 
hold that it is a true native American, belong- 
ing to the southern division of the ..Estivalis 
class, of which tlie Herbemont and Cuhning- 
ham may serve as types, and of whicli tliey 
consider it a valuable variety, yielding a most 
delicious fruit, and making a very fine wine. 

After many years' experience witli this va- 
riety, we feel unable to form a decided opinion 
as to its proper classification. It may be an 
accidental cross between an imported and a 
native grape ; between ^stivalis and Vinifera. 

Hunch medium size, shouldered, compact, 
very fine; berry small, round, black; flesli with- 
out pulp, juicy, sweet and vinous ; quality best. 
Vine a good grower, moderatelj' productive ; 
canes very stout, of moderate length, short- 
jointed, having few large laterals, with heart- 
shaped (not lobed) foliage; recjuires winter 
protection. Ripens late. Boots wiry and very 
tough, with a hard liber ; wood very hard, with 
a small pith and firm outer bark. 

The Louisiana and Eulander (or rather what 
we here call Rulander) so closely resemble each 



other in general appearance, growth, and foli- 
age, tliat we are unable to distinguisli them. 
If not identical, they are undoubtedly closely 
related to each other. It is claimed tliat there 
is a difference in the wine of these two varie- 
ties ; that Louisiana makes the better of the 
two — in fact, the finest wliite wine, of Hock 
character, that we have. 

Roheson's Si:edling so closely resembles Louisiana 
as to consider it identical. Casper, said to be a new 
Seedling, raised by Caspar Wild, of New Orleans, also 
resembles Louisiana, and if not identical, belongs 
certainly to the Rulander division of the Southern 
.iEstivalis class. 

L.ydia. (Labr.) Originated by Carpenter, uf Kel- 
ley's Island, Lake Krie; supposed to be an Isabella 
seedling. Bunch short, compact ; berries large, oral, 
light green, with salmon tint where exposed to the 
sun ; skin thick ; pulp tender, sweet, of tine flavor, 
slightly vinous. In habit of growth the vine is not 
unlike the Isabella, but is much less productive. Ri- 
pens a few days later than the Delaware. 

Lyman. (Rip.) Origin unknown. A northern va- 
riety, said to have been brought froiu Quebec upwards 
of 40 years ago; hardy and productive. Bunch smaU, 
rather compact; berri/ round, medium, or below; 
black, covered with a thick bloom ; similar in flavor to 
Clinton, and ripens about the same time. 

Sherman and McNeil are varieties grown from the 
above, but hardly to be distinguished from it.-Douming. 

I.una. (Labr.) One of Jlarine's beautiful seed- 
lings; probably lost by the decease of its originator. 
It was the largest hardy white grape we had seen be- 
fore the appearance of the Pocklington and Niagara. 

maguire is like Hartford, but more foxy. — Strang. 

inanUattan. (Labr.) Originated near New York. 
A poor bearer. Bunches small; icn-tes medium, round, 
greenish-«'/i ite with a bloom ; flesh sweet, rather pulpy. 
— Downing. 

manst'ield. (Labr. X). Raised in 1869 by C. (t. 
Pringle, of Vermont, a well-known and successful hy- 
bridizer, from seed of Concord fertilized by pollen of 
the lona ; said to combine the more valuable charac- 
ters of both these popular sorts. Vine a rampant grow- 
er, with broad and thick leaves, densely woolly be- 
neath ; bunch large, often shouldered, sufficiently 
<-oinpact; 6err)/ of purplish-black color under a slight 
bloom ; large, somewhat oval ; flesh tender, with but 
little pulp of a remarkably rich flavor. Season earlier 
than Concord. It is predicted that this will prove a 
valuable acquisition to the northern parts of our coun- 
try as a very early variety. 

marine's Seedtlugs. These grapes are crosses be- 
tween purely native varieties claimed to be produced 
by a new and very simple process : diluting the pollen 
of the male flower with rain water and then applying 
it to the pistils of the variety which he selects as the 
female parent. Among the seedlings thus raised there 
are some which are quite peculiar and very interest- 
ing ; some are of the JSstivalis family, but with berries 
of quite a large size: \. Xcrlutun—bne large bunch; 
berries above medium, black ; leaf very large and 
leathery, strong, i. Greencastle— same as the former. 



Martha. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



Martha. 119 




THE MARTHA GRAPE. 



berries even larger. 3. Luna — white, in appearance al- 
most like Martha, but the gain in size seems to be cou- 
pled with a loss in qualitj', compared to our delicious, 
juicy, small -Estivalis grapes. A larger number of his 
seedlings are of the Labrusca type, and among these 
his " U. B.," black ; Mianna and King Willinin, white, 
seemed to us well worthy of trial. 

In fall of 1874, a year or two before his death, Marine 
wrote : "Now that I have reached my three score years 
and ten, lam admonished to yield tlie further prosecu- 
tion of this branch of progress to others, more skilled, 
and to those coming after our time, believing as I do 
that much greater results are looked for in the future." 
His seedlings were not disseminated. 

Jlartha. {Lahr.) A white seedling of the 
<'onoord, raised by our friend Samuel Miller, 
formerly of Lebanon, Pa., now of Bluffton, Mo. 
■One of the most popular among the white varieties. 



Bunch medium, smaller than the Concord, 
moderately compact, shouldered ; berry medi- 
um, round, greeuish-white — when fully ripe 
pale yellow covered with white bloom; skin 
thin ; flesh very tender, and of a remarkable 
sweetness unmixed with acidity and without 
vinous flavor; somewhat pulpy, often contain- 
ing but a single seed. Odor decidedly foxy, 
but this character is much more apparent in 
the fruit than in its wine. 

The vine is very healthy and hardy, resem- 
bling the Concord, but not quite as vigorous a 
grower, and the leaf is of a somewhat lighter 
green, yet quite as healthy and the fruit less 
liable to rot than the Concord. Roots of aver- 
age texture and liber, throwing out young 
spongioles readily. Canes generally more up- 



120 Marion. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Maxatawney. 



right than Concord, with fewer laterals, but not 
so much inclined to ramble. Wood firm, with 
a medium pith. Very productive, and the ber- 
ries hang well to the bunch. Ripens earlier 
than the Concord and will therefore suit even 
northern localities. In New York, New Jer- 
sey, Pennsylvania and Connecticut it is grown 
largely for market, succeeds well, is profita- 
ble, though not very good in quality, and is 
far surpassed in appearance by some new va- 
rieties. Must 85° to 90°, at least 10° higher than 
Concord. The wine is of a light straw color, of 
delicate flavor. 

The French commission at the Exposition of 
Amer. wines at Montpellier, 1874, pronounced 
the Martha as "approaching the wines of Pique- 
poul, produced in the H^rault." 

Seedlings have of late been raised from the 
Martha, but are not disseminated, 

(See also "ia'iy.") 

Marion. (Rij).) A variety brought to us from 
Pennsylvania by that indefatigable horticul- 
turist, Saiu'l Miller, who got it from Dr. C. W. 
Grant. It probably came from "Long worth's 
famous school of vines"; valuable for a dark 
red wine. Bunch medium, compact ; berry me- 
dium, but considerably larger than Clinton, 
round, black, juicy, sweet when fully ripe; ri- 
pens late, long after coloring, but hangs firmly 
to the bunch. Blooms early, with Clinton, 
which variety it resembles, yet, in our opin- 
ion, far surpasses — so much so, that it almost 
appears a transition from the Riparia to the 
^stivalis species. Vine a very vigorous grower, 
rambling but not so straggling as the Clinton. 
Wood firm with a medium pith. Foliage large, 
strong and abundant ; when young, of a pecu- 
liar golden hue, and the branches of a beauti- 
ful red color. Boots wiry and firm, with a 
smooth, hard liber, enjoying in the fullest de- 
gree the immunity from Phylloxera belonging 
to its species. 

Our recommendation of this variety for the 
French wine-grower had been long overlooked. 
The Vigne Americaineof March, 1883, contains 
the following : " With regard to intense color- 
ing, without any foxy taste, nothing equals the 
wine made of the Marion grape ; one-twentieth 
part is sufficient to give to water even a su- 
perior wine color ; the somewhat violet shade 
is easily transformed into a lively red by add- 
ing some acid wine or a very small quantity of 
tartaric acid. This grape is a loyal Fuohsin." 
One vine-grower of Bordeaux reports that he 
is about to plant 500 Marion vines this year. 

Mary(?), raised by Chas. Carpenter, Kelly Island. 
Vine hardy, strong grower. Fruit ripens too late for 
the north. i?wncA medium, moderately compact; ber- 



ries medium, round, greenish-white with a bloom. 
Flesh tender, slight pulp, juicy, sweet, brisk flavor. — 
Doimiing. 

Another 3Iari/, an early grape, is described by Fuller. 

Mary Ann. (Labr.) Raised by J. B. Garber, Co- 
lumbia, Pa. Bunch medium, moderately compact, 
shouldered; berry medium, oval, black, pulpy, foxy, 
resembling the Isabella. Very early, ripening a day 
or two before the Hartford Prolific, and therefore for- 
merly esteemed as an early market grape, though of 
an inferior quality. Now superseded. 

Mason Seedling. {Labr.) A new white grape 
raised by B. Mason, of Mascoutah, Ills., from 
Concord seed. i?j(ncA medium to large ; berry 
nearly as large as Concord, round, greenish- 
white, becoming yellowish when fully ripe, 
with a fine white bloom ; skin thin ; flesh melt- 
ing, with little pulp ; sweet with just sufficient 
acid to give it a sprightly, vinous, refreshing 
taste ; almost entirely free from foxiness. In 
quality this is one of the best of all the White 
Concord seedlings. Vine a moderately vigor- 
ous grower, perfectly hardy, with heavy and 
healthy foliage; not subject to mildew. While 
it has not proved free from rot, this variety has 
sulFered less from this disease than Concord 
itself, proving decidedly more healthy and of 
better quality than Martha, which is gener- 
ally taken as a standard of the White Concord 
varieties. The Mason grape ripens a few days 
before Concord ; it hangs a long time and keeps 
remarkably well on the vine. The foliage of the 
Mason resembles that of its parent, but is of a 
lighter green and has a more whitish down on 
the under side of the mature leaves. We confi- 
dently recommend this grape for testing in all 
regions where the Concord succeeds. 

Massasoit. (Rogers' Hybrid No. 3.) A fine 
early grape for table and market. We copy the 
following description by Mr. Wilder, our cele- 
brated veteran of American pomology : 

Bunch rather short, medium size, shouldered; 
berry medium to large, color brownish -red. 
Flesh tender and sweet, with a little of the na- 
tive flavor when fully ripe. Season very early, 
same as the Hartford Prolific. Sufficiently vig- 
orous and productive. In favorable localities 
(free from rot) this is a very profitable grape. 

Maxatawney. {Labr.) A chance seedling, 
originated in Montgomery Co., Pa., in 1844. 
First brought into notice in 18.58. Bunch me- 
dium, long, occasionally compact, not usually 
shouldered ; berry above medium, oblong, pale 
yellow with slight amber tint on the sunny 
side. Flesh tender, not pulpy, sweet and deli- 
cious, with fine aroma, few seeds ; qualitj' best 
both for table and wine. Ripens rather latft 



Maxatawney. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



Missouri. 



121 




MAXATAWNEY {half diameter). 



for northern localities ; but where it fully ri- 
pens, as here in Missouri, it is one of the finest 
of our native white grapes, much like the Eu- 
ropean wliite C'hasselas. Jfoots slender, soft in 
•texture and liber. Canes light and of moder- 
ate length, with average number of laterals. 
Wood soft with a large pith. Vine healthy and 
hardy, needs no protection in winter, but not 
a. strong grower nor very productive, and in 
bad seasons subject to mildew and rot ; foliage 
large, deeply lobed. 

We recommend it only for garden culture, in 
good rich ground. 

ITIedora. (..Est.) Aseedlingof the imoir probably 
crossed with the Croton, as the clusters from which the 
seed was taken came from a Lenoir vine interlaced 
with the branches of a Croton vnie in Onderdonk's 
experimental vineyard. Dr. Thomas R. Cocke, an old 
esteemed amateur horticulturist and friend of Onder- 
donk, living about twenty miles below Victoria, Tex. , 
towards the Gulf, carefully planted that seed, and se- 
lected this one as the most promising of those seed- 
Imgs. The foliage is like the Lenoir, except that its 
young terminals show little or no pink tinge, which is 
almost characteristic in the Lenoir ; the berries are 
white, medium, round, translucent enough to see the 
seed, and of delicious flavor — pronounced by good 
judges " the nicest and sweetest grape they had ever 
tasted"; the bimches are medium to large, about the 
same as the Warren ; the vine not a very vigorous 
grower and inclined to over-production. 

Onderdonk thinks this will prove the happiest 
acquisition to the grapes of the Gulf States since the 



Herbemont and Lenoir ; he is now propagating it, and 
suggested the name Medor.\, being that of a daughter 
of Dr. Cocke. 

Merrimack, f Rogers' No. 19.) Regarded by 
some as the finest grape in the collection of 
Rogers' hybrids. M. P. Wilder says: 

It is one of the most reliable varieties in all 
seasons. Vine very vigorous, free from disease ; 
bunch usually smaller than his other black 
sorts ; berry large, sweet, tolerably rich. Season 
about the 20th September (in Massachusetts). 

We prefer his No. 4, the "Wilder"; it is like 
it in quality, with by far larger and heavier 
bunches, and more profitable. 

miles. {Labr.) Origin Westchester Co., Pa. Vine 
a moderate grower, hardy and productive ; bunch 
small, rather compact; berrt/ small, round, black. 
Flesh tender, slight pulp at centre ; brisk, vinous, 
pleasant. Ripens among the earliest, but does not hang 
long. We cannot recommend it for vineyard culture 
as a profitable market grape, but rather for family use 
as a good early table grape, especially for the North. 

minor's Seedling. (See Venango.) 

Miner's Seedlings. (Not to be confounded with 
Minor's Seedling or Venango.) Produced by the late 
T. B. Miner, at Linden, Union Co., N. .T. The follow- 
ing have been selected out of 1500 seedlings grown by 
him in central New York : Adeline, Antoinette, Augus- 
ta, Belinda, Carlotta, Eugenia, Ma, Lexington, Linden, 
Luna, Rockingham, and Victoria, Most of them are 
white grapes. 

ininnesota ITIaninioth. Origin unknown ; in- 
troduced in fall of 1879 by L. W. Stratton, E.xcelsior, 
Minn. ; said to be a very prolific and hardy native 
grape, the berries of which are as large as pigeons' 
eggs, and to have a fine delicate flavor. We have been 
unable to obtain any definite information about it. 

Mrs. McLnre. One of Dr. Wylie's hybrids ; a 
cross between Clinton and Peter Wylie. Bunch 
medium, not very compact, shouldered ; berries 
medium, white, very vigorous, Ciuality good as 
a table variety, and probably valuable also as 
a white-wine grape. Foliage resembling Clin- 
ton, growth very rampant. — Bercknians. 

missouri. Syn., Missouri Seedling. Mentioned 
by Buchanan and Downing, but now unknown even in 
Missouri. According to Downing: Probably a seed- 
ling from one of the Pineau or Burgundy grapes, which 
— about forty years ago— was considerably cultivated 
in the vineyards of Cincinnati. It was received there 
from the East under this name. It has short-jointed, 
grayish wood, spotted with dark brown specks; buds 
in clusters, double and triple; leaves deep-cut, tri- 
lobed. 

Bunches loose and of moderate size ; berries small, 
round; skin thin, almost black, with little bloom; 
flesh tender with little pulp, sweet and pleasant; 
not very productive nor of vigorous growth. 

It certainly never came from Missouri. 

Mi-ssonri Riesling. (See Grein's Seedlings, 
page 103.) 



122 Monroe. 



BUSHBEKG CATALOGUE. 



Mottled. 



Monroe. A cross between 
the Delaware and the Cunconl; 
raised by Elwauger and Barry 
and described by them as fol- 
lows: 

" Bunch medium to large, 
shouldered, — something like 
Concord : berries large, round ; 
skin rather thick ; black cover- 
ed with a white bloom ; very 
handsome. Flesh juicy, sweet 
(sub-acid), vinous, sprightly ; 
a pleasant, refreshing table 
grape. The vine is vigorous, 
with firm, short-jointed, hardy 
wood, wliich always ripens 
well; fine, healtliy foliage, 
which has never shown a trace 
of mildew. Ripens with Hart- 
fordProlific." "TheMoNROEis 
likely to prove one of our best 
table sorts, prolific and excel- 
lent." — I'. J. Berckinans. 

Moore's Early. [Labr.) Ori- 
ginated at Concord, Mass., by 
John B. Moore, from Concord 
seed. The illustration is an 
exact copy from a photograph 
of the bunch, and it could not 
be better described than by 
calling it an Early Concord. 
(See "Concord," page 68.) 

Bunc}i. smaller and rare ly 
shouldered, but berries some- 
what larger. It is, in similar 
soils and localities, as healthy 
and hardy as its parent ; it is 
equal to the Concord in qual- 
ity, but ripens about two 
weeks earlier. Being better 
than "Hartford," "Champi- 
on," or " Talmau,"' and quite 
as early, it is recommended to 
supersede these undesirable 
varieties. It has been awarded 
first premiums at many horti- 
cultural exhibitions. 

inottled. OriyinateJ with Clias. 
Carpenter, Kelly's Island. A seed- 
ling of the Catawba. Earlier in 
ripening and less disposed to mil- 
dew and rot than its parent. Charles Downing says : 

"A profnse bearer, ripening with Delaware. It will 
hang a long time after ripe, and keeps unusually well." 

Bunch medium size, very compact, slightly shoul- 
dered ; berries medium to large, round, distinctly mot- 
tled when held to the light, with different shades of red 
or maroon wliile ripening, but nearly a uniform dark 
Catawba color when fully ripe. Flesh sweet, juicy, 
vinous: of brisk, sprightly flavor, always rather pulp^- 
and acid at the centre. Skin thick. Season late, ripen- 




MOORE'S EARLY. 

ing with Norton's Virginia. Hangs well to the bunch, 
and improves by being left long on the vine ; more 
desirable as a wine than as a table grape. Vines 
healthy, hardy, moderately vigorous, and productive ; 
foliage abundant ; wood short-jointed. 

It is recorded by three competent judges, George- 
Leick being one, that its must weighed 94°, with acid 
4 per mille. 

We, in Missouri, as well as Dr. E. Van Kewren, at 
Hammondport, found it a jioor grower and l:iearer. 



Montefiore. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



Neosho. 123 



Montefiore, Rommers Taylor-Seedling 
No. 14. The most promising red-wine 
grape of this class. Vine moderately vig- 
orous in growth, but very healthy and 
hardy ; sufficiently productive. Both 
wood and foliage show considerable ad- 
mixtureof Labruscawith Riparia. Bunch 
small to medium, compact, sometimes 
shouldered as in annexed engraving ; 
fterr/e.s of small medium size, round ; skin 
thin but firm, black with a delicate blue 
bloom, and rich in coloring matter ; flesh 
melting, vinous, sweet, with a delicate 
aroma and a delicious flavor; ripening (a 
few days) after Concord, and before Nor- 
ton's Va. Seedling. 

This unostentatious grape attracted 
the attention of our senior when Rommel 
first exhibited it at Rochester, New York, 
where the Am. Pomol. Society met, Aug. 
1870, and we at once secured the wood of 
the original vine for the next three years. 
With consent of the originator, we have 
given it the name of the great Jewish phi- 
lanthropist Montefiore, which name 
denotes at the same time a " Jfoantam- 
ftower." It has fruited for several years, 
in various localities, with quite satisfac- 
tory results. The demand for vines of 
this new variety is far in advance of the 
supply. 

At the Hermann fair, 1882, this grape 
was awarded an extra premium as the 
best new Seedling for Red Wine. 

Must 80°. 



mount liebanon. (Lahr.) Originateil by 
George Curtis, of the United Society of Mount 
Lebanon, Columbia Co., N. Y. ; supposed to 
be a cross of Spanish Amber and Isabella. 
Bunch larger than Xorthern lluscadine ; burri/ 
round, reddish. Flesh pulpy, tough, thougli sweet, 
perhaps a little better than Xorthern ^luscailine. 
A^ot tried here. 

Neosho. (.Es(.) Found growing wild on the farm 
of E. Schoenborn, near Neosho, S.W. Missouri. In 
ISliS, Herman .Taeger sent grafts of this (and other va- 
rieties of wild summer grapes) to that pioneer of Mis- 
souri vintners, Hon. Fred. Milncli, who, finding it to 
be of superior quality, recommended it, and called it 
the " Neosho." Cultivated since that time in Warren 
and Newton counties, it never failed at either place to 
produce large and healthy crops, and gained in Papa 
Jlilnch's favor every year. 

S. Miller wrote in 1873 : "The fragrance of tlie Xeoslio 
grape is unsurpassed by any grape that ever tickled my 
olfactory nerves. Neosho is a treasure to the land," 
So also thought our enthusiastic, now lamented, friend 
Miincli ; but in other localities it produced unsatis- 
factorily, and the flavor and bouquet of its wine found 
no favor. Jlilnch described it as follows : 




MONTEFIORE. 

Bunch and berries are of the same size as Norton's — 
the bunches compact, shouldered, heart-shaped. The 
skin of the berries is thin, black with blue- bloom, very 
dark, yet contains but very little coloring matter and 
less tannin ; the pulp is meaty, very sweet and spicy, 
with but little acidity. Seeds rather large. The wood 
of the Neosho is extremely hard and tough ; it cannot 
be propagated from cuttings. The vine is a most vig- 
orous grower when qnce established on its own roots, 
or successfully grafted ; requires plenty of room, and 
prefers spur-pruning on old wood. It is so hardy 
that it may be said to resist all the extremes of our 
cliangeable climate in Jlissouri. The roots are strong, 
wiry, and exempt from injury by Phyllo.xera. The 
foliage is coarse, but of beautiful color^dark and 
glossy green — and retains its freshness till frost sets 
in. The must, though fermented on the husk for two 
days, produces a wine of a beautiful greenish-yellow 
color, and has a most peculiar aroma. It ripens with 
Norton's Virginia. 



124 Nnnmi. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Niagara. 



Naomi, ,a'^ hybrid of 
Clinton and one of the 
Muscats produced by 
J. H. Eicketts. Down- 
ing describes it as fol- 
lows : 

Vine very vigorous, 
very productive, long- 
jointed ; leaves very large, 
deeply lobed, coarsely 
serrated ; bunch large, 
shouldered ; berry me- 
dium, roundisii-oval, 
pale green, often with 
a tinge of red in the 
sun, covered with a thii: 
whitish bloom ; flesh 
juicy, melting, ratlier 
crisp, sweet and spright- 
ly, and with a trace of 
muscat flavor ; quality 
very good. Ripens with 
Concord. 

Bicketts pronounces 
it one of the most mag- 
nificent grapes for tlie 
table that ever grew. 
With us it does not suc- 
ceed, suffering, as most 
liybrids do, from mildew 
{ Peronospora) \ where 
this disease is unknown, 
or but seldom prevails, 
this grape is certainly 
most desirable. 

The annexed illustra- 
tion is reduced to two- 
thirds its natural size. 

Neft. {Labr.) Syn., Keu- 
KA. Origin on the farm of 
one Mr. Neff, nearKeuka, 
on Crooked Lake, N. Y. 
Bunch medium ; berry me- 
dium, dark copper-red. 
Flesli pulpy and somewhat fo.xy. Good native, early. 

JWc-n^ark. A hybrid of Clinton and Vinifera. raised 
in Newark, N. J. Vine of vigorous growth, hardy and 
very productive. Bunches long, loose, shouldered ; 
berries medium, dark, almost black, sweet, juicy and 
vinous, of pleasant taste; but, however promising for 
a few years, it becomes soon diseased, its fruit subject 
to rot, and perishes, like its European parent. It can 
not be recommended. 

KTewrport. (^st.) Said to be a seedling from and 
simiiar to Hcrbemont. 

]Vlag:ara. {Labr. X| This new grape, "heralded 
like Niagara herself as one of the wonders of the world, " 
originated in 1868-72 with Hoag & Clark, of Lockport, 
N. Y., who gave the following description of it : 

Vine a cross of Concord andCassady, hardy, healthy, 
very vigorous and very productive ; wood rather long- 




THE NAOMI GRAPE. Reduced W. 



jointed; leaves large, thick, leathery, downy, lobed, 
sometimes double-lobed, much like Hartford Prolific. 
Bunch medium to large, from 8 to flounces in weight, 
compact, occasionally shouldered ; berrij large, round- 
ish slightly inclining to oval, quite uniform in size ; 
skin thin but tough, pale green at first, but changing 
to pale yellow when fully ripe, with a thin whitish 
bloom; flesh soft, tender, sweet, pleasant, and in qual- 
ity about the same .as Concord, ripening with it or 
soon after ; it has quite a foxy odor when first gath- 
ered, but loses much of this when fully ripe, and has 
then a flavor and aroma much liked by those who 
have tasted this grape. 

The proprietors of this new grape refused, until 
lately, to sell any vines thereof, and still jealously 
guard against its being propagated by others. They 
expect that, from the fine appearance of its fruit at 



Xiai/ara.' 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



Noah. 125 




Exhibitions and on the markets of great cities, a desire 
T\'ill spring up to grow the same, and thus enable 
them to introduce it on a large scale, at a high price, 
with far greater success. For this purpose, and to still 
further test this grape, the proprietors now propose to 
furnish vines for vineyard planting on special terms, 
"payment for 95 per cent, of the cost of such vines 
made contingent on one-half tlie net sales of fruit 
therefrom, and all the wood to be returned to them up 
to and including 188S." While these terms are, in 
one point of view, very liberal, we doubt that they will 
have the desired result. We believe that the Poclcling- 
ton, which equals the X^iarjara in quality, size and 
beauty, and is now liberally disseminated without 
restrictions, promises to become a more popular grape 
and to make the introduction of the Niagara hereafter 
less called for. 



Noah. (Rip.X) Raised from Taylor seed 
by Otto Wasserzieher, Nauvoo, Ills., in 1869; 
then twice transplanted, sent to us for testing, 
and fruited first in 1S73. 

Bunch medium, shouldered, compact (yet not 
too closely compact, >vell-filled, liut not over- 
crowded) ; berry medium to aliove medium in 
size, being but slightly smaller than Uon- 
cord ; of green color, turning yellowish when 
fully ripe; skin thin but firm, transparent; 
not very juicy, pulp firm yet melting, and of 
excellent quality. Its «iw.?<-weiglit is 10° above 
that of Concord grown and pressed in same lo- 
cality ; time of ripening about ten days after 
the Concord. Foliage large and firm, glossy, 



126 Noah. 



BUSHBEBG CATALOGUE. 



Norton. 



with a very slight down underneath and ad- 
hering' well to the vine until frost. 

From this description it will be seen that it 
resembles Elvira in many respects, which is 
quite natural, beingof same parentage (but is 
not a seedling of Elvira, as incorrectlj- stated in 
several Nursery Catalogues). It is quite dis- 
tinct even in appearance, and there is no diffi- 
culty in distinguishing the two in foliage and 
fruit. The originator of the Noah claims for 
his seedling greater firmness of the bud or eye, 
which enables it the better to resist severe 
cold in winter; a firmer skin, which will not 
crack as that of the Elvira. These character- 
istics may be inherent, or may be modified by 
growing in a more southern latitude. Both 
grapes are excellent for white-wine. 

The Xoah was first disseminated by us in 
1S7G, and has now already gained great popu- 
larity and a place on the Catalogue of the Am. 
Pomol. .Society. At a test of the must, made 
by impartial experts, the Noah stood 100° on 
Oechsle's scale with 7.50 per mille acid, whilst 
at the same time the Elvira weighed 88° with 
5 per mille acid. 

Reports from most parts of this country, in 
regard to growth, health, &c., are very favora- 
ble, while in some localities the fruit mildews 
in unfavorable seasons ; it is, so far, less liable 
to rot than other varieties. 

In the fall of 1881, E. A. Jiiehl, of Alton, 111., 
after along tramp among the vineyards of Illi- 
nois and Missouri, wrote: "Of the Noah, I 
predict that it will grow well, bear well, keep 
well on the vines, ship well, sell well, and 
make lots of money for its growers. In fact, it 
will be a white grape for tlie million.'' 

,1. Balsiger, of Highland, Ills., gladdens us 
with the following lines: "I am very thank- 
ful to you for having sent me this valuable 
variety. Too much cannot be said of its good 
qualities, according to my observations." 

In France, also, the Noah has become a fa- 
vorite, and is largely planted. Louis Reich, 
the eminent viticulturist at Arnieillier, liouche 
du Rhone, who has cultivated the "Noah" since 
1878, finds it more vigorous and productive 
than Elvira, but thinks that the strawberry- 
taste of its grapes is not very pleasant, and that 
it makes no good wine ; others find that most 
of the toxiness disappears soon aod the wine 
improves, and that its strawberry-taste is quite 
acceptable. 

Theaccompanying illustration is copied from 
a photograph taken during the very unfavora- 
ble fruiting season of 1882, and represents 
two bunches, below average size, of this valua- 
ble variety. The size is reduced ; the single 
berrv shows the full natural size. 



Norfolk. (Labr.) A new grape, originated by 
Khite, of Norwood, Mass. It so nearly resembles the 
Catawba that it would be taken for nothing else, if it 
did not ripen even before the Concord. At least, the 
originator showed to a committee of the Mass. Horti- 
cultural Society that the Norfolk was fully ripe on his 
place while his Catawbas had barely begun to color. 
The vine is said to be an abundant bearer of remarka- 
bly showy fruit, heavily covered with lilac bloom, and 
to have withstood a temperature of 18 degrees below 
zero without protection and without injury. 

Nortli America. (Labr.) Bunch medium, shoul- 
dered ; herri/ round, black, juicy but fo.xy. Ripens 
about with Hartford Prolific. Vine vigorous, unpro- 
ductive. 

IVortliera inuscadine. (Labr.) A seedling raised 
by the Shakers of New Lebanon, N. Y. Opinions dif- 
fer widely about its value. Papa Milnch (as we called 
our venerable friend, the Hon. Fred'k Milnch). placed 
it as atable grape next to the Diana, and asa wine grape 
far above the Venango. Bunch medium, very com- 
pact, almost round ; berry medium to large, dark am- 
ber-colored or brownish-red, flesh pulpy and foxy,, 
sweet, skin thick. Berries apt to drop from the bunch 
when ripe. Ripens early, about two weeks before Ca- 
tawba. Vine of luxuriant growth, hardy and produc- 
tive. Its must will probably be found valuable fo- 
rnix, in small proportion, with some other variety, to 
which it would impart, we believe, a fine Muscat flavor. 

North Carolina. (Labr.) This seedling origina- 
ted with that veteran pomologist, J. B. Ciarber, of Co- 
lumbia, I'a.; it belongs to the Isabella type, and is a 
showy market grape of poor quality ; not recommend- 
ed. Bunch medium to large, occasionally shouldered, 
moderately compact ; berries large, with a slight blue 
bloom ; flesh pulpy but sweet ; skin very thick ; hangs 
well to the buncli, and will keep well and carry to mar- 
ket in good condition. Ripens early, coloring a few 
days before the Concord. Vine a rambling grower, 
hardy and very productive ; requires long pruning and 
" plenty to do." Roots abundant, thick, firm, with 
a tolerably hard liber ; is a good resistant to Phyl- 
loxera, but much subject to rot. Canes of medium 
thickness, long and rambling, with an average com- 
plement of laterals. Wood firm with a medium pith. 
The initiated can also make a good Muscatel wine of 
it. Must 84": 

Norton or Norton's Virginia. A native wild 
grape found on Cedar Island, James river, 
about four miles above Richmond ; discovered 
there in 1835 by Dr. F. A. Lemosq and recom- 
mended as a wine grape by Dr. I). N. Norton, 
an amateur horticulturist, and one of the pio- 
neers in horticulture near Richmond, Va., who 
transplanted layers from the original vine to 
his garden and introduced it to public notice. 
It made but little progress until about thirty 
years ago, when Mr. Heinrichs and Dr. Kehr 
brought it (each a few sprigs) to our Hermann 
vine-dressers. 

This little insignificant-looking grape, pro- 
nounced worthless by Longworth, the father 
of American grape culture, has, nevertheless. 



Norton. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



Ohio. 127' 



become the great and leading- variety for red 
wine not merely in Missouri, where its superior 
qualities were first appreciated and brought 
out in full splendor, and in its native State, 
Virginia, where it is of late receiving great at- 
tention, hundreds of acres being planted in 
the years 1880-83, with this most valuable va- 
riety for wine, — but, far and near, in many sec- 
tions of this country, and even in some parts of 
France where American vines are planted. 

The Norton, with its twin-sister, the Cynthi- 
ana, is now recognized by all experienced 
grape-growers as the most reliable and best red 
wine grape of America. It is also found excel- 
lent in some parts of France ; in others it does 
not succeed as well, and its yield is considered 
insufficient. Except in size of berry, it has also 
most (jualities of a very good table grape ; it is 
sweet and spicy, and is unexcelled as a long 
keeper. 

The illustration of the Cynthiana, page 89, 
equally serves as a good representation of the 
Norton-grape. 

The bunch of the Norton is long, compact, 
and shouldered ; hemj small, black, with dark 
bluish-red juice, almost without pulp when 
fully ripe; sweet and brisk. Ripens late, in 
October. Vine vigorous, healthy, hardy, and 
productive when well-established, but very 
impatient of transplanting, and exceedingly 
difficult to propagate. Soots tough and wiry. 
Liber thin and hard, of great resistance to the 
Phylloxera, Canes vigorous, of medium 
thickness and good length. Wood very hard, 
with a small pith and firm outer bark. 

Whenever the season will admit of a thor- 
ough and perfect ripening of its fruit, the Nor- 
ton will succeed here in almost any soil ; but, 
when the wood and buds have not fully riisened 
in the fall, the vine is liable to suffer from se- 
vere cold during the succeeding winter. In 
rich bottoms it comes early into bearing and is 
enormously productive ; on high hills with 
rather poor soil and southern aspects it is tardy 
in coming into bearing, but produces there the 
richest wine, of great body and superior medi- 
cal qualities.* It has quite a peculiar coffeine 
flavor, which at first seems unpleasant to 
many, but which, like coffee, endears itself to 
our taste. Must 105°-110°. 

From Norton's seed two promising white 
grapes have been raised almost simultaneous- 
ly : one by Langendorfer, sen., at Hermann, 
Mo.; the other by J. Balsiger,of Highland, 111. 
These and the white Hermann seedling (see 
Hermann) are the first white ^-Estivalis we 
know of ; Balsiger's seems a cross with La- 

* It is tl>e j<reat reined>' hero for dy>^entei'y jiiul dis- 
eases ol the bowels. 



brusca. They are very late, ripening even later 
than Norton's, and thus will not be adapted 
to locations north of St. Louis, but may be 
the more valuable for the south. 

Norvrood. (Labr.) A new grape, owned by Rev. 
J. W. Tai.bot, of Norwood, Mass., but originated, we 
believe, by Mr. White, of same place ; first exhibited 
in the fall of 1880, before the Mass. Horticul. Society; 
it received a first-class certificate of merit for some 
very fine bunches. It is said to make a larger 
cluster and larger berry and to ripen a little earlier 
than Concord ; is claimed to be a strong grower, more 
hardy than any of Rogei-s' hybrids, and in quality 
from good to best, much superior to the (.'oncord. Not 
yet tested by us. 

Oliio. Syn., Segak-Box, Longworth's Ohio,- 
(Black Spakisu Alabama?), is now supposed to be 
identical with the "Jacques" or " Jack " introduced 
and cultivated near Natchez, Miss., by an old Span- 
iard of the name of Jacques. It used to \>f grown in 
Ohio, where the stock originated from a few cuttings 
left in a segar-box, by some unknown person, at the 
residence of Longworth, of Cincinnati, Ohio. This va- 
riety attracted a good deal of attention for some time 
on account of its large, long bunches (often ten to fif- 
teen Inches long, rather loose, tapering, shouldered), 
and its good quality ; its frcrries are small, round ; skin 
thin ; purple with a bkie bloom ; Hesh tender, melting, 
without pulp, brisk and vinous. The wood is strong, 
long-jointed, lighter red than that of the Norton's 
Virginia, and smooth, with peculiarly pointed buds. 
Leaves large, tri-lobed. At first it was also a good 
bearer, but soon mildew and rot affected it so badly 
that it was of no use, even when grown upon walls 
with protection. Downing (" Fruit & Fruit-trees of 
Am.") said, " it is most likely a foreign sort, and, ex- 
cept in a few locations, a sandy .wil. and a mild cli- 
mate, it is not likely to succeed." Geo. W. Camp- 
bell, whom we have to tliank for valuable information 
on this and many other varieties, says, "I always con- 
sidered the Ohio or Segar-Box, from its fruit, habit of 
growth, and foliage, as of the same family as Herbe- 
mont, Lenvir, Elsinburgh, and that class of small, 
black, southern grapes." Samuel Miller, of Blufrton,. 
Mo., writes us: "The Segar-box, or Longworth's Oluo, 
I had in the East for years, but never grew a perfect 
bunch. It was not hardy in vine, and the fruit both 
mildewed and rotted.'' 

When ripe it is an e.\cellent grape. A few vines sent 
years ago, under the names of " ./acvywci or Ohio," to 
France, by P. J. Berckmans, of Georgia, proved very 
fine and valuable, perfectly resisting Phylloxera, 
having remained healthy in the midst of vineyards 
destroyed by the root-louse. (See Lenoir.) 

In Aug., 1876, G. Onderdouk gave us the subjoined 
information concerning tlie supposed identity of the 
Black Spanish. Ohio, and Jacquez : 

" Tliere lived at Natchez, in Mississippi, an old 
Spaniard by the name of Jacquez. He originated a 
grape to which he gave no name. Some persons got 
hold of it and called it the Jacquez grape, not as a name 
but simply to designate it as old Jacquez's nameless 
grape; others called it the Spanish or Blark iS/ianish 
grape, as it came from the old Spaniard's garden. Then 



128 Ohio. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Othello. 



a traveler, whose name was never obtained, carried 
some cuttings of this grape to Cincinnati, where he 
lett them with a nurseryman (Mr. Longworth !) there, 
packed in a cigar-box ; thus it came that they were de- 
signated as the ' Cigar-box grape,' not as a name, but 
to designate it till its true narae'would be known. 
This nameless variety circulated about Ohio, and, car- 
ried from that State without yet a name, took the name 
of Ohio with those thus obtaining it. Finally, as no 
authoritative name appeared, each called it the Black 
Spanish. Jacquez, Cigar-box, or Ohio, according to the 
several temporary designations. 

" I at first got it from a neighbor, who obtained it 
from Berckmans, in Georgia, as the Cigar-box. I af- 
terwards heard of the Black Spanish as a wonderful 
grape, and procured it from Gonzales, Texas, and sev- 
eral other Texan sources. I soon found it identical 
with the Cigar-box. I got afterwards information from 
different sources that these four names represented the 
same grape. I cannot now remember from whom I 
got the history of the old Spaniard Jacquez and of the 
various names having originated as I have stated ; but 
I am altogether satisfied (from examining the matter 
for several years) of the identity of Black Spanish, 
Jacquez, Cigar-box, and Ohio. 

" If there is any valuable difference between the 
Black Spanish and Lenoir, it is in favor of the latter. " 

In August, 1882, however, Onderdonk wrote us that, 
having obtained from Campbell a plant of the "Ohio" 
or " Cigar-box," he can testify that Ibis " Ohio" is dis- 
tinct from the variety cultivated in Texas under the 
names of Black Spanish, El Paso, Jacquez, etc. 

Oneida, Said to be ahybr. seedling of Merrimack 
(Rogers' No. 19), raised by Thacker, of Oneida Co., N. 
Y., who states that the vine bore its first fruit in the 
fall of 1875, when four years old, and is a strong, healthy 
grower, free from disease of any kind thus far ; wood 
short-jointed, and ripens well ; a good bearer; bunches 
medium size, evenly shouldered, sufficiently compact ; 
berries large, twice the size of Delaware, which it re- 
sembles in color; skin brittle, with a delicate bloom. 
It ripens on the original vine gradually from the 10th 
to the 2.'ith September. Keeps well and does not drop 
from the stem. A. M. Purdy, Palmyra, N. Y., who in- 
troducesthis new sort on subscription, to be delivered 
in the spring of 1884, thinks that the Oneida will prove 
the best and longest iv inter-keeping grape yet introduced. 

Onondag-a. A seedling originated in Fayette- 
ville, Onondaga Co.. N. Y. ; a cross between the Diana 
and the Delaware ; said to combine in some degree the 
flavor of both, ripening at the same time as Delaware, 
and to be a late keeper. Its appearance is certainly 
very fine, resembling Diana. Should it. prove as good 
and healthy as its originator claims, it would indeed 
be a valuable acquisition as a market grape. Not dis- 
seminated. 

Oporto. {Rip.) Of the same character as Clinton; 
a true native with aforeign name. Bunches small, usu- 
ally very imperfect ; berries small, black, harsh, and 
very acid. Considered a very poor variety by Fuller. 
"Of no value, a complete humbug."— ifttsmarm. 

Regarded as a valuable wine grape by Gov. fl. W. 
Furnas of Nebraska, who says (Report to Am. Pomol. 
Society, 1871), "My vines (of Oporto) have never failed 



to give a fine crop ; last year I picked eleven hundred 
good bunches from one vine five years old. It is an 
exceedingly rampant grower, and, as a rule, the bunch 
not compact, bearing the fruit on until after first frost* 
in fall. I have found the Oporto to give a first-class 
yield of very good wine — greatly improved by age." 

The difference of opinion is attributable, no doubt, 
to differences in soil, itc; in a granitic, shistose (slaty) 
soil the Oporto flourishes best, while in alluvial soil it 
loses its foliage. In some parts of France it is used as 
a Phylloxera-resisting grafting stock. 

Othello. (Arnold's Hybrid No. 1.) A cross 
from Clinton, or what is called Cliuton in Ca- 
nada, fertilized by the pollen of Black Ham- 
burg. Described as follows : " Bunch a.nd berry 
very large, much resembling the Black Ham- 
burg in appearance. Black with a fine bloom. 
Skin thin, the flesh very solid but not pulpy; 
flavor pure and sprightly, but in the specimens 
we have seen rather acid. Ripening with the 
Delaware." 

The " Arapelographie Americaine," of which we 
have just received the first number, describes the 
Othello as follows : (Translation.) 

Vine vigorous, of half-erect growth. Cane of medium 
length, somewhat slender, round, shining, and but lit^ 
tie wrinkled ; of yellowish-brown color when the wood 
is ripe, darker on the nodes and portions exposed to 
the sun ; with elongated internodes, heavily striated ; 
intermittent 2-forked tendrils. Buds covered with rus- 
set hair, not numerous and falling early. In ojiening 
the buds become whitish and show the flower-bunches 
fringed by a fine wooly down with a carmine border 
on the surrounding foliage, which opens and expands 
rapidly ; these leaves are distinctly three-lobed, some- 
times five-lobed, whitish on their lower face with iso- 
lated rosy points on their outline, deeply dentate and 
glandular. Foliage large when full grown, tln-ee-lobed 
with a narrow bay at the leaf-stalk (sinus petiolaire), 
the borders of the lobes overlapping; with two series 
of very sharp teeth ; upper face dark green, lower face 
of a wliitish-green with a wooly down arranged in 
small tufts on the lower veins. Leaf-stalk very short, 
robust, and forming an obtuse angle with the plane of 
its limb or cane. 

Then follows a description of the/oicers or blossoms 
in terms which we are scarcely able to translate ; then 
of the bunch with its peduncles and pedicels; of the 
berries, their size, shape, color, skin, pulp, juice, taste, 
aroma, etc., with a minuteness and exactness which 
may interest the scientific specialist, but for which we 
have not the space, nor, as practical grape-growers, 
the time to study them. To us it would be more im- 
portant to know tlie conditions of soil and climate 
which the variety demands, whether it inclines to or 
resists diseases, where and how it succeeds, ifcc. 

Our experience with it has not been as favor- 
able as we expected. The vines proved good 
growers, with beautiful, large, deeply-lobed 
smooth foliage, but not very productive, and 
what fruit it produced was often destroyed by 
rot. Here the bunches by no means resemble 
the Black Hamburg in appearance, nor are 



Othello. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



Foughkeepsie. 129 



they with us as good in quality as Arnold's 
other hybrids. 

In France, however, the Othello does exceedingly 
well, is enormously productive, and pleases so well in 
quality and appearance that it is larj^^ely propagated 
and in demand; at Nimes, with M. Guiraud, it has 
resisted for the last eight years in the midst of a Phyl- 
loxera-infested district, and wherever tried it has so far 
proved sufficiently resistent to the insect. 

At a meeting of the Agricultural Society of the He- 
rault, held on the 5th, 6th and 7th of March, 1*3, at 
Montpellier, M. Sabatiek stated, that eight years pre- 
viously he had received from Bush & Meissner one 
dozen Othello plants (for $5) ; his neighbors had 
taken some, whicli also had succeeded admirably, and 
of those which he kept for himself he was offered last 
year 1500 francs per 1 ,t)CH;i cuttings ; such offers he could 
not well refuse, and the purchasers thanked him be- 
sides ! 

M. PioLA also stated that his Othellos were prosper- 
pering ; 300 vines, the third summer, gave him 200 
litres wine. Some consider the Othello wine the most 
remarkable of American wines ; that it is destined to 
take the place of the jI/aMec in the Bordelais; others 
say that the wine made of Othello, though at first too 
acid, becomes very refreshing and agreeable, equal to 
the best ordinary wines of the lowlands of France. 

SI. Gaillard states' the Othello succeeds well not- 
withstanding a little mildew ; the great wine mer- 
chants compare its wine to the mountain wines. As 
soon as the young plants could be obtained at 50 fr. 
the mille, our vintners would not plant anything but 
Othello. M. FoEX and Iji Thurn think this variety 
not yet sufficiently tested ; it commences to fail at the 
experimental gardens of the former and are weaken- 
ing at Guiraud's. The very high piice paid for them 
is not justifiable, and caution is advisable. 

O-wasso. {Lair.) A chance seedling, supposed to 
be from the Catawba. Goodhue, the originator of this 
grape, claims that it combines the following desirable 
qualities, viz.: hardiness, size, beauty, quality, produc- 
tiveness, and adaptation to the climate of the northern 
States. Fruit clusters large and compact ; quality ex- 
cellent ; has a sprightly taste. A good keeper. Color 
dark amber. Ripens with the Delaware.— J/oJiroe Co. 
Nurseries. 

Pauline. (^Est.) Syn., Burgundy of Georgia, 
Red Lenoir. A southern grape, of the Lenoir family. 
Said to be superior for both wine and the table. Of 
little value here and at the north, where it does not 
ripen or grow well. Bunch large, long, tapering, shoul- 
dered; berries below medium, compact, pale amber or 
violet with a lilac bloom ; flesh brisk, vinous, sweet 
and aromatic. " The most delicious grape we have 
seen." — Onderdonk. 

Growth moderate and peculiar ; comes late into 
bearing ; sometimes sheds a part of its leaves too early. 
Onderdonk believes it to be a hybrid and not a pure 
.Slstivalis. (See also Bottsi.) 

Pearl. (Rommel's Taylor Seedling No. 10.) 
A promising new variety both as a table and 
a wine grape. Bunch larger than his Elvira, 
shouldered, compact; berry medium, round, 



pale yellow covered with a delicate bloom ; 
skin thin and transparent ; pulp soft and melt- 
ing, juicy, sweet and high-flavored. Vine a 
very strong grower, of short-jointed, grayish 
wood, with bright green leaves ; very produc- 
tive, healthy and hardy. Ripens immediately 
after Hartford. 

Peabody, a seedling of Clinton, fruited by Jas. H. 
Ricketts for about 12 years, but not offered for distri- 
bution until lately. He says, " it is hardy in vine 
and fruit ; bunch medium to large and quite com- 
pact ; berry the size and shape of lona, black with blue 
bloom ; flesh tender, juicy, rich, and sprightly. The 
fruit is unlike that of any other grape now cultivated ;. 
first-class in every respect." 

Peter "VVylie. See Dr. WyUe's New Grapes. 

Pizarro. (Uybr.) One of Ricketts' Clinton seed- 
lings crossed with foreign (Vinifera) ; foliage resem- 
bling the Clinton ; productive. Bunch long, rather 
loose ; berry medium, oblong, black, very juicy and 
spicy, with a very fine aroma. 

J. H. Ricketts says : " I have fruited the Pizarro 
many years and thoroughly tested it for wine-making. 4 
purposes. It makes a light red summer wine of great 
richness." 

Planet. (Sybr.) Mentioned by Prof. Husmauni 
as one of the foremost of Ricketts' seedlings, otherwise 
entirely unknown to us. Described in his " Amer. 
Grape-growing" as follows : Concord and Black Mus- 
cat of Alexandria — healthy and productive ; bunch 
large, loose, shouldered ; berry large intermixed with, 
smaller ones which have no seed, oblong, very tender 
pulp, juicy, sweet, fine flavor with slight taste of the 
Muscat. 

Pouglikeepsie-Red. This grape originated by 
A. J. Caywood & Son, from lona crossed with mixed 
pollen of Delaware & Walter. It is an admirable grape 
both for its beauty and fine quality ; and those whO' 
have seen it growing at Caywoods' place at Marlboro',. 
N. Y., testify to its vigorous growth. Cluster above; 
medium, compact and well -shouldered ; resembles- 
Delaware more than any other variety, but is about 
one-third larger, rather darker red with less bloom ; 
quality best ; no pulp, melting like lona. Claimed to 
be very valuable as a wine grape. It ripens very early, 
with Hartford Prolific, and keeps a long time after 
being removed from the vine, tasting like raisins when 
shrivelled. As a dessert fruit, it is considered by good 
judges as equal to fine European grapes. 

Although known on the Hudson for over twenty 
years, and exhibited at New York State fairs, it has- 
been but little tested and not disseminated outside. 

Its parentage does not give confidence of success 
except where the Delaware and lona can be success- 
fully grown, and that is — in localities few and far' 
between. 

Putnam, or Ricketts' Delaware Seedling No. 2. 
Cross between Delaware and Cimcord ; very early, 
sweet, rich and good. Must stood 80" saccbarometer ;. 
4>-2 per mille acid. Not disseminated, we believe. 



130 Perkins. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Pocklington, 



Perkins. (Labr.) Origin, Massa- 
chusetts. A valuable, very early 
market grape, as it is showy, which 
is more important for our markets 
than fine quality ; besides, tastes 
differ, and to many tastes its strong 
fox or musk flavor is not disagree- 
able. Bunch medium to large, 
shouldered ; berries medium, ob- 
long, often flattened by their com- 
pactness ; greenish-white at first, 
then of a fine, pale lilac or reddish 
color when fully ripe, with a thin, 
white bloom; flesh rather pulpy, 
sweet, juicy; skin thick; ripens a 
few days after Hartford Prolific 
and before Delaware ; vine a vigor- 
ous grower, with thick leathery 
leaves, healthy and productive. 

It is one of the surest grapes we 
cultivate, succeeding remarkably 
well south as well as north, and is 
more.A-ee from rot than most other 
Labrusca varieties. It is also not 
without value as a wine grape ; its 
foxy taste and odor grow less the 
older the wine becomes, and can be 
improved by gallizing, or, better 
still, by blending with other white 
wines. 

Pollock. (Lnbr.) Raised by Mr. Pol- 
lock, Tremont, N. Y. Bunches large as 
Concord, compact ; berries large, dark 
purple or black ; flesh free of pulp, vi- 
nous, not too sweet. — Strong. 

Purple Bloom, a seedling of i?art- 
ford Prolific crossed with Gen. Marmora, 
raised by Dr. Culbert, Newburgh, N.Y. 
Vine hardy and vigorous, a prolific bear- 
er ; its bunches are large and showy : ber- 
ries of fair size and good quality. Well 
adapted to become a good market grape. 
Exliibited 1877. Not disseminated. 

Pocklington. [Labr.) A seedUng from Con- 
cord, originated by Juo. Pocklington, at Sandy 
Hill, Washington Co., N. Y.; the largest and 
most attractive white grape of purely native 
origin yet introduced. Fine a strong grower 
and very hardy, with large, leathery, pubes- 
cent foliage similar to Concord ; free from mil- 
dew. Clusters large and showy, weighing 
sometimes as much as oue pound each. Ber- 
rie.'y large, pale green with yellow tinge, round 
and thickly set on the bunch; flesh tender, 
juicy and sweet, with very little pulp. Seeds 
small for so large a grape. Ripens with the 
Concord, and when fully ripe is better than 
Concord. It has less of the Labrusca charac- 
•ter (foxiness) in the taste than in the smell. 




PERKINS. 

and seems to have better keeping and ship- 
ping qualities than the parent. Being consid- 
erably larger in bunch and berry than Martha, 
mpre attractive to the eye and better in quality 
(though not best), and very productive, this is 
one of Vie most promising new varieties for vine- 
jjard culture; a splendid grape fob market. 
Samuel Miller says : "It will also make good 
wine without doubt ; it will, however, be some 
years before much wine will be made out of 
Pocklington, for it will be in too great demand 
for the table." He adds : " While the Martha 
has done nobly — thousands of acres are jilanted 
with it, and I need not be ashamed of having 
originated it — I now resign and give the palm 
to Mr. Pocklington." 



Prentiss. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



Puritij. 131 




^^r' 



r- ,-'V% "".O- ^7^^^V 



H ■V.^^-^^ijrf**^ 




Branch 20 inches. Weighing 7 
pounds. Exhibited at meeting of 
Am. Pom. Society, Rochester, N, Y. 



THE PRENTISS. 



From a Photograph by 

G. W, Godfrey, 

Rochester, N. Y 



P. J. Berckmans, on the other hand, consid- 
ers it wortliless In liis locality. He writes us : 
"It may do well nortli, but is sofar of novalue 
here" (in Augusta, Ga.) 

It was first exliibited at tlie New York State 
fair held in Rochester in 1877, and has been 
justly awarded first premiums at various 
exliibitious everij year since. From what we 
have seen and heard of this new grape, we 
are satisfied that it will rapidly become a fa- 
vorite among grape-growers, for market and 
family use, wherever the Concord is success- 
fully grown. 

"The Pockliugton, in size and beauty, is an 
approacli to the Canon Hall or other Mus- 
cats. — Marshall P. Wilder. 

(See the chromo-lithograph illustration op- 
iposite the title page.) 

Prentiss. (Labr.) One of the best native 
white grapes, where it succeeds ; raised about 
16 years ago, by J. W. Prentiss, Pultney, N. Y., 
from seed of Isabella. Vine hardy, endur- 
ing uninjured down to 20° below zero, and a 
good grower, very productive, inclined to over- 
bear; wood ratlier short-jointed, ieaces large, 
yet tender here ; slightly downy ; as healthy 
as those of Catawba, Isabelhx, or Diana, re- 
sembling tlie latter. Bunch medium, not often 
shouldered, compact. Berry medium round, 
inclined to oval ; skin not very tliin, but very 
firm; greenisli-white, pale yellow when fully 
mature, sometimes with a slight rosy tint on 
. side most exposed to the sun, with a tliin whi- 



tish bloom ; seeds few, small, dark ; flesh with 
a slight pulp, tender, juicy, sweet and pleasant; 
a musky aroma, free from coarse foxiness ; 
fruit I'ery similar 1o Rebecca, and Hubbard 
himself "thought it had traces of Rebecca 
blood in it." The berries adhere well to tlie pe- 
duncle and keep well. Ripens at same time as 
Concord. A valuable and profitable market 
grape where it succeeds. Selling in large quan- 
tities at 1-5 cents per pound in New York mar- 
kets when Concords were selling at 4 to 6 cts. 

T. S. Hubbard, Fredonia, N. Y., wlio intro- 
duced this grape, says : " We do not expect it 
will succeed everywhere, nor do we claim it to 
be a grape that will succeed over as wide a 
range of territory as the Concord, but we re- 
commend it as a VERY peopitable market 
grape for good grape localities." 

How it will succeed in vineyards of the lower 
Missouri and Mississippi valleys we cannot 
tell, as it lias not been sufticientl.y tested, and 
its parentage does not encourage extensive tri- 
als in this section. Testimonials as to the 
growth and health of this variety are, so far, 
favorable. 

The annexed beautiful chromo-litliograph of 
the Prentiss was furnished us for this Illustra- 
ted Catalogue by Mr. Hubbard. 

Purity — a cross upon Delaware, produced by 
Geo. W. (.'ainpbell, is a small white grape of the finest 
quality. It is claimed to be a stronger grower and to 
have healthier foliage than the Delaware. It ripens 
its fruit a few daj's earlier than that variety. Camp- 
bell gave it that name on airount of the purity of its 



132 QuciKsaick: 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Rkuling. 



flavor, which he prpiioupces as even more exquisite 
than that of the Delaware. He says : so far as quality 
is concerned it is probably unexcelled by any variety 
grown, its only fault being its small size. The vine 
seems to have inherited from its parent, the Delaware, 
its remarkable exemption from rot. We recommend 
this new variety for trial to all who plant f.^r their own 
use and pleasure, and are willing to compromise size 
for tine quality. 

Quassaick. A hybrid of Clinton and Muscat- 
Hamburg, by J. H. Ricketts, of Newburgh, N. Y. It 
has a large 6u»ic/i shouldered; berries above medium, 
oval, black with a blue bloom ; flesh very sweet, juicy 
and rich ; vine healthy and productive. — F. R. Elliott. 

One of the prettiest vines ever seen, filled witli large 
bunches. — Husmann. 

Raabe. Some say it is a hybrid between Labrusca 
and ^Estivalis or Vinifera, but Stroiig describes it as a 
cross between Elsinburg and Bland, which is probably 
correct. Kaised by Peter Raabe, near Philadelphia; 
thought to be hardy, but was only moderately vigor- 
ous, and proved quite unprofitable. Bunches small, 
compact, rarely shouldered ; berry below medium size, 
round, dark red, thickly covered with bloom ; flesh 
very juicy, with scarcely any pulp; flavor saccharine 
with a good deal of the Catawba aroma ; quality 
"best."— .■!(;. Int. Rep. 

Racine. (JSst.) Of similar origin as iN'eos/io, and 
at first suppo>ed to be the same grape, but afterwards 
recognized as distinct. We cannot admire either of 
these two varieties. They are both healthy and hardy, 
and have a beautiful durable foliage which makes them 
desirable for arbors, but we find neither of them very 
productive or desirable in quality. Its wine has a me- 
dicinal taste and flavor ; the small berries are pulpy 
and full of seeds. They may be better in quality and 
sufiBciently productive in some other localities. 

Raritan. Ricketts" Delaware Seedling No. 1. A 
cross of Concord and Delaware. Plant moderately vig- 
orous, hardy, short -jointed ; bunch medium, shoulder- 
ed, nearly the same form as Delaware ; berry small me- 
dium, round, black; leaves of medium size, lobed, 
veined or corrugated ; flesh juicy and vinous ; ri- 
pens al)out the time of Delaware, and commences to 
shrivel as soon as ripe. Its originator, J. H. Ricketts, 
of Newburg, N.Y., claims that this is asuperior wine- 
grape, its must coming up to 120'^ on Oechsle's scale in 
1881, and 7i mille by Twichell's acidometer. In 1871 
Ricketts reported to the Am. Pomol. Society, 105° 
saccharometer, 9;-2 acid ; "of course, too much acid." 

The vine does not grow vigorously on its own roots, 
and, according to Ricketts' experience, it grows best 
when grafteil on the Clinton ; but, according to our 
experience, the inrigoratimj effect of tlie stock is not of 
many summers' duration (see Manual, page .57) unless 
care is taken to prevent the graft from making its own . 
roots. 

Bay's Victoria. See Victoria. 

Rebecca. (Lab.) An accidental seedling, 
found (1856) in the garden of E. M. Peake, of 
Hudson, N. Y. It is a very fine white grape, 
but unfortunately very tender in winter and 



subject to mildew in summer, of weak growth, 
deficient foliage, not productive. On south 
walls, in well protected situations, with dry 
soil and good culture, it succeeds very well, 
and produces most deUcious white grapes iu 
some localities. 

Bunches medium, compact, not shoulder- 
ed ; berries medium, obovate ; skin thin, pale 
green, tinged with yellow or pale amber color 
at full maturity, covered with a thin white 
bloom, considerably translucent. Flesh tender, 
juicy, free from pulp, sweet with a peculiar 
musky and luscious aroma distinct from any 
other grape ; seeds small ; leaves of scarcely 
medium size, very deeply lobed, and sharply 
serrated. Suited to amateur culture, but, wliea 
tried on a large scale, iu ordinary vineyard 
culture, as a hardy profitable grape, great dis- 
appointment followed and produced a decline 
in grape-growing. 

Reliance. Parentage unknown. Exhibited in 
fall of 1881 by J. G. Burrows, Fishkill, N. Y. Resem- 
bles Delaware in size and color. 

Rentz. (Labr.) A Cincinnati seedling, produced 
by the late Sebastian Rentz, a most successful vintner. 
Chiimed to be equal, if not superior, to Ives. A large, 
rather coarse black grape, very vigorous and healthy 
in vine and foliage, free from mildew, and very produc- 
tive. Bunch large, compact, often shouldered ; berry 
large, round, black; flesh rather pulpy and musky, 
with abundant sweet juice. Ripens earlier than Ives 
Seedling, but is not good enough to be recommended. 
Berries drop from stem when ripe. Valuable as a stock 
for grafting. Roots thick, with a smooth, firm liber, 
readily pushing young rootlets, of .strong resistance to 
Phylloxera; canes thick, but not very long, nor ram- 
bling. 

Requa. (Rogers' No. 28.) A fine table grape. M. 
P. Wilder, who had a better opportunity than most 
men to form an accurate opinion of the merits of these 
hybrids, described it in the Grape Culturist as follows : 

" Vine tolerably vigorous and quite productive ; 
bunch large, shouldered; berry mediunx size, roundish ; 
skin thin ; flesh tender and sweet with a trace of the 
native flavor; color bronzy-green, assuming a dull 
brown rgd at maturity ; season middle of September. 
A grape of fine quality, but subject to rot in unfavora- 
seasons." 

Riesenblatt. (Giant-leaf) A chance seedling of 
some vEstivalis grape that grows on M. Poeschel's 
vineyard at Hermann, Mo. The vine is hardy, healthy 
and productive ; a strong grower, with a truly gigantic 
leaf. A small quantity of wine made from its grapes 
by Poeschel & Sherer has a Madeira character resem- 
bling Hermann ; color dark brown. 

This variety has not been disseminated, and conse- 
quently has not been extensively tried outside of Her- 
mann, Mo. 

Biesliug or Missouri Riesling (,not Eeissling, 
as some incorrectly spell it). See Grein's Seed- 
lings. Page 103. 



I 



Bicketts'. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



Bommel's. 133 



Ricketts' Hybrids. Our Index contains a list of 
the very remarkable seedlings raised by J. H.Ricketts 
at Newburg, N. Y,, as far as nameil and disseminated 
by bini. He has given his attention, for nearly twenty 
years, to raising new varieties by crossing, and by his 
long-continued, carefully and skillfully conducted 
labors has produced the most wonderful collection 
of hybrid grapes, embracing many hundred different 
sorts, mostly as yet unnamed and designated only by 
numbers. The American Pomological Society repeat- 
edly awarded him its " Wilder silver medal." At 
the Centennial Exhibition, 1870, he was awarded me- 
dal and diploma with a most flattering report of the 
judges; and hundreds of premiums, from Horticultu- 
ral Societies all over the country, have been awarded 
to Mr. Ricketts for his seedling grapes. 

There is no question about the beauty or the excel- 
lence of many of these grapes, and, though some have 
proved entire failures with us and others, especially in 
the Mississippi valley, the very fact that he brings 
for exhibition every year his magnificent specimens is 
evidence that they can be grown successfully in great 
perfection. His location may be specially favorable, 
but there must be other places equally so, where the 
same care and attention will produce the same splen- 
did results. The soil of his vineyard is a medium 
loam, possessing a moderate degree of fertility, facing 
the east, sloping towards north-east, and sheltered by 
hills on the west. His vines are not pampered nor 
covered with glass, as some suppose, but merely laid 
down without covering for winter, pruned long and 
cultivated with but ordinary care. We have therefore, 
no reason to doubt that some of these excellent new 
varieties will become valuable acquisitions to our 
finest and most useful grapes, especially those which 
have the Concord for the pistillate parent, as the Lady 
Washington, El Dorado, Jefekesox, for the Atlantic 
and north central States ; and those which are crosses 
on the Clinton, as the Bacchus and Empire State, for 
the middle and south central States, usually (though 
wrongfully) called the " western States." 

Geo. W. Campbell justly remarks : " While much 
improved over the purely native varieties and suc- 
ceeding well in some places — as Mr, Ricketts has 
abundantly demonstrated — in other and less favored 
localities they were injured by severe winter-freezing 
and suffered, in common with many of our natives, by 
mildew and rot in variable and unfavorable seasons. 
I have always hoped and believed that some of these 
remarkable grapes, or their successors, would be found 
adapted to general cultivation ; and, even if they re- 
quire a little more careful treatment than our hardiest 
natives of coarser mould, they are well worth the extra 
trouble, and their greater value will abundantly pay 
for it. A judicious selection of soil and situation, and 
perhaps protection during winter, and care as to train- 
ing and pruning adapted to the habits of diflerent va- 
rieties, may be necessary for complete success. Mr. 
Ricketts claims that his later productions are crosses 
between hardy natives, leaving out the foreign ele- 
ment." 

Rochester. (Labr.) One of Ellwanger & Bar- 
ry's seedlings. Not having as yet any vines 
in bearing of this new variety, we give their 



description of it : " Vine a remarkably vigorous 
grower ; wood short-jointed and hardy ; foli- 
age large, yetresenil)les that of Delaware ; the 
habits of the vine are similar to those of the 
Diana, and it requires ample room and rather 
long pruning. Bunch large to very large, 
shouldered, frequently double -shouldered, 
very compact; berries medium to large size, 
round, dark purple or purplish-lilac ; peculiar, 
with thin white bloom ; tlesh very sweet, vi- 
nous, rich, and aromatic. Ripens usually the 
first week in September; has never failed to 
ripen well in the worst of seasons since it first 
bore." This description refers, of course, to 
the locality of Rochester, N. Y., where it was 
raised. We admired tlie fruit there, and con- 
sider this variety a valuable addition to the 
grapes of tlie Labrusea class. 

Ronaiiiel'si Seedlings*. No person lias been more 
successful in the production of valuable hardy and 
healthy seedling-grapes, adapted to general cultiva- 
tion in a very large section of this country, than Jacob 
Rommel, of Morrison, Mo. His grapes cannot rival 
those of Rogers or Ricketts in beauty and in tine qual- 
ity as a fruit for the table or for family use, but they 
far surpass them in vigor and productiveness, and are 
of fair to very good quality, especially for wine and 
brandy. Those named and disseminated are described 
in this Catalogue. See Amher, Beavty, Black Dela- 
ware, Elvira, Etta, Faith, Montefii>re, Pearl, 
Transparent, Wildini:. 

But, besides these, lie has raised and fruited for sev- 
eral seasons quite a large number of seedlings, from 
which he selects and recommends the following as 
fully tested and worthy of cultivation and dissemina- 
tion : 
(a) Taylor Seedli.m; No. 9— Vine vigorous, healthy 
and hardy, moderately productive, free from 
mildew and rot; bunc.i medium, shouldered; 
berry medium to above medium, round; color 
black; rii)ens early, before Concord ; quality 
excellent for a dark red wine. 
(B) TaylorSeedlino No. 18— Vine vigorous, healthy 
and hardy, very productive ; bunch medium ; 
berry above medium, amber color ; quality ex- 
cellent ; ripens at same time as Catawba. 

(c) Taylor Seedling No. 16— Vine a moderate 

grower, but healthy and sufficiently produc- 
tive; bunch small; berry medium, very firm, 
of cream color; quality very good ; ripens ear- 
ly, before Concord. 

(d) Elvira Seedling No. 5— Vine vigorous, healthy 

and hardy, very productive ; bunch above 
medium ; berry medium, straw-color ; ijuality 
good ; ripens later, soon alter Concord. 

(e) Elvira Seedling, No. 6— Vine healthy and har- 

dy, very productive ; bmich medium to large ; 
berry medium, color yellowish tinctured with 
red ; of very fine quality. 

(f) Elvira Seedling No.8— Vine vigorous, healthy 

and productive ; 6unc/i large ; berry milium; 
red, transparent, and of good quality ; ripens 
just after Concord. 



13-1 Bofffrs' Hijhr. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Bulander. 



(g) Delaware Seedling No. 3— Vine very healthy, 
tree from mildew and rot, perfectly hardy ; 
bunch above medium, very compact; berry very 
firm, round, above medium in size, black ; 
quality very good ; promises to be a valuable 
early market grape, ripening before Hartford. 
(h) Delaware Seedling No. 4— Vine a moderate 
grower, quite healthy and hardy ; bunch and 
berry medium in size ; in color like Delaware ; 
quality very good ; ripens before Hartford. 
Rutland. Probably a cross between Eumelan 
and Adirondac. A new grape originated by D. S. Mar- 
vin, Watertown, N. Y. Berry and bunch medium, com- 
pact, not shouldered ; color blue-black ; Heshy, spright- 
ly, vinous ; skin thin ; very good. — Am. Pomol. Society 
Reports on New Fruits, 18S1. 

Rogers' Hybrids. These were produced 
in a small garden in Roxbury, near Boston, 
Mass. When first fruited (in 1856), and long 
afterwards, they were designated by numbers 
only. Those of Rogers' valuable seedlings to 
which he has given names in place of num- 
bers, by which they have hitherto been desig- 
nated, have been placed, in alphabetical or- 
der, in their appropriate places,* but there 
are some remaining numbers yet unnamed 
which deserve a name. 

No. 2, One of the largest of all his hy- 
brids. Bunch and berry very large, dark purple, 
nearly black ; thick-skinned and somewhat 
acid (ripening imperfectly with us, from loss 
of foliage, before maturing its fruit) ; late in 
ripening, and in flavor somewhat like the Ca- 
tawba. Vine a vigorous grower and very pro- 
ductive, but here subject to rot. 

No. 5. One of the finest of Rogers' hybrids, 
and deserving to be better known. Bunch me- 
dium to large, moderately compact ; berries 
large, round, red, sweet and rich ; free from 
foxiness, ripens early, and in quality one of 
the very best. Vine hardy and healthy, hardier 
and healthier than Salem, which it resembles, 
but not as strong a grower as some others. 

No. 8. (Considered by us as one of Rogers' 
best, and valuable for wine-making purposes. 
Bunch and berry large ; color pale red, but the 
fully matured berries a coppery-red with fine 
light gray bloom ; flesh sweet, juicy, with 
pleasant flavor, and almost entirely free from 
pulp. Skin about the same thickness as Ca- 
tawba. Vine a strong, vigorous grower, with 
broad, thick and coarse foliage ; hardy and 
productive. Its fruit is ripening later than 
most of his other varieties, and its foliage, un- 
der good culture, less inclined to mildew ; for 
these reasons it is the more appreciated and 
largely planted by some experienced wine- 
growers in Illinois, directly east of St. Louis. 
No. 30. Light red; bunch and berry very 
large ; flavor very fine, much like the foreign 
Chasselas ; pulp very tender. Vine vigorous and 
healthy. One of the best flavored of all the Rogers' 
grapes. Ripens early. — Geo. W. Campbell. 



Roenbeck. {Bybrid.) Parentage unknown. A 
chance seedling, originated on the grounds of Jas. W. 
Trask at Bergen Point, N. J. First fruited in 1870. 

Bunches long, compact, well - shouldered ; berries 
medium size ; color pale green ; skin thin and trans- 
parent; fiesh melting and very sweet, no pulp. — 
Ripens about same time as the Concord. Wood short- 
jointed and light-colored ; large fruit-buds. Vine 
hardy and prolific ; fruit needs thinning out, as the 
vine, like Delaware, has a tendency to overliear. The 
foliage as well as other characteristics indicate Vinifera 
parentage, but its roots have, so far, not been attacked 
by the Phylloxera. 

Fred. Roenbeck, of Centerville, Hudson Co., N. J., 
is propagating this variety, to sell after it may have 
been tried and proven satisfactory. 




■ No. 1, Goethe; 
Xo. 3, Massasoit: 
Xo. 4, Wilder; 
Xo. 9, Liudley; 



No. 14, Gaertner; 
No. 15, Apawam: 
No. 19, Merrimac: 
No. 28, Retiua; 
No. 39, Aminla; 



No. 41, Kssex; 
No, 43, Karrv; 
No. 44, Herbert; 
No. 53, Salem. 



ROGERS' HYBRID. (No. 8.) 

RiiLimler or St. Genevieve. Syn., Amoureix, 
Red Ei.ben. {jEst. X) What we call here the 
Rulander is not the same vine known by that 
name in Germany, but is claimed to be a seed- 
ling from a foreign grajie (Pineau) brought by 
the early Frencli settlers to the western bank 



Mulander. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



Salem. 135 



of the lower Mississippi (Ste. Genevieve). 
Others consider it as a native belonging: to the 
southern division of the ^Estivalis class; and, 
while we ourselves incline to this view, we 
must admit that its short-jointed growth, ten- 
derness, and liability to suffer from diseases 
and Phylloxera, support the claim of its hav- 
ing originated from foreign ( Viuifera) seed. 

Bunch rather small, very compact, slioulder- 
ed ; berry small, darlv purplish-blacl?, witliout 
pulp, juicy, sweet and delicious. Vine a strong, 
vigorous, short -jointed grower, with heart- 
shaped, light green, smooth leaves, hanging 




1 







THE SECRETARY GRAPE. 



on till late in November ; very healthy, but re- 
quires covering in winter. It has very tough, 
strong roots, with a firm, smooth liber, but 
seems nevertheless subject to injury by Phyl- 
loxera ; wood hard, with a small pith and firm 
outer bark ; and although it will not bear big 
crops, it makes up in quality as a wine grape 
what it may lack in quantity. It makes an 
excellent pale red or ratlier brownish wine 
closely resembling sherry, which was repeat- 
edly awarded a first premium as the best light 
colored wine. Must 100°-110°. 
(See also Louisiana, page 118.) 

St. Catherine. {Lair.) Raised by Jas. 
W. Clark, Framinghaiu, Mass. Bunch large, 
rather compact ; berries large, chocolate col- 
or, rather sweet, tough, foxy. Kot of much 
value. — Dounihfff. 

Secretary. Obtained by J. H. Ricketts, 
Newburgh, X. Y., by crossing the Clinton 
with Muscat-Hamburg. It was considered 
the finest new grape at the Massachusetts 
Horticultural Exhibition of 187'i, and pro- 
nounced by Downing to be one of Ricketts' 
best in quality : but, being very much in- 
chned to mildew, it will remain a superb 
amateur variety only. 

Vine vigorotis, hardy ; bunch large, mod- 
erately compact, shouldered, with a large, 
roundish-oval berri/, black with handsome 
bloom ; its peduncle red at the base when 
drawn from the berry ; flesh juicy, sweet, 
meaty, slightly vinous. Must 03^' sacchar- 
ometer ; 7J^ per mille acid. J'oliage like 
Clinton but thicker, and of about the same 
size. 

Salem. (Rogers' No. 53.) Like 
Agawam (No. 15) and Wilder (No. 4), 
this is a hybrid between a native 
(Wild Mammoth), the female, and 
the Black Hamburg, the male pa- 
rent. This is the most extensively 
planted and probably one of the 
finest among the Rogers hybrids ; it 
has proven satisfactory where the 
hybrid grapes succeed, and, under 
favorable circumstances, produces a 
fine grape of excellent quality. 

Bunch full medium to large, compact, 
and shouldered ; berry large as Ham- 
burg, I inch in diameter, of a dark 
chestnut or catawba color; flesh toler- 
ably tender, sweet, with rich aroma- 
tic flavor ; a little foxiness to the smell, 
which is not perceptible to the 
taste; considered in quality one of the 
best ; skin ratlier thick ; seed.s large ; 
ripens nearly as early as Concord ; 



136 Salem. 



BUSHBEEG CATALOGUE. 



Scuppernong. 




scuppernong: 

it also keeps well. Vine very vigorous and 
healthy ; foliage large, strong, and abundant ; 
wood of lighter color than most of the Rogers 
grapes. The roots are of medium thickness, 
branching, with smooth, firm liber, and have 
more of the native character thaji most other 
hybrids ; they seem to resist the Phylloxera as 
well as most Labrusca varieties. The Salem 
can be propagated from cuttings with remark- 
able ease, and its vigor of growth in the shoots 
has hardly a parallel among hybrids ; it, nev- 
ertheless, generally fails in the valley of the 
Mississippi and wherever mildew prevails. 

The Sale.m grape was originally numbered 
22; a spurious sort having been put into mar- 
ket under that number, it was changed by the 
originator to No. 53. But this did not help the 
confusion, and, to make it worse, he was report- 
ted to describe it once as of black color (Journal 
of Hort. vol. .5, page 264), and at another time 
as of chestnut or Catawba color, the latter 
generally adopted as the color of the true 
Salem. 

Scbiller. One of Muench's seedlings of the 
Louisiana. Vine hardy, a vigorous grower, healthy, 
and productive. Fruit of a purplish-blue color, but 
liglit juice ; otherwise quite similar to his Humboldt. 
Not disseminated. 

Seneca. Very similar to Hartford, if not identical 
with it. First exhibited at Hammondsport, N. Y., 
in October, 1867, by R. Simpson, of Geneva, N. Y. 
Kot recommended. 



Scuppernoug-. Syn., Yellow Muscadine, 
White Muscadine,* Bull, Bullace or Bul- 
let, RoAXOKE {Vitis Rotundifolia). This is 
purely and exclusively a southern grape ; in 
South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, 
Mississippi, and in parts of Virginia, North 
Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas, it is quite 
a favorite, producing annually large and sure 
crops, requiring scarcely any care or labor. It 
is entirely exempt from mildew, rot, or any of 
the diseases so disastrous to the northern 
species — entirely exempt also from Phylloxera ; 
but it cannot be grown north of the Carolinas, 
Tennessee, and Arkansas, nor even in Te.xas. 
^^--_V G. Onderdonk, whose nurseries are farther 
/ south than any other in the United States, says 
\^\ about the Scuppernong grape, "we haverepeat- 
^ -^edly tried it, and as frequently failed." 

In California also the Scuppernong refused to 
respond favorably. There " the vine makes a 
good growth, blossoms abundantly in June and 
July without setting a berry, and late in the 
season the leaves get rusty." — ./. Strenr.el. 

We are aware that southerners deem it 
unjust partiality, if not an insult, to say any- 
thing against their favorite, the Scuppernong^ 
"a Divine gift," 

"8enL In the nlglit time of sorrow aud care 
To bring b.ick tlie Joj' that the South use«l to wear/* 

Most heartOy wishing that joy be brought back to our 
afflicted South, we would therefore refrain from any 
remarks in derogation of this Divine gift, and shall 
quote none but southern authorities and cultivators 
of the Scuppernong. 

P. J. Berckmans, of Georgia : " I could not say 
too much in praise of the Scuppernong as a wine- 
grape. Jt is one of tho.se things that never fad. Of 
course I do not compare it with the Delaware and other 
fine flarored grapes ; but the question is — where, where 
shall we find a grape that wUl give us a profit ? We 
have it in the Scuppernong. It cannot be grown as 
far north as Norfolk." 

J. H. Carleton, El Dorado, Ark.: "The fruit is 
so healthy that it has never been known to make 
anyone sick, unless he swallowed the hulls, which 
are very indigestible. I made some Scuppernong 
wine last year with very little sugar {\}{ lbs. to 
the gallon must), and although the grapes were not 
near so ripe as they should have been, it has a fine 
body, a » « It is called by some the 'lazy man's 
grape.' I admit the charge, and prize it the more on 
that account." 

JohnR.Eakin, Washington, Ark.: "I scarcely know 
what to say of this nondescript which is called a grape. 
It is a coarse, tough-skinned berry., with a sweetish, 
musky flavor. The vine takes care of itself ; does not 
require and will not suflfer pruning ; bears abundantly 
and has no diseases. I scarcely think it a grape, but 
still a most useful fruit sui generis, and I hope will be 
cultivated by those who have no inclination for the 
more troublesome, and, I must say, the more exqui- 
site ' bunch grapes,' as it is the habit of its friends to 

* The black or purple gi'apes of tliis class are often 
incorrectly called "Black Soupporuong." Southern hor- 
ticulturists designate tliem by different names: Flowers, 
Mish, Thomas, etc. 



Scvppernong. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



ScujipernoiKj Hijhr. 137 



call the Herbemont, the Catawba, and others. Each to 
his taste." 

The Scuppernong grape was d^^^covered by the col- 
ony of 8u- Walter Raleigh, in 1554, on the Island of 
Koanoke. N. C, and the original vine is said still to 
exist there, being over 3ilO years of age. In appear- 
ance, wood, fruit, and habit, it is entirely distinct, or 
'■ uiiu/ue " as Mr. Van Buren calls it, saying: " There 
is a resemblance between the V. Vinifera, Labrusca, 
-Estivalis, Cordifolia: they will all intermingle, pro- 
ducing hybrids, but none of them can ever(?) be crossed 
with the V. Rotundifolia, which blooms two months 
later than either of the foregoing varieties. The odor 
of the Scuppernong when ripening is delicious, and en- 
tirely distinct from the nigger-stink of the Fox-grape 
family." The growth of the vine, or rather the space 
over which its branches extend in a series of years, 
is almost fabulous. The bark of the Scuppernong is 
smootli, of a grayish-ashy color, variegated with many 
small, dot-like specks of lighter hue ; the wood is hard, 
close-te.xtured, firm ; the roots white or creamy. The 
leaves, before dropping in autumn, become of a bril- 
liant yellow. 

Bunch or cluster consisting usually of only about i 
to (!, rarely more, large, thick-.skinned, pulpy berries; 
these are ripening in August and September, not all 
at the same time, but fall off successively, when ripe, 
by shaking the vine, and they are thus gathered from 
the ground. Color yellowish, somewhat bronzed when 
fully ripe. The pulp is sweet, juicy, vinous, with a 
mu.sky scent and flavor — a delicate perfume to some 
tastes, repugnant to others. The French wine judges 
at the Congres held in lST4at Montpellier, pronounced 
all the Scuppernong wines there "fort peu agreable," 
some even •' d'un goi\t desagreable." It has, however, 
its warm advocates among American grape-growers, 
as will be seen by the following, from a letter of S. I. 
Matthews, of Monticello, Ark., written for this Cata- 
logue : 

'■The Scuppernong makes a splendid white wine; 
its fruit, though ordinarily deficient in sugar, is very 
sweet to the taste, owing to its having but very little 
acid. The saccharine deficiency may also be accounted 
for, in a measure, by the fact that this grape has been 
hitherto, for the most part, grown upon arbors, a plan 
of training that more effectually than any other ex- 
cludes the sunlight and heat fj'om the fruit, which it 
is the practice to gather by shaking down from the 
vines, whereby a considerable proportion of but par- 
tially ripe fruit is obtained. And yet, according to 
some tests, the Scuppernong has registered 8.S'' on the 
(Occhsle) must scale, which would give 9 per cent, of 
alcohol. 

'• A. C. Cook, who was quoted in your Catalogue 
(ed. 1875) as saying that ' the Scuppernong is deficient 
in both sugar and acid, as it rates at about 10 percent, 
of the first and 4 mills of the latter,' wishes to correct 
this, as he found since that time its saccharine proper- 
ties to range occasionally as high as 18 per cent., and 
now thinks ' the Scuppernong is einphaticnlly the (jrape 
for the South.' Its juice is capable of being converted 
into the finest of Muscatelle sweet wines, or in supe- 
rior light dry wines." 

Mr. Matthews writes: "When it shall be planted 
on dry south hill-sides instead of on low moist bot- 



toms ; when it shall be trained on trellises, where the 
sun-heat, both direct and reflected from the ground, 
shall batlie the fruit and foliage, instead of upon tall 
umbrageiius arbors through which the sun's rays can 
scarcely penetrate ; and when onlj' the perfectly ripe 
fruit shall be carefully hand-picked, instead of being 
rudely shaken and all berries that will tall gathered 
and pressed together, there will be little, if any, lack 
of sugar." 

" But, even admitting this deficiency, it is the only 
demerit of this variety, and can be remedied either by 
adding pure sugar to the must, or by evaporating the 
water from a portion of the must and adding so much 
of the resulting syrup to the other as is needed to 
bring it up to the proper standard. Jloreover, the 
true Scuppernong is the most productive and reliable 
grape for the south, and its cultivators plant therefore 
■mainly of the Scuppernong and its class (the Thom.'IS, 
FiowEEs, MisH, Tekdekpulp), and of other grapes 
only a few, for variety or as an experiment." 

Mr. Van Buren was evidentlj' mistaken in suppos- 
ing that Rotundifolia could not be hybridized with 
any of the other species, as the experiments of Dr. Wy- 
lie, of South Carolina, have proved. And it is an- 
other, though an oft repeated mistake, that the Scup- 
pernong will not unite with grafts of other species. Tfc 
is true that the Rotundifolia, imported to Southern 
France as a grafting-stock, on account of its phyllox- 
era-free roots, did not succeed there ; but several at- 
tempts to graft French vines on the Scuppernong (also 
on rertdcr^j?!?/) and rAom as) were successful. The union 
may not be quite as perfect nor of as long durability 
as in other species with more atHnity ; but the legend 
of the anti-union character is dispelled— as many other 
viticultural and political legends. 

Scuppernong: Hybrids. (Sec Willie's Seedlings.) 
At tlic meeting of the Am. Pom. Society held in Balti- 
more, 1877, Dr. A. P. Wylie exhibited his remarkable 
hybrids for the last time before his death ; among 
them, the fruit committee — consisting of Chas. Down- 
ing of N.Y., Robert Manning of Mass., Dr. John A. 
Warder of 0., Josiah Iloopes of Pa., P. J. Berckmans 
of Georgia, &c. — noticed "a most promising and pro- 
lific Scuppernong -hyhr'ul (No. 4), from whose seedlings 
valuable results may derive." Its originator. Dr. A. 
P. Wylie, Chester, S. C, made of same the following 
note, Aug. 10, 1877 : 

"Prolific Scuppernong Hybrid No. 4. Grows in 
pipe-clay soil. Wood peculiarly slender, bears in clus- 
ters at each of itsjoints, never rots or mildews. Bunches 
medium, compact; produced in wonderful profusion ; 
berry round, greenish -white, pulp half- dissolving ; 
much juice, sprightly vinous with a peculiar musky 
aroma, unlike the .S'CH^)7)er«on^,- quality good. Matu- 
rity middle of August." 

Solonis. A peculiar form of Riparia, somewhat 
distinguished from the ordinary form by the longer, 
sharply incised teeth of its foliage. Its home is proba- 
bly in Arkansas ; it is not and never was known or 
cultivated in this country, but is highly esteemed in 
France as an excellent grafting-stock for the reconsti- 
tution of their phylloxera-destroyed vineyards. (See 
the foot note on page IS.) Of late it seems much sub- 
ject to that French rot, the anthracnose. It is mainly 
adapted for a moist sandy soil. 



138 Senasqua. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Taylor. 



Senasqua. A hybrid raised by 
Stephen Underhill, C'roton Point, N. 
Y., from Concord and Black Prince. 
Seed was planted in 1863 and the vine 
bore its first fruit 1865. Bunch and 
berry varying from medium to large ; 
the bunch is very compact, so much 
so as to cause the berries to crack ; 
color black with blue bloom; quality 
best. The fruit has the peculiar tleshy 
character of certain foreign grapes, 
with a brisk, vinous flavor. The vine 
is vigorous and productive in rich soil ; 
moderately hardy. It is one of the 
latest to open its buds in spring, and 
thereby less subject to injury from 
late frosts ; it nevertheless ripens 
early enough (here a few days later 
than Concord). The leaf is very large 
and firm, and shows no trace of foreign 
origin, except when it ripens, at which 
time, instead of the yellow of the Con- 
cord it takes on the crimson color of 
the mature leaf of the Black Prince. 
With us, at Bushberg, it did not suc- 
ceed so well, and is not near as desira- 
ble as Underbill's other grapes, the 
Black Eagle and Black Defiance. Clay 
soil is not the best for Senasqua; it 
requires a light, deep soil. The origi- 
nator himself does not recommend 
the Senasqua as a profitable grape for 
market purposes, but only as a fine 
and valuable amateur fruit. As such 
it is of first rank, "of the highest 
quality to those who appreciate life 
and brilliancy in a grape." In France 
(Drome and Lot-et-Garonne) this variety is 
considered one of the most recommendable 
of American Hybrids, provided it be planted 
in the right soil and that it continues to resist 
the Phylloxera. We give in annexed figure, 
the likeness of a medium-sized cluster. 

Sharon. A fine new grape, originated with D. S. 
Marvin, Watertown, N. Y. Probably also a cross be- 
tween Eumelan and Adirondac. 8aid to be unsur- 
passed for a table-grape. Not yet disseminated nor 
known outside of its originator's place. 

Silver-DaMTii. (Hybr.) A seedling of Israella 
fertilized by pollen of JIuscat-Haraburg, a brother of 
the Early Dawn out of the same bunch raised by Dr. 
"W. A. M. Culbert, Newburgh, N. Y. A fine white 
grape of best quality ; vine hardy and vigorQUS. 

Not disseminated. 

Stelton. (Rybr.) Raised by Thompson, of New 
Brunswick, and referred to in Gardeners' Monthly of 
Nov., 1SS2, as one of the many late brilliant appear- 
ances in the viticultural sky. The bunches are about 
eight inches long, well-shouldered, rather loose; ber- 
ries white, about the size ol Croton, and " not hard to 




SEXASQUA. 



take"; in flavorcomparing favorably willi Lady Wash- 
ington. We have never seen it. 

Xaliiiaii's Seedlings, or Tolinaii, Syn : Cu.vM- 
pioN. (Labr.) Grown in Western New York, as an 
early market grape. Bunch medium to large, com- 
pact, shouldered ; berry large, black, adliores to the 
stem. Skin thick and firm; fiesh sweet, juicy, some- 
what pulpy, with foxy fiavor; vine a very rank vigor- 
ous grower, perfectly hardy and healtliy, and very 
productive ; .said to ripen a week earlier than Hart- 
ford ; quality not good. The same variety was sent 
out under the name of- Champion," as a new variety, 
but the two are identical. (See Champion, page 82.) 

Taylor or Biillit, often called Taylor's Bullit. 
{Riparia, accidentally crossed with Labr.) 

The often continuous tendrils, or rather irregular 
alternation of inoi-e than two leaves with tendrils, with 
often only a third or fourth leaf without such a ten- 
dril — further, the more prominent Labrusca character 
in many of the Taylor seedlings — make it almost cer- 
tain that the Taylor is a cross between Riparia and 
Labrusca. 

This old variety was first introduced to 



Taylor. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



Ti'insparent. 139 



notice by Judge Taylor, of Jericho, Henry 
County, Ky. It is generally considered very 
unproductive ; it seems tl>at the vines require 
age, and spur pruning on old wood, to make 
them produce well. 

Samuel Miller suggests to plant the Clinton 
among Taylor to fertihze them, but we lind 
the benefits resulting from this system also in- 
sufficient to balance its many inconveniences ; 
and yet we have seen Taylor vines grown by 
themselves on the "Souche" plan (trained in 
the shape of a small weeping-willow tree, al- 
lowing the canes to grow from tlie short top of 
tlie main trunk, spur pruning in winter hut not 
suppressing the growth by summer pruning) 
produce from 5 to 10 lbs. per vine. The bunches 
are small but compact, and sometimes shoul- 
dered ; berri/ small, white to pale amber, turn- 
ing even to pale red, like Delaware when per- 
fectly ripe, round, sweet and without pulp. 
Skin translucent, very thin but tough. Vine a 
very strong, rampant grower, healthy and very 
hardy. It is now largely and most success- 
fully used, in France, as grafting-stock for Eu- 
ropean vines, as a protection against the phyl- 
loxera ; lately also in California. The Duchess 
of Fitz-James has 200 hectares (about 500 acres) 
in Taylor grafted with different varieties, all 
doing well. In some clayish limestone soils 
it seems not to do as well as in sandy clay, and 
especially in cool, moist grounds. Eootx com- 
paratively few, wiry and very tough, with a 
thin, hard liber. The young spongioles will 
push as rapidly as the Phylloxera can destroy 
them ; hence this variety possesses great 
power of resistance to the insect. Its wine is 
of good body and fine flavor, reseml)ling the 
celebrated Riesling of the Rhine. Some very 
valuable and promising seedlings of the Tay- 
lor are now introduced. See Elvira, Noah, 
OrcMs (folden, Amber, Pearl, Tranaj)areni, 
Monlefiorn, Missouri Riesling, Uhland, &c. 

Tclegnii))!. (Lahr.) A seedling raised by a 
Mr. Christine, near Westchester, Chester Co., 
Pa., named and introduced about 1865 by P. 
R. Freas, editor of the Germantown Telegraph 
(then one of the best agricultural papers in 
the East). An attempt was afterwards made 
to change its name to Christine, but did not 
prevail. Sam. Miller, of Blufi'ton, once con- 
sidered it one of the most promising of all the 
new EARLY grapes, and we still consider it as 
far better than Hartford Prolific. Bunch 
medium, very compact, shouldered; berry 
medium, round to oval, black with blue 
bloom; flesh juicy, with verj' little pulp, spicy 
and of good quality ; ripens almost as early as 
Hartford Prolific. A constant and reliable 



bearer, but often lost by rot, especially in the 
southwest ; and when the rot spares our 
crop, the birds destroy it in preference to 
other varieties ripening at same time. Vine a 
healthy, vigorous grower in rich soil, and very 
hardy. Deserves more extensive planting in 
northern States, where rot is less destructive. 
Boots very abundant, heavy, with tliick but 
rather firm liber. Canes stout, of average 
length, crooked at the joint, with the usual 
number of laterals. Wood hard with medium 
pith. 

Xlieodosia. A chance seedling in the grounds of 
E. S. Salisbury, Adams, X. Y., said to be an ^Estivalls. 
According to Mr. S. the bunch is very compact ; berries 
black, in size between Delaware and Creveling, quite 
tart, very early, and claimed to be a good wine grape. 
But at a grape test held at Hammondsport, October 12, 
1870, the report showed for Theodosla the lowest 
amount of sugar, 63)^° by Oechsle's scale, with over 
11 per mill. acid. 

Thomas. (Rotund.) A variety of the. S'cup/^ernonj 
species, discovered and introduced by Drury Thomas, 
of South Carolina, and thus described: "In color it 
varies from reddish purple 1o deep black ; has a thin 
skin ; sweet and tender flesh ; is less in size than the 
Scuppernong, makes a fine wine, and is superior for 
the table. Ripens with tlie Scuppernong." Berckmans, 
of Augusta, Ga., describes it as follows: "Bunches 
from six to ten berries ; berries slightly oblong, large, 
of a slight violet color, quite transparent; pulp tender, 
sweet, of a peculiar vinous Havor, (piality superior to 
any of the type. Maturity middle to end of August. 
Has but little musky aroma and makes a stipcrior red 
wine. A spurious variety is sold under the name of 
Thomas ; this is inferior in quality and produces a 
deep black colored fruit of no merit whatever." 

To-Kaloii. Syn.: Wyman. Spofford Sdlg., C.A.K- 
Ti'E. (Lnhr.) Originated at Lansingburg, N. Y., by 
Ur. Spolford, and was at first supposed to be identical 
with the Catawba. C. Downing showed that it was 
entirely distinct and at first highly recommended it 
for general cultivation, but soon afterwards found that 
it drops its fruit, is inclined to rot, does not ripen well, 
and mildews badly, and so stated ; admitting, liow- 
ever, that " this grape is very fine, when you can get 
it." Bunch medium to large, shouldered, compact ; 
berries varying in form from oval to oblate, nearly 
black in color, and jirofusely covered with bloom ; 
flesh sweet, buttery and luscious, without foxiness in 
its aroma and with but little toughness or acidity in 
its pulp. An early but a shy bearer. 

Transparent. One of Rommel's Taylor Seed- 
lings. Bunch small, compact and shouldered. 
Berry same size as Taylor, round, pale, green- 
ish-yellow, transjxu-ent, gray spotted ; skin 
thin, no pulp, very juicy, sweet and of fine 
flavor. Vine a very strong, rather long-jointed 
grower, resembling its parent iu leaf and 
growth, but sets its fruit well ; supposed to be 
free from mildew and rot, and promises to 
become a wine-grape of high character. 



140 Trinmph. 



BUSH BERG CATALOGUE. 



Triumph. 




Triumph. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



I'nn. ^Al 



Triumph. (Campbell's Concord Hybrid No. 
•6.) Was justly pronounced by Samuel Miller, 
to whom Campbell confided this new variety 
for testing and propagation in Missouri, as the 
most 2^romising of all the tch it e grapes. It is a 
cross between Concord and Chasselas Musque. 
(Syu., Joslyn's St. Albans.) It has retained, 
the vigor and general habit of foliage and 
growth of its parent; its fruit, however, is 
wholly free from any vestige of coarseness or 
fox flavor, or smell. Bunch and berry are very 
large; color white, or, more correctly, pale 
green to golden -yellow, nearly transparent 
with delicate bloom ; skin thin, no pulp ; flesh 
sweet, meaty; in unfavorable weather the 
berries are apt to crack (like Elvira) ; small 
seeds and few of them ; ripens later than Con- 
cord, nearly as late as Catawba, and on that 
account not recommended for tlie North or for 
any locality where the season is too short to 
ripen the Catawba or Herbemout, but the 
more valuable farther South ; quality first 
rate ; vine healthy and hardy, very productive 
and free from disease, showing no rot when 
even Concord rotted more or less. Unfortu- 
nately the vines of this variety proved some- 
what tender with us, suffering during severe 
winters if left unprotected. In tlie favorable 
season of 1880 the "Triumish" fully justified 
its name in our vineyards ; it is by far the most 
attractive of all our white table grapes. Its 
bunches, grown by us in oj^en air, with ordi- 
nary vineyard culture, are very heavy, and 
those exhibited at the great Miss. Valley 
Fruit Exhibition, held in Sept. ISSO, at the 
St. Louis Merchants' Exchange, were so much 
admired as to be honored with the prenuum 
for " the best plate of grapes for the table," and 
there were over 200 varieties on exhibition ! 
This created such a demand for plants of this 
splendid variety that it was impossible for 
several seasons to fill the orders. Samuel 
Miller, of Bluffton, Mo., writes that it is the 
finest table g'rape we have for open air cultiva- 
tion, and his vines of " Triumph " stood the 
hard winter 1880-81 without injury. Yet we 
cannot recommend it for general cultivation in 
niir variable climate, but only for those who 
will give it proper care and attention. We 
know of no grape more worthy of it than the 
" Triumph." 

P. J. Berckm.ans, Augusta, Ga., writes us: 
" Triumph is truly well named ; for four years 
past it has proven to be the handsomest white 
grape we have, and of very good quality." 

T. V. Munson, of Denison, Texas, pronounces 
it a great acquisition to the grapes of the 
south. "Had bunches weighing one-and-a-half 



pounds each, fine as Golden Chasselas in qual- 
ity, vigorous and productive." One of these 
bunches was drawn from nature and painted 
by his sister. Miss M. T. Munson, an excel- 
lent amateur artist, and kindly presented to 
us. The annexed illustration is an exact copy, 
slightly reduced in size, showing also partly 
two leaves, one upper and the other lower 
face. But, excellent as the engraving is 
(which we had made for this Catalogue in the 
celebrated art estalilishment of A. Blanc, at 
Philadelphia), it can give but a faint idea of 
the beauty of this most beautiful American 
grape. The Triumph has lately also been 
tested in France ; it succeeds there and pleases 
very much, while the Concord, one of its 
parents, does not succeed at all, and displeases 
the French taste. 

T. V. Munsou has a number of yenrling 
hybrids between Triumjjh and Iferbeniont, of 
which he expects to get something fine for the 
south. 

Uhland. (Riparia X) A seedling of Taylor, 
grown by William Weidomeyer at Hermann, 
Mo. Vine a strong grower ; long-jointed, gray- 
ish wood, with foliage resembling Tayli.r. but 
less vigorous ; in some seasons of defective in- 
florescence, in others abundantly productive 
of excellent fruit, richer in sugar and flavor 
than most other Taylor peedlings, thus making 
a superior wine ; but also considered more 
delicate, less robust, and requiring better soil 
and culture to obtain best results. Hunch 
medium, compact, sometimes shouldered ; 
berry medium, slightly oblong, greenish-yel- 
low in the shade, pale amber in the sun ; skin 
thin, almost transparent, i)ulp tender, juicy, 
very sweet, of flne flavor. Ripens a few days 
after Concord. 

Ulster Prolific. {Labr. X) A new grape, origin- 
ated by A. .T . Caywood, of Marlboro, Ulster Co., N. Y.. 
which attracted a great deal of attention at the meet- 
ing of the Am. Pomol. Society just held (Sept. 1883) at 
Philadelphia. The one branch there exhibited held 
fifty bunches and weighed twenty-two pounds. We 
received no description from the originator, and he 
does not offer any plants for sale. 

Una. {Labr.) A white seedling, raiseil by E. W. 
Bull, the originator of the Concord. Not as good nor 
as productive as Martha. Bunch and berri/ small, of 
a very foxy flavor ; not desirable. 

But the more desirable is the 

irno or .Tuna, anew grape which Geo. W. Camp- 
bell has just favored us with. It is not yet to be sent 
out, and we do not know whether we are permitted to 
say more than, th.at "it is really unii/ue, richer in 
sweetness and better than any grape i/ou know"; and 
that it seems to us a most valuable addition to our fine 
table grapesanda tiew tiuimi'U for friend Campbell. 



142 UnderhiU. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Vergennes. 



UnderhiU. Syn: Undeehill's Seedling, Un- 
derhill's Celestial. (Labr.) Originated at Charl- 
ton, Saratoga Co., N. Y., by Dr. A. K. Underbill ; pro- 
nounced as " of no more value tban many other Fox- 
grapes '' by Fuller, but considered by G. W. Camp- 
bell to be "of more value than the lona for general 
cultivation." Now discarded by him also. Bunch 
medium to large, moderately compact ; berries full 
medium, round, of Catawlja color; pulp tender, sweet, 
rich and vinous, slightly fo.vy ; ripens early, about 
with the Concord ; vine a strong grower, hardy, 
healthy and productive. Not recommended by us. 

Union Village. Syn., Shaker, Ontario. 
{Labr.) Originated among- the Shakers at Un- 
ion Village, O. One of the largest of the native 
grapes we have, and one of the strongest grow- 




ing vines. It is said to be a seedling of the 
Isabella, scarcely better in quality, but the 
buuclies and berries are of the size of the Black 
Haniburgs. Bunches large, compact, shoulder- 
ed ; berries very large, black, oblong; skin 
thin, covered with bloom ; flesh quite sweet 
when fully ripe, and of tolerably good quality. 
Ripens late and unevenly. Should be used as 
parent for new varieties in preference to Isa- 
bella. Vine is a coarse grower but tender; 
requires protection in severe winters ; often 
unhealthy. 

Urbana. (Labr.) i?(mc/i medium, .short, shoulder- 
ed ; birry medium to large, round, white-yellowish in 
the sun, .juicy, vinous acid, hard centre, aromatic skin. 
Ripens about with Isabella. — Downing. 

Vergennes. {Labr.) A 
chance seedling, originat- 
ed in the garden of Wm. 
E. Green, Vergennes, Vt.; 
fruited for the first time 
in 1874. Cluaters large ; 
berries large, round, hold- 
ing flrmly to the stem ; 
color light amber, covered 
with a beautiful bloom ; 
flavor rich, free from hard 
pulp ; ripening vcrij early 
and possessing superior 
keeping qualities. A most 
promising New England 
grape. 

General Wm. H. Noble 
gives the following recom- 
mendation to the Ver- 
gennes: — "For hardiness, 
vigor of growth, large 
bounteous fruitage, a fruit 
of richest tint of blended 
pink and purple bloom ; 
for its yield of wine with 
the most delicate aroma; 
for its early maturity of 
wood and fruit ; for its 
long-keeping quality, I 
think this the equal of 
any American grape yet 
grown." 

The Vergennes grape 
was exhibited at various 
horticultural meetings in 
Dec. and Jan., 1S80 and 
1881, and was yet in good 
condition and highly com- 
mended as possessing valu- 
able qualities, an excellent 
keeper, and well worthy 
of further attention. 



THE VERGENNES GRAPE. 



Venango. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



mute. 14a 



This variety is, so far, untried and unknown 
in tlie West. It seems worthy of a trial, as it is 
very early, of good quality ; the vine, a hardy, 
strong grower ; the leaf large, downy, and free 
from mildew. 

The accompanying engraving is a true copy 
from a photograph of a medium sized bunch. 

Veuaugfo, or Minor's Seedling. (Labr.) An 
old variety, said to have been cultivated by the French 
at Fort Venango, on Alleghany river, more than 80 
years since, but should be discarded now, when so 
many superior grapes can be grown. Bunch medium, 
compact ; berries medium, round, often flattened by 
their compactness ; color pale red, a fine white bloom ; 
slcin thiclv and tough ; flesh sweet but piulpy and foxy. 
Vine a vigorous grower, very hardy, healthy and pro- 
ductive. 

Vialla. {Rip.) A Franco-American variety, 
recommended as a grafting-stock ; resembles 
the Franklin, and is by some supposed to be 
the same variety ; others contend that it is dis- 
tinct from and superior to Franklin, as also to 
C'iinfon- Vialla, the foliage of which is smaller, 
not as dark green, and that the Vialla produces 
more and better fruit. We incline to ascribe 
these diflferences to the effects of location, soil, 
&c. The president of the Agricultural Society 
of the Herault, in whose honor M. Laliman 
gave it that (his) name, does by no means claim 
the Vialla nor the Clinton- Vialla as his pro- 
ductions. 

Victor. See Early Victor. 

Victoria, Ray's. [Labr.) This variety has been 
introduced (1872) by M. M. Samuels, of Clinton, Ky., 
who describes it as follows : -Bunches and berries me- 
dium size, round, light amber color; skin thin ; pulp 
tender, sweet, and highly flavored ; vine perfectly 
healthy, an abundant bearer, and a good but not ram- 
pant grower." This grape has now been tested for a 
number of years in different parts of the south, and 
has, even under adverse circumstances, been free from 
both mildew and rot ; it ripens there about the mid- 
dle of August, and has been pronounced by some an 
excellent table grape, making also a good wine. 

It resembles Venango, and belongs to the same form 
of Labrusca as that variety and Perkins. 

Vivie's Hybrid, produced by M. Vivie in France, 
and by some called Vivie's Hartford ; said to be of very 
vigorous growth, very productive, and its grape of good 
quality, making a very good wine. 

VVarrcu. See Herbemont. 

Watertown. (Hybr,.) Originated at Watertown, 
N. Y., by D. S. Marvin ; a very good new white grape, 
of medium size in bunch and berry ; slightly oblong ; 
flesh breaking, sweet. — Am. Pom. Socictij Report, 1881. 

■Waverley. (Hi/br.) One of Ricketts' first efforts 
in the production of seedling grapes ; he has fruited it 
for twelve years, but has not propagated it, and now 
offers only grafts of same, wishing it tried in different 
localities. It is a seedling of the Clinton and one of 



the Muscats. Vine very vigorous, hardy, healthy and 
very productive ; leaves moderately large, rather thick, 
slightly lobed, coarsely serrated ; wood short-jointed ; 
bunch medium, long, shouldered, compact; berry me- 
dium to large, oval, black with thin blue bloom ; flesh 
crisp, juicy, sweet, vinous, refreshing. The bunches 
want thinning out consideraldy. 

Ricketts considers it one of the best black grapes 
for amateur and family use. 

Weetaawkeu. Raised by Dr. Charles Siedhof, of 
North Hoboken, N. J., from a seed of a grape from the 
Crimea, V. Vinifera. A white grape of fine quality. 
Its foliage is very handsome, and decidedly foreign in 
character ; its fruit fine ; but only by grafting it on 
native roots, and careful nursing and covering in win- 
ter, can we obtain some of it in favorable seasons. 

Welcome. (Vinifera Hybrid.) An exotic grape, 
raised by James H. Ricketts, being a cross between 
Pope's Hamburg and Canon Hall-Muscat. Here it can 
be grown in a cold or hot grapery only ; for southern 
California, however, it may prove very successful. A 
vine planted at San Saba for testing sliows a very vig- 
orous growth, and the fruit is pronounced the very 
best ; the bunch large, compact ; the berry large, round- 
ish-oval, black with a thick grayish bloom ; flesh very 
tender, juicy, sweet, refreshing, vinous, rich, aroma- 
tic. A first-class grape in every respect. 

It'liite Dela«rare. A pure Delaware seedling, 
originated with George W. Campbell, of Delaware, O. 
The vine is in some localities more vigorous and ro- 
bust in habit than the Delaware under the same condi- 
tions and circumstances ; its foliage is large, thick and 
heavy, resembling that of Catawba more than Dela- 
ware. In flavor it seems equal to the old Delaware. 
Its main fault is want of size and productiveness; the 
berries and bwiclies will both rather fall .below than go 
above the size of Delaware. In /or»! of bunch and berry 
it is like the Delaware, compact and shouldered ; color 
greenish-white with thin white Ijloom. Ripeus early. 
Not verj' productive. 

Another "Wliite Delaware" seedliiighas been raised 
by Herman .Taeger, of Neosho ; while the bunch and 
berries closely resemble the Delaware in shape and 
size, it has otherwise every characteristic of a iafcntsca. 

'n-hitehall. (Labr.) An early black grape, sup- 
posed to be a chance seedling, originated on the 
grounds of Geo. Goodale, in Washington Co., N. Y., 
and said to be nearly three weeks ahead of tlie Hart- 
ford Prolific. Merrell & Coleman, who have intro- 
duced this grape, describe the fruit to be of the size of 
the Isabella ; bunch large and moderately compact, 
color dark purple ; berries thin-skinned and adhering 
well to the stem ; pulp tender, melting, and sweet. 
The vine is a good grower and hardy. 

This variety may be worthy the attention of grape- 
growers in search of very early sorts. With us, here, it 
has proved neither very productive nor as early as was 
claimed for it. 

White Muscat of Newburg. (Labr. X) A seed- 
ling of Hartford Prolijic fertilized by pollen from lona, 
raised and exhibited in 1877 by Dr. W. A.M. Culbert, 
Newburg, N. Y. Vine hardy and a vigorous grower ; 
bunch and berry of fair size. It has a fine Muscat aro- 
ma, or, rather, a toned-down foxiness. 



144 Walter. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Walter. 




THE WALTER GRAPE. 



Walter. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



Woodriver. 145 



Walter. (Labr. X) Raised by that enthusi- 
astic horticulturist, A. J. Caywood, of Pough- 
keepsie, N. Y., crossing- the Delaware with the 
Diana. From tlie many premiums awarded to 
this grape, from the favorable reports by all 
who have seen or tested it for wine, it might 
well claim to be a flrst-class grape, and to 
merit a trial. It labors yet under the disad- 
vantage of having been represented as the cli- 
max of perfection by its originator. In justice 
to the latter, however, it must be admitted 
that he honestly believed all he claimed for 
his seedling, and has distributed the same with 
a liberality and a disinterestedness scarcely 
ever equaled by any originator of a new va- 
riety. It is now growing in almost every soil 
and location of this Union, and the opinions on 
its true merits and adaptability for general 
cultivation widely differ according to localities. 
In those where vines are much subject to mil- 
dew, the Walter cannot flourish, it drops its 
foliage, and is far from desirable ; but in favor- 
able localities, espeiialltj where, the Delaware 
succeeds well, there the Walter may also prove 
desirable — a fair grower and a good bearer. 
Even in less favored localities it proved healthy 
and gave, for a few seasons, splendid results 
when grown on Concord or other vigorous 
roots, while on its own roots it failed. 

In general appearance the characters of both 
parents, the Diana and Delaware, are discerni- 
ble. The bunch and berry are in shape and 
color similar to Delaware, somewhat larger in 
size. The illustration was made after a perfet 
bunch, rarely equaled, exhibited by the origin- 
ator. Flesh tender, rich, and sweet, with an 
agreeable spicy flavor, strongly reminding one 
of the Diana. The fruit is possessed of a most 
exquisite and delicate aroma, and a bouquet 
equaled by no other American grape that we 
know of. Quality best, both for table and for 
wine. Ripens very early, about the same time 
as Delaware. Vine, in moderately rich sandy 
soil, where free from mildew, a very fair grow- 
er, with dark brown short-jointed wood ; large 
tough leaves, green on tlie upper and lower 
surface, not perceptibly woolly. Must 99° to 
105° ; acid 5 to 8 per mill. 

Wilding. {Rip. X Labr.) One of Rommel's 
new seedlings, quite different from all his other 
grapes. Vine of a vigorous growth, hardy and 
healthy ; bunch small to medium in size, loose, 
shouldered ; berries very pale green, almost 
white, transparent, round, of full mediuzn size, 
juicy, very sweet, no pulp ; skin very thin and 
tender. Ripens with Concord. It is an exqui- 
site grape for family use, yet unfit for market- 
ing; it makes a very good wine. 



'Willis. Claimed to be from Delaware seed by its 
originator. W. W. .Tones, Camargo, Ills., who sent this 
new grape to the 13th Ann. Meeting of the Ohio State 
Hortitul. Society, Dec. 187n. The bunches of fair to 
good size, very compact, often conspicuously shoul- 
dered, and the Iierrii of full medium proportions, round, 
and from pale green to am))er yellow ; flavor good ; 
flesh very tender, no pulp, rich and sweet. It was con- 
sidered ]iromising, though as yet nothing is known, 
experimentally, of its behavior as to growth and pro- 
ductiveness in different soils. 

On the fruit farm of the originator it has now yield- 
ed the tenth crop without rot or mildew, and went 
through the severe winter of 188(>-81 unprotected ; and 
in September, 1881, Prof. T. J. Burrill testified that not 
the least appearance of injury could be found. He de- 
scribed the Willis, as there seen : " of vigorous growth, 
not so rampant as Concord but producing about an 
equal amount of fruit ; wood hard, joints inclined to be 
short; leaves remarkably thick and leathery, with a 
dense, dark-colored tomentum beneath. The vine has 
nothing of the appearance of foreign parentage — the 
fruit certainly has.'' 

WilniingtonC?). A white grape, originated near 
Wilmington, Del. Vine very vigorous, hardy ; bimches 
large, loose, shouldered ; berries large, round inclining 
to oval, greenish- white, or, when fully ripe, yellowish ; 
flesh acid, pungent. Not desirable at the north ; maj' 
be better south. Ripens late. — Downing. 

'Wllniing'toa, Red. Syn., 'Wyoming, red. (La- 
brusca.) Raised and disseminated by Dr. S. ,T. I'arker, 
Ithaca, N. Y., and, according to Fuller, ' nothing 
more than an early red Fox-grape, but little better 
than the old Northern Muscadine." Tlie Horticultu- 
rist, of Nov. 1874, speaks of the Wyoming Red (probably 
the more correct name of Dr. Parker's red Fox-grape 
seedling) as being rapidly difl'used and much in de- 
mand there as an early profitable grape. Said to be 
double the size of Delaware, which it resembles in ap- 
pearance. Bunch small, compact, and liandsome. 
Berry small to medium, bright red ; skin thin and firm; 
flesh sweet, a little foxy, but not enough to be objec- 
tionable. Vine good grower, and very healthy and 
hardy. Unknown in the west. 

Winsloiv. i^p.) Originated in the garden of 
Charles Winslow, Cleveland, 0. The vine resembles 
Clinton, is hardy and productive ; the fruit matures 
very early, and is less acid than Clinton ; bunch medi- 
um, compact; berry small, round, black. Flesh red- 
dish tinge, some pulp, vinous, juicj'. — Downing. 

'Woodriver Grape. Said to have originated near 
Woodriver, in Washington Co., R. I., by Mr. Brown. 
(See letter of Chas. A.Hoxie, Carolina, R. I., Sept, 13, 
1880.) White, very early, fine quality. 

Woodruff's Bed. (Labr. X) Originated with C. 
H.Woodruff", Ann Arbor, Mich., in 1874; a chance 
seedling, supposed to be a cross between Catawba and 
Concord. Ripens a little ahead of Concord. Vine a 
very strong grower, healthy and hardy ; leaf as large 
as that of any known variety!'?), leathery ; free from 
disease in its original location ; but little tried outside ; 
bunch large, shouldered ; berry In color and size similar 
to Salem. Said to be very promising. 



146 Wilder. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



Wilder. 




WILDER. (Rogers' Hybrid No. 4.) 



Wilder. (Rogers' Hybrid No. 4.) This is one 
of tlie most profitable and popular varieties for 
the marltet, its size and beauty being equaled 
by its vigor, hardiness and productiveness, — 
where rot and mildew are yet unknown, and 
admit of the successful culture of any hy- 
brids. 

Bunch large, often shouldered, sometimes 
weighing a pound ; berry l&r^e, globular ; color 
dark purple, nearly black, slight bloom. Flesh 
tolerably tender, with a slight pulp, juicy, rich, 
pleasant and sweet. Ripens with and some- 
times earlier than the Concord, keeping for a 



long time. The vine is vigorous, healthy, hardy 
and productive; roots abundant, of medium 
thickness, straight, with a smooth, moderately 
firm liber. Canes heavy and long, with well- 
developed laterals. Wood firm, with a me- 
dium pith. The character of the cluster and 
leaf is shown in the annexed figure. 

Many seedlings of the Wilder were raised 
and exhibited in 1879 by Hulkerson & Co., 
Oriel, Mich., which showed considerable vari- 
ation in size and color of berries, ranging from 
deep blue-black to red; but none were consid- 
ered improvements upon the parent. 



Warden. 



DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



ll'i/h'e's Seedlings. 147 



Worden. 8yn.,WoRDEN's Seedling. {Lab--.) 
Raised by 8. Worden, Minetta, N. Y., from 
Concord seed. In character and appearance 
like its parent, only a few days earlier in ripen- 
ing, and in quality distinct from Concord, with 
a peculiar flavor; bunch large, shouldered; 
berry large, black ; skin thin, flesh sweet, 
much like Concord, but generally regarded as 
a better grape. It is doing poorly in the south, 
but desirable in the north-eastern or north At- 
lantic States, where it seems less subject to 
rot than the Concord. It is now increasing in 
popularity. (See Concord, p. 83.) 

AVylie's IVeTw Grapes. " Too much can scarcely 
be said in praise of Ur. Wylie's persevering ett'orts in 
the improvement of the grape." — P. J . Bcrckmans, 
Chas. Downing, Thomas lleehan, W. C. Flugg, P. T. 
Quinn, Committee on Kative Fruits, of the Am. Pom. 
Society. (Proceedings ISTl, p. 54.) 

This testimony, and the excellent character of these 
liybrids as regards flavor and general appearance, enti- 
tle them to special attention, and, although they have 
not been sufficiently tested, we give them a place in 
our Catalogue ; most of them may never be dis- 
seminated, as their originator died in the fall of 1877. 
Few persons can appreciate the immense labor and 
perseverance which his experiments have cost. As 
early as 1859 he had raised many seedlings of Delaware 
and foreign ; all have proven failures. Other hy- 
brids which he produced by crossing Catawba, Isa- 
bella, Halifax, Union Village, Lenoir, Herbemont, 
with foreign, have nearly all failed — most of them 
from mildew and rot. In 18G3 he had over one 
liundred promising seedlings; gave Rob't Guthrie, of 
York ( 0., S. C, about 65, mostly hybrids of Halifax 
and Delaware. These flourished, and never missed a 
full crop ; but during the war, owing to the quartering 
of troops adjoining his lot, his vines were ruined. Thus 
thi-re exist now butafewof thosei/aZ7/a.rand Delaware 
hybrids, saved again by Mr. Guthrie. 

In 181)8 Dr. Wylie planted again one hundred seed- 
lings, and, after many failures to produce seedlings of 
liybrid Scuppernongs, he finally succeeded ; but, ow- 
ing to a little hot-house being over-heated, he again 
lost nearly all of them. He commenced anew with his 
experiments and had hundreds of new seedlings grow- 
ing, when they were cut down by a severe frost on the 
27th of April, 1872 — a frost which killed all kinds of 
grape-vines in that section. Again, in November, 
1873, his residence was burned (no insurance), and con- 
sequently he had to leave his place to depredations 
from broken feiJCes, &c. But it was soon rebuUt, and 
Dr. Wylie went back again to his old place, experi- 
menting and working with the same zeal and enthu- 
siasm as ever, wishing ''if I were only young again — 
with the experience I have!" 

We extract the following Description of some of his 
Hybrids from Mr. Wylie's letters to us : 
Jane "IVylic. (Parentage, Clinton and Foreign.) 
Bunch and berry very large ; berries nearlj^ one inch 
in diameter ; quality best, resembling foreign in tex- 
ture and flavor; ripens early and hangs long ; might 
require winter covering in your climate and farther 
north. 



Mary W^ylle. (Hybr.) (Parentage, Clinton and 
Foreign.) (Red Frontignac) White, slightly red 
on cheek ; resembles White Chasselas; hunch large ■ 
berries above medium; not as early as .lane Wylie; 
wood and foliage native ; seems quite hardy, and 
is of highest quality. 

No. 4. A cross between two hybrids. Bunch 



somewhat larger than Lenoir; ien-;/ medium, of a 
clear transparent golden color ; finest texture and 
flavor, resembling White Frontignac ; ripens as early 
as Concord; native foliage, but ahead of all Ameri- 
can grapes in quality ; considered of the highest e.x- 
cellence by Downing, Saunders, Meehan, and others. 

IVo. 5. (See "Berckmans," page 7.').) 

Garnet. (Red Frontignac and Clinton.) Bunch axiA 
ftern/ larger than Clinton; of a beautiful deep garnet 
color ; flavor and texture foreign, but native foliage. 

Concord and Foreign (Bowood Muscat) No. 8. — 
Black; hunch and berries very large and loose ; skin 
thick ; texture foreign ; flavor slightly musky. A 
strong grower, with large Labrusca foliage. Ripens 
as late as Catawba. 

Halifax and Hamburg No. 11. Black ; Sujic/iand 
berry medium size ; skin thick ; only valuable on ac- 
count of its extreme productiveness and health; has 
never rotted in ten years. 

Peter Wylte No. 1. (Parentage,/. Halifax and For- 
eign, 7n. Delaware and Foreign.) White; transpa- 
rent, becoming golden-yellow when fully ripe; hunch- 
es and berries above medium size, between Delaware 
and Concord, excellent in quality and meaty, with a 
peculiar delicate Muscat flavor. A vigorous, short- 
jointed, rapid- growing vine, with thick native 
leaves ; holds its leaves until fall and ripens its wood 
thoroughly. (Also Peter Wylie No. i, produced from 
seed of P. W. No. 1.) 

Robert Wylie. Blue; iuncA large and long ; berry 
large; skin thin; rich and juicy ; ripens as late as 
Catawba. A great bearer, one of my best ; but it 
may not be cjuite hardy, as the wood is not very hard. 

Gill Wylie. (Concord and Foreign.) Blue; bunch 
large, loose, and much shouldered ; berry large, ob- 
long; texture soft and rich. Ripens with Concord, 
but altogether superior. Intensely Labrusca in fo- 
liage, which has much red pubescence, is laciniated, 
and clear of all disease. Considered of great promise. 

Delaware and Concord No. 1. Dark red ; bunch 
and berry medium ; skin tolerably thick ; juice ri'Oi 
and sweet, slightly musky. Vine very hardj*, with 
Labrusca foliage : a great bearer, never fails, and 
may make a fine wine grape. 

Hybrid Scuppernong- No. 4. (See Scuppernony.) 

Hybrid Scuppernong No. 5. (Parentage,/. Bland 
Madeira and Foreign No. 1, m. Staminate Hybrid 
Scuppernong ; produced by impregnating Black 
Hamburg with Scuppernong.) So, you see, it is only 
a quarter-blood Scuppernong. I have never yet had 
a half-breed Scuppernong to bear perfect fruit. The 
vine is healthy and hardy here ; . it bears a white, 
transparent fruit. Bunch medium ; berries large ; 
skin thin but tough; almost pulpless, rich, sweet, 



143 Wylie's Hijhr. 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE. 



York Madeira. 



with a peculiar flavor ; appears to ripen its berries 
together (as early as Concord) and adhere well, 
which some of the hybrid Scuppernong do not. I 
think it may suit your climate; it is certainly wor- 
thy of a full trial. 

Halifax and Delaware No. 30. Color of Dela- 
ware; bunch about same size ; terries one-half larger ; 
texture and flavor also much like Delaware, but 
holds (here) its leaves better, and is healthier gener- 
ally, with leaves somewhat hoary underneath. A 
great bearer. 

Halifax and Dela^vare IVo. 38. Of deeper red 
color than the former and of superior flavor, but not 
as strong a grower as No. 30. Wood hard, leaves 
hoary, and ferruginous (rusty) underneath. Mr. 
Guthrie tells me that this variety was the most pre- 
ferred among about 8U Hyl)rids he had liearing. 

Halifax and Hybrid No. 55. Blue, like Halifa.x, 
but high-flavored, tender and very sweet ; himchani 
berry larger than Nos. 30 and 38. I think it will prove 
a great acquisition. 

I have sent you nearly all of my hybrids that may 
be sufficiently hardy for your climate. I still con- 
tinue to hybridize, more or less, every year. 

A. P. WVI.IE. 
Wyoining-Refl. See Wilmixgton-Red. 



York ITIadeira. Syn., Black German, Large Ger- 
man, Small German, Marion Port, Wolke, JIox- 
TEiTH, Tryok. An old variety, generally supposed 
to be a seedling of Isabella ; originated at York, Pa. 
French viticulturists classify it as a hybrid. Mar^s 
linds in the structure of its roots great analogy with 
• the ^Estivalis, and that it is difficult to classify. Bunch 
medium sized, compact, and generally has a small 
sliouliler; ftcrri/ of medium size, roundisli-oval, black 
thickly covered with a light bloom ; juice slightly 
reddened, sweet, vinous, not very rich ; skin some- 
what pungent, and not much toughness in its pulp 
when fully ripe, which is about same time with Isa- 
bella. The vine is not verj' hardy, sliort-jointed, 
moderately vigorous and productive, but often losing 
its leaves, and consequently failing to ripen its crop. 

Charles Canby, of Wilmington, Del., introduced 
the same variety as Canby's August. Hyde's Eliza 
(Catskill, N. Y.) is probably also the same grape. 

The "York Madeira" is now almost entirely dis- 
carded and but rarely found in its native land, Amer- 
ica, but in France it has obtained a certain import- 
ance and celebrity. M. Laliman, of Bordeaux, first 
recommended it as remarkably free from phylloxera 
and worthy of propagation, and it was found to adapt 
itself very well to various soils. Though its fructifi- 
cation is not satisfactory in quantity, its grapes gain 
under that climate in richness of color and sweet- 
ness, and its vigorous growth recommends it as a 
grafting-stock; but as such also it is inferior to the- 
Riparia. 



.CONTENTS..^ 



=F^T©— i 



1. GRAPE MANUAL. 



Page. 

Climate, Soil and Aspect; Atmospheric Conditions and other influences affecting tlie Grape .'> 

Historical Notes. Attempts to Cultivate the European Grape ; tlieir failure. The I'liylloxera 7,8 

Classitication cif the True Grape-vines of the United States, by Dr. G. Engelmann, of St. Louis, Mo., with a 

table of Grape-seeds and figure of diaphragms (1—19 

Hybridity, Ijy Di". G. Engelnianu 1'.* — -0 

Viticiiltural Remarks on our American .Species, with Hst.s of their Cullivatcd Varieties 21— 2G 

on Hybrids '27, 28 

Location. Preparing the Soil; Planting; Number of \'ines per Acre 28 — ?X) 

Seed Culture. Tendency to A'ai-iation, ,V:c :iO, :il 

Grafting. \ aiious Mctliods, with nuiny Illustrations :i2 — :W 

Planting. (Continued.) Training. Treatment during first year. Trellis or .Stakes. Cultivating :!il — 11 

Treatment diu-ing See<»n(l and Third Seasons. Tying * i- 

I'runing; spring or Summer -pruning; Fall or AVinter- pruning, &c 4:? — Wi 

Diseases of the Grape, l^y Dr. Vx. Kugelmann -17, 48 

Viticultural Remarks on Mildew (Peronospora) and Kot (I'homa uvicola) 49— ."il 

Insects Injurious to the Grape, after Pr(»f. f '. V. Riley's Reports .V2— .i7 

'■ lienetlcial, by feeding upon Injurious Insects, by same fis- (10 

Gathering. Packing, Preserving, ..K:c '»0 

Wine Making fil— (ifi 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE— TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



149 



II. INDEX TO DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 



Tlie Standard names are in small capitals, (the most pronMnent or leading varieties in LABGE CAPIT.VLS) ; 
the >ynonynious names in ItaUca; Disearded old varieties and tindisseminated novelties are in ordinaiy Koman 
tyjie. \'avieties marked by a * are illustrated. 

The colniuns exphiin as follows: 
1st. SEA.soN and Tse: e., early; v. e., very early; m., medium; l.,late; v. l.,vei-y late;— T., table; M., market; W.,wiae. 

o, tor amateur-eultnre; jrr., for graltiilg stock ; rf., discarded; «.,ne\v; §, not disseminated or but little Iniown; 
X, EXTK.\. reeomniended for its proper location and soil. 
•M, ;sizp; and Color, with reference to the berry, are designated as folhiw s : 

• • black, or nearly so, when full>- ripe. I 

(UK # reddish, or coppery brownish; amber. | 

O O ° gi'eenish white, or yellowish. I 

:;d. N.\>IES of Varieties \\'ith their classification, reiorring to their siiecies, or whetlier they are crosses or hyhrids. 



The size of these signs being large, medium 
or sinall. to denote the size of the berry. 



season, 
rse. 



e. T. n. 

V. e. T. a. 
V. e. T. a. 
in. T. M. 

1. M. 1% 
V. e. T. « 

1. W. d. 

m. T. a. 

e. T. VV. re. 

111. T. W. 

1. r. W. 

m. T. n. 
V. e. T. re. 
V. e. T. M. 

1. T. d. 

V. e. T. re. 

e. T. 11. 

e. T. re. 

in. W. re. 



1. ? a. 

111. w. d. 

e. T. n. 

1. M. d. 

e. T. a. 

111. W. n. 

1. W. § 
1. T. S 

e. T. W. § 

V. e. T. § 

e. T. a. 

V. 1. W. d. 

lu.T.AV. re. 



Size, 
Color. 



Class or Refer. Page. 



:Vdel.41DE Hybr. . . 08 

Adeline, see Miners Seedl 121 

Adikondac Labr... 67 

Advance Ilybr. .. 67 

.VGAWAM Hybr. . . *6!l 

Aiken . .see Isabella Ill 

68 
08 
68 
68 
70 
68 
70 



Season, 
Use, 



Si2e. 

I Color 



.\lbino Labr 



Aletha 

Alexander 

Allen's Hybk. 

Alma 

Alvey 

Amanda 

Amber , 



. • Labr . . . 
. . Labr. . . 7 
. • Labr. X 
. . Hvbr. . . 
. . Hvbr. . . 
. . Labr . . . 
■ Rip. X 



70 

Amber Queen Hybr. . . 70 

Aminia Hybr. . . 70 

Amoureux, see Rnlander 134 

Anna Labr... 71 

Ann Arbor, black . .Labr ... So 
Ann Arbor, white ..Labr. .. 85 

Antoinette Labr. 71, 121 

Ariadne Rip. X- 71 

Arkansas, see Cyntliiana. . .88*89 
Arnolds' Hijbr. ,1^0. \ 128 



No. 2. 

No. 5 

No. 8 

No. 16 

Arret Labr . . 

Augliwicli Rip . . . 

August Giant Hybr. . 

August Pioneer Labr. . 

Augusta, see Miner's Seedl. 
AUTUCHON Hybr. . 



*86 

*71 

*77 

*79 

71 

72 

72 

72 

121 

*71 



BACCHUS Rip. 72»-73 

Baker, see Isabella Ill 



Baldwin Lenoir ^Est. . . . 

Balsiger's Concord Seedling 

No. 2 Labr. .. 

Balsiger's Concord Seedling 

No. 32 Labr. .. 

Barnes Labr. . . 

Barry Hybr. . . 

Baxter ^Est 

Beauty Labr. X 



72 

84 

8,5 
72 

*74 
74 

72 



m. T. § ! O 



V. e. M. 

m. T. a. 

1. T. a. 

1. T. § 

I. T. X. 

V. e. T. M. 

in. T. x. 

e. T. M 

e. M. § 

m. W. X. 

ni. W. n. 

1. § d. 



V. e. M. d. 

1. W. d. 
I. W. d. 

V. e. d. 

1. W. a. 

V. e. T. X. 
e. T. X. 



e. T. n. 
m. ?§ 

e. d. 



O 






Class or Refer. Page. 



BeautyofMinnesotaLabr. X 
Belinda, see Miner's Seedl . . 

Belvidere Labr. . . 

Behckmans.. .Clint. X Del. 
Beiiis Labr. . . 



74 

121 

72 

75 

72 
74 
68 
75 
92 



Black Cape, see Alexander . 
Black Defiance . .Hybr. . . 
Black Delaware. Del. Sdl. 
BLACK EAGLE. ..Hybr.. 75*76 
Black (ierman, see York Mad. 148 

Black Hawk Labr. .. 75 

Black Julij, see Devereux. . . 92 

{Black King Labr. . . 75 

Blak Muscadine, see Flowers 100 

Black Pearl Rip — 75 

Black .S/j'ui.s/i, see Lenoir. 115*116 
Black Taylor — Rip. X ■ 75 

Bland Labr. ? 77 

iBlcind's Madeira, see Bland. 77 
" Pale lied, " . 77 
" Virginia, " . 77 

Blood'sBlack Labr... 77 

Bloom, see Creveling 90 

Blue Dyer Rip 77 

Blue Favorite ^5Dst. ... 77 

Blue G' ape, see Devereux . . 92 

Blue Imperial Labr... 77 

B rjue's Eureka, see Isabella. Ill 

BOTTSI JE&t. ... 79 

Bra' di/ioine Vin. Seedl. 7 

Brant. - Hybr. . Clint. X Vin. *77 

BRIGHTON Labr. X *78 

Brinkle Vin. Seedl. 7 

Brown, see Isabella Ill 

Btillace, see Scuppernong ..*136 

Bullit, see Taylor 138 

Buniundy SchraidCs see 

Black Pearl 76 

Burgundy, see Lenoir *115 

Burgundy of Ga., see Pauline 129 

Buknkt.." Hybr... 79 

Bin-roughs Rip 79 

Burr's Seedl., see Concord 

Seedl 84 

Burton's Early Labr ... 79 



150 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE— TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Season, 
Use. 



e. T. M. 
m. § 
e. T. W. 



1. T. W. d. 
1. T. W. 



m. T. n. 

V. e. T. a. 

V. e. M. 



m. T. a. 
m. a. § 

m. W. 

m. ijrjt. n. 



m. T. 
1. T. 
e. T. 
1. W. 



m. T. W. .r. 

m. T. a. 
m. T. a. 
V. e. T. 



m. 


T. W. 


a 
V. e 


T. 
T. 


§ 
M. 


e 


1. 
T. 


§ 


ni. 


T. 


a. 


V. 1 


W. 


X. 


1. 
1. 


T. 
W. 


§ 

X 


m. 


T. 


n. 


e. T 


. W 


, X 



m. T. § 

1. T. W." 

1. T. W. 

m. T. a. 

m. T. a. 

m. T. a. 

e. M. 

m. T. M. n. 

§ 



V. e. T. 
e. a. 



size, 
color. 



o 



o 



O 



m. M. d. § Q 



Xame. 



Class or Refer. Page. 



o 



Cambridge Labr. . . 80 

Camdeu Labr. . . SO 

Canada Hybr. . . *79 

Canby's Aiig't-sae York Jlad. 148 

Cape see Alexander 68 

Carlotta-.see Miner's Seedl. 121 

Carter see Isabella. Ill 

Cassady Labr. . . 81 

Casper see Louisiana 118 

Catawba Labr. so*si 

(The lllustratiou is not very accurate; 
the bunches ol Catawba are jreuerallv 
shouldered as sliuwii lu Brighton^ p. 78.'l 

Catawba Seedlings 81 

Catawba Tokay. see Catawba 80 

Catawissa see Creveling 90 

Centennial JE,i-:t. X 81 

Challenge Labr. x 82 

Champion Labr... 82 

Chas. Downing. see Downing 92 

Charlotte see Liana 82*93 

Charter Oak Labr. 82 

Christie's Jmpv'd..see Isabella 110 

Christine see Telegraph 139 

Cigar-box see Ohio 127 

Clara Vinif. Seedl. 7*82 

Claret (?) 82 

Clifton^ s Constantia..see Al- 
exander 68 

CLINTON Kip... 82-83 

Clinton Vialla . .Kip. 83 

Cltjanthe see Isabella 111 

Clover-street BFk. .Hybr. . . S3 
Clover-street Ked . . Hybr. . . S3 

COE Labr. . . 83 

Columbia Kip. . . 83 

CONCOKD Labr. 83*84 

Concord Seedlings 84-85 

CONCORD-CHASSELAS.Hybr. 85 

Concord-Muscat Hybr. 86 

Conqueror Hybr. .'. 85 

Cunstanda .. .see Alexander 68 

Cornucopia Hybr. .. *86 

Corporal H'ybr. . . 85 

COITAGE Labr. 86-87 

Cowan Rip. .. %^ 

Creveling Labr. x 90 

Croton Hybr. .. *87 

CUNNINGHAM . . ..Lst. . 87*88 

Cuyahoga Labr. . . 90 

C YNTHIAN A .Est. 88*89 

Dana Labr. ? . 90 

DELAWAKE Hybr. 91*92 

Delaware Seedl ..92, 134, 143 
DEL.4WARE Hybrids, 

see VVylie's Grapes 147 

iJempsey's Seedl. .seeBnrnet 79, 90 

Detroit Labr... 90 

Devereux .^Est. .. 92 

DIANA Labr. .. *93 

Diana-Hamburg.. Hybr. . 90 

Don Juan Hybr. . . 02 

Downing Hybr. . . 92 

Draeut Amber .. . .Labr... 93 

Duchess Hybr. 94*95 

Dunlup Hybr... 93 

Dunn .Est. .. 94 

.BaWt/^niter.seeDracutAmb. 93 
Early Champion, .see Champ. 82 

Early Dawn Hybr... 94 

Early Hudson ( i) 94 



Season, 
Use. 



V. e. T.M. n. 

e. T. o. n. 

§ 
e. T. W. 

m. W. X. 



V. e. T. n. X. 

m. T. a. 

m. T. W. re. 

V. e. T.W. a, 

m. 1. T. § 

e. M. 

m. T. n. 

V. e. T.W. n. 

1. W. § 

m. a. § 

d. 

V. 1. M. W. 

m. W. § 

V. e. M. § 

m. (jr. d. 

e. T. o. 

a. § 
T. n. 



m. 1. T.W. X. 

§ 

, d. 

e. d. 

e. T. n. 

V. e. T. re. 



Size, 
Color. 



Name. Class or Refer. Page. 



a. § 



X. 

m. W. 
m. T. M. 

m. W. 
e. T. W. 



a. § 



V. e. M. 
1. W. T. M. 



e. T. M. re. 
1. W. T. 



e. T. M, X. 

V. 1. W. 

V. 1. M\ 

m. T. M. re. 

e. a. 

1. § re. 



O 



O 

O 

o 



o 



o 

o 
o 
o 
o 
o 



o 



EARLY VICTOR.. Labr. .. 'ge 
Eaton's Seedl, see Conccod 

Seedl ,si4 

El Dorado Hybr... 94 

Elizabeth Labr. . . 94 

Elsinburg .Est. .. 94 

Elsinboro, same as Elsinourg 94 

ELVIRA Rip. X *97 

Elvira Seedl. see Rom. Seedl. 133 

Emily Viuifera Seedl. 7 

E M PI RE State Labr. x 99 

Essex Hybr. . . 99 

Etta Rip. x *98 

Eugenia, see iUner's Seedl. 121 

EUMELAN J^st. 99*100 

Eureka Labr. .. 98 

Eva Labr. .85,98 

Excelsior Hybr... 100 

Faith Rip. x 100 

Fancher, see Catawba 81 

Far West .Est 100 

Flora Labr. 100 

Florence Labr. X I'lO 

Flowers Rotund. MO 

Flower of Mo. .. Del. Seedl. 100 

Framingham Labr. .. 102 

Francis B. Mayes, see Hayes *106 
Franklin Rip. ... 102 

Gaertner Hybr. . . 102 

Garber's Albitio, see Albino. 68 
Garnet, see VVylie's Hybr. . . 147 

Gazelle Hy br. . . 102 

'German, see Y'ork Madeira. . 148 
Giant Leaf, see Riesenblatt. 132 

GOETHE Hybr. 101 * 102 

Golden Berry Hybr. . . 103 

Golden Clinton Rip. ... ]02 

Golden Concord Labr... 85 

Golden Drop Del. X *102 

Golden Gem Hybr... 103 

Golden Pucklington, see Pock- 

lington *130 

Graham ( .?) .... 108 

Green Castle, see Marine's 

Seedl lis 

Grein's Seedl Rip. x 7,103 

■' No. 1 Mo. Riesling. 

" No. 2 Golden. 

" Nos. 3 & 4, not named 

" No. 7, extra early. 

Hagar, see Alvey (J8 

Halifax Hybrid, see Wylie's 

Seedl ijts 

Hart or Hart Grape, see Lin- 
coln and Devereux 92, 118 

HARTFORD PROL.. Labr. 103 

Harwood .Est. .. 104 

Haskell's Seedl Hybr. . . 103 

jHattie or Hettle (?j i04 

'Hayes Labr. . . *106 

iHERBEMONT .. ...Est. 104*105 
Herbemont Mad., see Herb't. 104 

Herbemont tieedl ^Est. . . 105 

Herbert Hybr. . . 109 

IHermann .Est. 107*109 

Hermann Seedl. ....Est. .. 109 

Highland Hybr. 108*109 

Hlne Labr. .. 109 

Holmes JEst. X 109 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE— TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



151 



Season, 
Use. 



§ n. 

m.T. W. 
e W. d. 



1. T. a. 

m. T. W. a. 

e. n. § 
1. T. 
1. M. W. 

e. T. M. d. 

V. e. n. § 
e. M. W. 



e. M. d. 
m. T. M. n. 

V. e. n. § 
§ n. X. 

l.§ 
e. n- § 



d. 

§ n. 

e. T. M. X. 

e. T. n. a. 

?T. a. 

m. T. M. X. 

11. § 



m. a. § 
1. W. X. 



1. W. 

e. M. § 

V. e. T. X. 

e. M. d. 



1. W. 
T. § 



Size, 
Color. 



O 



Class or Refer. Page. 



o 



Howell Labr. . . 109 

Huber's Seecll Lab. 109-110 

Hudson, see Isabella Ill 

Humboldt Rip. X HO 

Huntingdon Rip. •• 110 

Huss'in. see Devereiix 92 

Hyde^s Eliza, see York Mad. 148 

Ida. see Miner's Seedl .Labr. 121 

Imperial Hybr. .. 110 

Improved Warren, s. Harwood 104 



Ion A Labr. 



Ill 

m 

*110 
110 
111 
111 

. 91 
111 



O 



Iowa Excelsior ( .') 

Irvinr Hvbr. . 

ISABELLA [.abr. .. 

Isabella Seedl. . .Labr. .. 

Israella I>abr. . . 

Italian ]Vine Grape, see Del 

Ithaca Hybr. . . 

IVES Labr.lll*112 

Ives'' Madeira, see Ives Ill 

Ives' Seedling, see Ives Ill 

JoQk, see Lenoir 115*116 

Jacquos or Jaequez 115*116 

Jaegers' Varieties of ^Eslivalis. 
" Nos. 9, 12. 13, 17, 32, 

42, 43. m 112 

.Janesville Labr. XRip- 11"2 

.JEFFERSON Labr. X*n3 

Jessica CO 113 

Juno Hybr. . . 141 

Kalamazoo Labr. . . 113 

Kalista Del. Seedl 92 

Katarka Vinifera Seedl . . 7 

Kaips Seedlinq, see Herbem't 

Seedl '. 105 

Keller's White, see Catawba- 

Seedls 81 

Keuka, see Neff. 124 

Kilvington (?) 113 

Kintj, see Golden Clinton . . . 102 

Kingsessing Labr. . . 113 

King William, see Marine's 

Seedls. 119 

Kitchen Rip 113 

Kittredge, see Ives *111 

Labe (?) 113 

Lacrissa, Del. Seedl 92 

LADY Labr. 114*115 

Ladv Charlotte. .Del. X-- 116 

Lady DuNLAP Hybr... 117 

Lady Washington. Hybr. .. 117 

Lama ^Est.X- 113 

Large German, see York 

Madeira 148 

Laura Hybr... 117 

Lee's Isabella, see Isabella -. 110 

Lehhili, see Berks 72 

LENOIR .Est. 115*116 

Lexington, see Miner's 

Seedls 121 

Lincoln (Devereux) . .E.st. 92,118 

Linden Labr. 118, 121 

LINDLEY Ilybr. . . *117 

Logan Labr... 118 

Long, .see Cunningham *S7 

Louisa, see Isabella 110 

Louisiana .Est. X . US 

Luna Labr. 118, 119 



heason, 
I'se. 



m. o. 
m. W. 

e. T. a. 
e. M. d. 

(1. 
e. T. « 



1. W. 

e. M. .-•. 
e. M. n. .X. 
V. e. T. M. 

1. T a. 

1. T. a. 
V. e. M. d. 



m. T. a. 

1. W. T. n. 

m. T. X. 

V. e. T. a. 



? 
1. W. 

X. 



e. T. n. 

m. W. n. X. 



V. e. M. T. 
1. W. M. a. 

§ 



m. r. a. 
e. M. 
1. W. 

§ 
V. e. M. 
1. W. § 
m. M. n. 
m. W. T. X. 
e. M. § 

1. W. .r. 

e. d. 
m M. W. 

e. W. T. 

e. T. re. 

1. W. 

m. T. n. 
e. M. § 

m. W. gr. 



O 



O 

o 
o 

o 



o 
o 



X.\MF.. 



Class or Refer. Page. 



Ltdia Labr. 

Lyman Rip .. 



118 

118 



O 



Macedonia Labi . . 85 

Maguire Labr... 118 

Mammiitli. Catawha. see Catb. SI 

Ma nhattau Labr. . . 118 

Mansfield Labr. X 118 

Marine's Seedlings, Labr. & 

Aest lis, 119 

Marion Rip. X- 120 

Marlon Port, see York Mad. 148 

MARTHA Labr. ..*119 

Mason's Seedling. Labr. .. 120 

(Massasoit Hybr. . . 120 

IMaxatawnet L.ibr. ..*120 

Mary Labr.(?) 120 

Mary Ann Labr. . . 120 

iWcCoioare. see Cowan 87 

McDonald's Ann Arbor, see 

Ann Arbor, black 85 

McKee, see Herbem't Seedl.. 105 

McLean, see Devereux 92 

McLure. Mrs Hybr. . . 121 

Mead's Seedl., see Catawba- 

Seedls 81 

Medora Aest 121 

Merceron, see Catawba 81 

MERRIMAC Ilybr... 121 

Merritt's - Seedling, Vinif. 

I Seedl 7 

Mianna, see Marine's Seedl.. 119 

Miles Labr... 121 

Miner's Seedlings. . .Labr. .. 121 
Minor's b'ee'll., see Venango. 143 
Minnesota Mam. ..Labr.(?) 121 

MiSH, Rotundifolia 27, 137 

Missouri Rip 121 

Missouri Eiesling, seeGrein's 

Seedl 7,103 

Modena. see Concord Seedl.. 84 

Monroe Labr... 122 

MONTEFIORE ....Rip.X.*123 
Monteith. see York Madeira. 148 
Montgomerv, Vinif. Seedl... 7 
MOORE'S EARLY.Labr..S4*122 

Mottled Labr. . . 122 

Mount Lebanon Labr. X l'^3 

Muscogee, see Herbem. Seedl 105 

Naomi Hybr. . . *124 

Neff Labr. . . 124 

Neosho .Est 123 

Xerluton. see Marine's Seedl 118 

Newark Ilylir. . . 124 

New Haven, see Con. Seedl 85 

Newport .Est.... 124 

Niagara Labr. X 124 

NOAH Rip. X 125,*126 

Norfolk Labr ... 126 

NORTON'S Va . . . . .Est. 126. 127 

North .America Labr. .. 126 

North Carolina. Labr. .. 126 
North'n Muscadine. Labr. 126 
Norwood Labr. . . 127 

Ohio .Est 127 

Ome(/o, see Catawba 81 

Oneida Hybr. Seedl. 1 28 

Onondaga Hybr. . . 1 28 

Ontario, see Union Village. . 142 
Oporto Rip. ... 12S 



152 



BUSHBERG CATALOGUE— TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Season, 
Use. 



e. W. T. 

e. M. W. n. 

1. W. T. 



m. T. W. n. 

e. W. T. n. 

V. e. M. 

m. T. a. 



m. W. 

a. § 
m. M. n X. 

m. W. T. 
V. e. W. T. 

m. T. M. 

e. T. a. 
M. § 

V. e. § 

m. T. o. 

d. 

1. W. 

e. W. a. 

m. T. a. 



^ n. 
e. M. gr. 
111. T. a. 



size, 
Color. 



o 



1. w. § 



Name. 



Class or Refer. Page. 



Othello Hybr. 128,129 

O WASso Labr. . . 129 

Pauline ^E.st 12!) 

Paxton, see Concord Soedl . . 85 
Payne's Isabella, see Isabellii 110 

iPeabody Rip. X • 129 

Pearl Rip- X • 129 

PERKINS Labr. ..*i3n 

Peter Wylie Hybr... 147 

'Pioneer (Ihirtford ?), see Isa- 
bella Seedl 103. Ill 

PiZARRO Hybr. . . 129 

Planet Hybr. . . 129 

POCKLINGTON ..Labr. ..*I30 

<'lir(iiti(i-lillnigr. opposite title page. 

Pollock Labr... 130 

Poughkeepfie-Red .Del. X- 129 

Powell, see Bland 77 

PRENTISS Labr. ..*131 

Also rhroiiio-Iithogr. with title page. 

Purity Del. X 131-132 

Purple Bloom Hybr. .. 130 

Putnam Labr. . . 129 

Quassaick Hybr... 132 

Raabe .Est. X • 132 

Racine JKs,i 132 

Raritan Hybr. . . 132 

Bay's Victoria, see Victoria. 143 

Rebecca Labr. . . 132 

JSecZ JPifisH, see Rulander 134 

Bed Lenoir, see Pauline 129 

Red Muney, see Catawba *S0 

Bed Biver, see Cynthiana. .. *S8 

Reliance (?) 132 

Rentz Labr. . . 132 

Requa Hvbr. .. 132 

RICKETTS' Seedl .Hybr. .. 133 

See Adelaide , 68 

Advance 67 

Alma 70 

Ariadne 71 

Bacchus 9'2 

Dun .Ti'an 1)2 

UoWNINi; 92 

DUNLAP i)3 

El Dorado 94 

Empire State SO 

Excelsior . 100 

Gazelle .... . , 102 

Golden Gem 103 

Highland «109 

Imperial 110 

Jefferson •siia 

Lady Uunlap 117 

Lady W.\shington 117 

Naomi — »124 

Peabody 129 

Pizarro 129 

Planet 129 

PiTXAM 129 

Quassaick 132 

Raritan . I'M 

Secretary' »13o 

Waverly 143 

Welcome 143 

Riesenblatt ^5:st 132 

Bieslina of Mo., see Grein's 

Riesling ... 103 

Boanoke,"see Scupperuong .*136 
Robeson''s b'eedl., see Louisi- 
ana 118 

Bockinaham see Miner's 

Seedl 121 



.Season, 
Use. 



in. § n. 



1. W. 

e. § n. 

m. T. M. 



m. a. § 
1. M. W. 

m. § a. 



m. W. a. 

m. T. a. 
V. e. M. d. 

T. n. § 



a. § 
m. gr. § 

ni. a. d. 

a. T. « 
111. T. M. 

V. e. M. 

ni. W. f/r. 



Size, 
Color 



o 



o 



Xajie. 



Class or Refer. Page. 



Rnrklnnd Favorite, see Con- 
cord Seedl So 

Rnenbeck Hybr. . . 134 

ROGERS Hybrids, Nos. 2, 

5,s!. 30 *134 

See No. 1, Goethe *101 

No. 3, Massasoit 120 

No. 4, Wilder ••146 

No. 9, Lindley *117 

No. 14, Gaertner 102 

No. 15, Agaw.\m «69 

No. 111. Merrimac 121 

No. 2S, RE<iUA 132 

No. 39, Aminia 70 

No. 41, Essex 99 

No. 43, Barry' -'74 

No. 44, Herbert 109 

No. 53, Salem 1.35 

ROMMEL'S Seedl., yet un- 
named 133 

See A MBER -TO 

liKAtTY- 72, 

Black Delaware 92 

Black Taylor 75 

Elvira ®97 

Etta »98 

Faith 100 

Montefiore ®123 

Pearl 129 

Transparent 139 

Wilding 145 

Rothrock. see Alexander .... 68 

Rul ander JEs,t. X • 134 

Rutland Hybr. . . 134 

SALEM Hybr. . . 135 

Sayihornton, see Isabella 110 

iSara'oga, see Catawba Seedl. 81 

Scbiller ^st. X ( ?) 136 

SCUPPERNONG, Rotundif. 

136,* 1 37 
Scuppernong-Hybrtd. Dr. 

Wylie's 137, 147 

Sehnylkill Muscat, see Alex. 08 

Secretary Hybr. . . *135 

Segar-Box, see Ohio 127 

Senasqda Hybr. . .*138 

Seneca Labr. 103, 136 

Shaker, see Union Village . - 142 

Sharon ^tEst.X • 138 

Sheppard Delaware, see Del . 92 

Sherman, see Lyman US 

Sherj-y, see Devereux 92 

Silver Dawn Hybr. . . 138 

Singleton, see Catawba *80 

Small German, see Yoi'k Mad 148 
Smart's Elsinb., seeElsinb.. 94 

Solonis Rip. 18.137 

Soudan - grape, Afric. tu- 
berous plant 7 

Spofford Seedl., seeTo-Kalon 139 
Spring Mill Const., see Alex. 68 

St. Catherine Labr. . . 135 

St. ftenemetie, see Rulander . 134 

Stelton Hybr. . . 138 

Storm King, see Concord 
Seedl So 

Talman Labr... 138 

Tasker Grape, see Alexander. 68 

TAYLOR Rip.X-20. 138 

Taylor Bnllit, .see Taylor 13S 

iTaylor Seedlings '27, 139 

Taylor-Seedlings, Rommel's 133 
' Tekoma, see Catawba Seedl. SI 



BUSH BERG CATALOGUE— TABLP; OF CONTENTS 



153 



seasfiii, 
Tse. 



V. e. M. T. 

e. W. ? 
1. W. T. 

1. T. W. 

111. W. n. 
1. T. M. X. 



m. W. 

n. § 

e. M. d. 

111. T. ? 



1. T. a. 
n. § X. 
1. T. § 


• 
• 
O 


111. M d. 
V. e. T. n. 


• 



111. gr. 



III. T. 
111. W. n. § 

e. T. a. 



ni. T. a. n. 
m. T. a. § 



Size, 
Color. 



o 



Class or Refer. Paf^e. 



Telegraph Labr. - . 1 39 

Tender-pulp... Rotnndif. 27. 137 

Theodosia .^.st. . ■ . 139 

Thomas Rotundif. 139 

Thurmond^ .see Devereux 92 

To-Kalon Labr. . . 139 

Tolman, see Talraan 138 

Transparent Rip.X-- 139 

TRIUMPH Hybr. 140*141 

Trowbridge, see Isabella. 111 

Tryon, see York Madeira. • • • 148 
Tuley, see Devereux 92 

U. B., see Marine's Seedl 119 

Uhland Rip.X-. 1-11 

Ulster Proliflc Labr. X 1^1 

Una Labr. 85, 141 

Underbill Labr... 142 

UnderhilVs Celestial, see Un- 
derbill 142 

Undkrhill, (Stephen) Hybr. : 
See Bl.\ck Defiance & Black 

Eagle 75*76 

Cboton *87 

Irving *110 

Sekasqua *1.38 

Union Village Labr. .. 142 

Uno or Juno Hybr. . . 141 

Urbana Labr. . . 142 

Venango I^abr. . . 143 

Vergennes Labr. . . *142 

Vevay, see Alexander (iS 

Vialla Rip .... 143 

Victor, see Early Victor *96 

Victoria, see Miner's Seedl . . 121 

Victoria, Ray's. ..Labr. .. 143 

Vi vie's Hybr Labr. X 143 

Walter Labr.X 144,«145 

Warren, see Herbemont *104 

Warrenton, see Herbemont. . 104 

Watertown Hybr. . . 143 

Waverly Hybr. . . 143 



.Season. 
Use. 



m. T. a. i 
Graper)'. 

e. M. n. 

4. 

d. 
e. T. a. 

V. 6. T. a. 

"■ ^ 

e. in. T. M. 
m. T. W. n. 

n. S I 
d. 
e. M. S 

e. W. i) 

V. e. T. § 
e. T. n. i) 

e. T. M. W. 



('la.ss or Refer. Page. 



e. 


T. 


§ 


® 


111. 


T. 


s^ 


O 


in. 


T. 


a. 


o 


ni 


T. 


§ 


• 


m. 


T. 


S 


• 



e. M. § 



ijr. d. 



o 


IWeehawken. Vinif. Seedl. .. 


143 


• 


Welcome, Vinif. Hybr 


143 




Wemple, see Ciiv.ahoga 


90 


O 


White Ann AKBOR.Labr. . . 


85 


o 


White Cape Labr. ... 


68 


n 


White Catawba Labr. . . 


81 





White Delaware, Del. 






Seedl 


143 



o 

• 
o 

o 

o 
© 

O 



Whitehall Labr... 143 

White Muscadine, see Scupp.*13B 
White Muscat of Newburg. 

L: dr.X 143 

WILDER Hybr. . .*146 

Wilding Rip.xLabi. 145 

Willis Del.X-- 145 

Wilmington ( .') 145 

Wilmington-red Labr. .. 145 

Winne, see Alexander 6S 

WiNSLOW Rip 145 

Wolfe, ,see York Madeira 148 

Woodriver-grape . . .Labr. .'. 145 

WoodrutTs Red Labr. X 145 

Woodward, see Isabella 110 

WORDEX Labr... 147 

Worden's Seedl., see Worden. 147 

Worthington, see Clinton 82 

Wright's Isabella, see Isabella 111 
Wylie's Seedl'gs . Hybr. 147, 148 

; Wylie, .Jane Hybr. . . 147 

Wylie, Marie Hybr. . . 147 

Wylie, Peter Hybr. . . 147 

Wylie. Robert Hybr. . . 147 

Wylie. Gill Hybr... 147 

Wi/man. see To-Kalon 139 

Wyoming-Red Labr . . . 146 

Yellow M'lscadine. see Scup- 
pernong *136 

York Lisbon, see Alexander. 68 

York Madeira ...Labr. 

(Hybr. ?! 148 

Young America, see Con- 
cord Seedl 85 



ABBREVIATIONS. 

.^tmietlmes useO in the text of Descriptions, to designate those divisions ol our eoinilry where Uie Variet}' 

is at home or believed to succeed. 

N. A. S. for North Atlautic States, viz.: Me., N. H., Vt., Mass., R. I., Ct., also X. Scotia. 

M. A. S. " Middle Atlantic States: N. Y., N. J.. Penna., Del., Md., Va., W. Va. 

S. A. S. " South Atlantic States: N.C.,S.C., Ga.,ria. 

N. C. S. " North Central States: Mich., Wis., Minn., Iowa, Dak., Nebr., also Ontario. 

C. S. " Central States: Ohio, Ky., Tenn., Inda., Ills., Mo., Kans. 
S. C. S. " South Central States: Ala., Miss.. La.. Tex.. Ark. 








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THE 



pW Y01(l^ LIFE 1^UI(AWGE CO. 

(ORGANIZED 1845.) 

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Assets, January I, 1883, over _ _ _ $50,000,000 

Surplus, " .. <« - _ _ _ 10,000,000 

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THE NEW YORK LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY has been in business for 
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in premiums. It has paid over $26,400,000 in death claims, and over $41,000,000 to 
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The condition and prospects of the Company are such as to give the best possible 
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FRAUD. 

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Under tlie conditions of the contract SMALL SUMS of money afford the LAR<;EST POSSIBLE CASH BETUBXS, 
Estimates made, and boo){ showing ** Actual Results," free, on application. 

WM. L. HILL, I ^ , , r No. 417 Pine Street, 

FRANK BLOCK,! General Agents, | ST. LOUIS. 



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